¹ Sutherland, Peter D., ‘Migration 2.0: a time for action at the UN Summit on migration and development’, Migration Policy Practice, 3:3 (2013), p. 4 Google Scholar.

² Castles, Stephen and Wise, Rául Delgado, ‘Introduction’, in Stephen Castles and Rául Delgado Wise (eds), Migration and Development: Perspectives from the South (Geneva: International Organization for Migration, 2008), p. 3 Google Scholar.

³ Weber, Heloise, ‘Politics of global social relations: Organising “everyday lived experiences” of development and destitution’, Australian Journal of International Affairs, 64:1 (2010), p. 110 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴ In this regard, my approach is inspired by, and extends upon, an alternative method of comparative analysis developed by Philip McMichael. See McMichael, Philip, ‘Incorporated comparison within a world historical perspective: an alternative comparative method’, American Sociological Review, 55:3 (1990), pp. 385–397 Google Scholar; see also Mongia, Radhika V., ‘Historicizing state sovereignty: Inequality and the form of equivalence’, Comparative Studies in History and Society, 49:2 (2007), pp. 384–411 Google Scholar; Weber, Heloise, ‘A political analysis of the formal comparative method: Historicizing the globalization and development debate’, Globalizations, 4:4 (2007), pp. 559–572 Google Scholar.

⁵ There have been some important interventions in the critical reframing of the analysis of migration vis-à-vis social change. An exemplar of these is Castles, Stephen, ‘Understanding global migration: a social transformation perspective’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36:10 (2010), pp. 1565–1586 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. However, his analysis does not specifically countenance political theories of migration and development.

⁶ International Organization for Migration, Fatal Journeys: Tracking Lives Lost During Migration (Geneva: IOM, 2014), p. 18 Google Scholar.

⁷ Van Hear, Nicholas, Brubaker, Rebecca, and Bessa, Thais, Managing Mobility for Human Development: The Growing Salience of Mixed Migration, Human Development Research Paper 2009/20 (Rome: UNDP, 2009)Google Scholar.

⁸ Castles, Stephen, ‘The forces driving global migration’, Journal of Intercultural Studies, 34:2 (2013), pp. 122–140 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁹ The ‘development episteme’ will be discussed in some detail in the sections below.

¹⁰ Faist, Thomas, ‘Migrants as transnational development agents: an inquiry into the newest round of the migration-development nexus’, Population, Space and Place, 14:1 (2008), pp. 21–42 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹¹ See Faist, Thomas, Fauser, Margit, and Kivisto, Peter (eds), The Migration-Development Nexus: a Transnational Perspective (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011)Google Scholar, passim; Samers, Michael, Migration (Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2010)Google Scholar, ch. 2.

¹² According to the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, in 2013 the estimated number of international migrants worldwide was 232 million (or roughly 3.2 per cent of the global population). This was up from 175 million in 2000, and 154 million in 1990. See United Nations, ‘Number of international migrants rises above 232 million, UN reports’, UN News Centre (11 September 2013), available at: {http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=45819} accessed 31 July 2014. For an overview of current global migration trends, see Castles, Stephen, de Haas, Hein, and Miller, Mark J., The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹³ The Economist, ‘New rivers of gold’, The Economist, available at: {http://www.economist.com/node/21553458} accessed 2 July 2013.

¹⁴ While the ‘win-win-win’ discourse is gaining traction in development policy circles, it has been met with greater scepticism by many researchers on the ‘migration-development nexus’. For some introductory remarks, see Skeldon, Ronald, ‘International migration as a tool in development policy: a passing phase?’, Population and Development Review, 34:1 (2008), pp. 1–18 Google Scholar; de Haas, Hein, ‘Turning the tide? Why development will not stop migration’, Development and Change, 38:5 (2007), pp. 819–841 Google Scholar; Kapur, Devesh, ‘Remittances: the New Development Mantra?’, Paper presented for the G-24 Technical Group Meeting, available at: {http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTOPCONF3/Resources/1588024-1152543209834/VI_D.Kapur_Remittances_the_new_development_mantra.pdf} accessed 21 August 2011 Google Scholar; Castles and Delgado Wise, ‘Introduction’.

¹⁵ United Nations, ‘Latest Statements, 3 October 2013 – Secretary General’s remarks to High-Level on International Migration and Development’, available at: {http://www.un.org/sg/statements/index.asp?nid=7175} accessed 14 February 2014.

¹⁶ For a list of statements, reports and submissions to the 2013 High-Level Dialogue on Migration and Development, see Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights, ‘High-Level Dialogue on International Migration and Development, 3–4 October 2013’, available at: {http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Migration/Pages/HLD2013.aspx} accessed 1 July 2014.

¹⁷ See International Organization for Migration, World Migration 2005: Costs and Benefits of International Migration (Geneva: International Organization for Migration, 2005)Google Scholar; Global Commission on International Migration, Migration in an Interconnected World: New Directions for Action: report of the Global Commission on International Migration (Geneva, Global Commission on International Migration, 2005)Google Scholar; World Bank, Global Economic Prospects 2006: Economic Implications of Remittances and Migration (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2006)Google Scholar; Department for International Development, Moving out of Poverty – Making Migration Work Better for Poor People (London: Department for International Development, 2007)Google Scholar; United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2009 – Overcoming Barriers: Human Mobility and Development (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009)Google Scholar.

¹⁸ Usher, Erica, Millennium Development Goals and Migration, IOM Migration research series, Volume XX (Geneva: International Organization for Migration, 2005)Google Scholar; cf. Sexsmith, Kathleen and McMichael, Philip, ‘Formulating the SDGs: Reproducing or reimagining state-centred development?’, Globalizations, 12:4 (2015), pp. 581–596 Google Scholar.

¹⁹ Knox, Paul, Agnew, John, and McCarthy, Linda, Geography of the World Economy (6^th edn, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2014), p. 43 Google Scholar.

²⁰ See Massey, Douglas S., Durand, Jorge, and Pren, Karen A., ‘Migradollars in Latin America: a comparative analysis’, in Alfredo Cuecuecha and Carla Pederzini (eds), Migration and Remittances from Mexico: Trends, Impacts and New Challenges (Plymouth, UK: Lexington Books, 2012), pp. 243–264 Google Scholar.

²¹ For a critical engagement on the question of rights in the ‘migration-development nexus’, see: Wise, Raúl Delgado, Covarrubias, Humberto Márquez, and Puentes, Ruben, ‘Reframing the debate on migration, development and human rights’, Population, Space and Place, 19:4 (2013), pp. 430–433 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²² See Peter Sutherland, ‘Migration is development’, Project Syndicate, available at: {https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/migrants-and-the-post-2015-global-development-agenda-by-peter-sutherland} accessed 15 March 2013; Geiger, Martin and Pécoud, Antoine, ‘Migration, development and the migration and development nexus’, Population, Space and Place, 19:4 (2013), pp. 369–374 Google Scholar; Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Policy Coherence for Development 2007: Migration and Developing Countries (Paris: OECD Publishing, 2007)Google Scholar; UNDP, Human Development Report 2009.

²³ McMichael, Philip, Development and Social Change: A Global Perspective (5^th edn, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2012), p. 50 Google Scholar.

²⁴ Weber, Heloise, ‘Reproducing inequalities through development: the MDGs and the politics of method’, Globalizations, 12:4 (2015), p. 669 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁵ Weber, ‘Reproducing inequalities’, p. 669.

²⁶ Phillips, Nicola (ed.), Migration in the Global Political Economy (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2011)Google Scholar.

²⁷ Some prominent examples are Soysal, Yasemin, Limits of Citizenship: Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1994)Google Scholar, and Isin, Engin and Nielsen, Greg M. (eds), Acts of Citizenship (London: Zed Books, 2008)Google Scholar.

²⁸ Weber, ‘A political analysis of the formal comparative method’, p. 569.

²⁹ Raghuram, Parvarti, ‘Which migration, what development? Unsettling the edifice of migration and development’, Population, Space and Place, 15:2 (2009), pp. 103–117 CrossRefGoogle Scholar (p. 114).

³⁰ Hein de Haas, ‘Turning the tide?’, p. 838.

³¹ de Haas, Hein, ‘Migration and development: a theoretical perspective’, International Migration Review, 44:1 (2010), pp. 227–264 Google Scholar. For an exemplary account of development conceived in such terms, see Sachs, Jeffrey D., The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time (New York: Penguin Press, 2005)Google Scholar.

³² Bakewell, Oliver, ‘“Keeping them in their place”: the ambivalent relationship between migration and development in Africa’, Third World Quarterly, 29:7 (2008), pp. 1341–1358 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³³ Ibid., p. 1342.

³⁴ Skeldon, ‘International migration’, p. 16.

³⁵ Suliman, Samid, ‘The politics of migration and the North American Free Trade Agreement’, in Heloise Weber (ed.), The Politics of Development: A Survey (Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2014), p. 195 Google Scholar.

³⁶ By suggesting that an account of the political constitution of migration requires analytical refocusing based on the concept of kinetic politics, I am not suggesting that this represents a fully-fledged theory. Indeed, the task of theory-building is a project that I am undertaking elsewhere. Suffice it to say that such a theorisation of movement within broader political constellations is a complex, interdisciplinary undertaking. This undertaking includes (but is not limited to) a consideration of the sociopolitical constitution of political spaces, identities, and institutions in ways that resist the autopoetics of territorial politics, and of the transitory and ephemeral circuits of movement, points of contact, and lines of flight that connect the ‘here’ and the ‘there’, geographically and politically. Contrary to cognate projects, such as Thomas Nail’s, that ‘provide a social kinetic interpretation of [those] important migrant social formations in Western history that have been buried by the history of states and citizens’, my own conception of kinetic politics draws on a range of social-theoretic resources to mobilise political analysis to account for polities-in-motion, rather than exclusively focus on disclosing the expulsive logic of the territorial state system. See Nail, Thomas, The Figure of the Migrant (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2015), p. 5 Google Scholar.

³⁷ Castles, Cf., ‘Understanding global migration’ and Nina Glick Schiller, ‘A global perspective on migration and development’, Social Analysis, 53:3 (2009), pp. 14–37 Google Scholar.

³⁸ John Agnew coined the term ‘territorial trap’. See Agnew, John, ‘The territorial trap: the geographical assumptions of international relations theory’, Review of International Political Economy, 1:1 (1994), pp. 53–80 Google Scholar. While this trap ensnares many political researchers, there are notable exceptions. See, for example, McGrew, Anthony, ‘The globalisation debate: Putting the advanced capitalist state in its place’, Global Society, 12:3 (1998), pp. 299–321 Google Scholar; Held, David and McGrew, Anthony, ‘The end of the old order? Globalization and the prospects for world order’, Review of International Studies, 24:5 (1998), pp. 219–245 Google Scholar; Scholte, Jan Aart, ‘Defining globalisation’, World Economy, 31:11 (2008), pp. 1471–1502 Google Scholar, Ashley, Richard K., ‘Untying the sovereign state: a double reading of the anarchy problematique’, Millennium – Journal of International Studies, 17:2 (1988), pp. 227–262 Google Scholar; Walker, R. B. J., Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1993)Google Scholar; Saurin, Julian, ‘Globalisation, poverty and the promises of modernity’, Millennium – Journal of International Studies, 25:3 (1996), pp. 657–680 Google Scholar; Mandaville, Peter, ‘Territory and translocality: Discrepant idioms of political identity’, Millennium – Journal of International Studies, 28:3 (1999), pp. 653–673 Google Scholar; Soguk, Nevzat and Whitehall, Geoffrey, ‘Wandering grounds: Transversality, identity, territoriality, and movement’, Millennium – Journal of International Studies, 28:3 (1999), pp. 675–698 Google Scholar; and Weber, Heloise, ‘The imposition of a global development architecture: the example of microcredit’, Review of International Studies, 28:3 (2002), pp. 537–555 Google Scholar.

³⁹ Agnew, John, ‘The territorial trap’, pp. 76–77 Google Scholar.

⁴⁰ Agnew, John, ‘Mapping political power beyond state boundaries: Territory, identity, and movement in world politics’, Millennium – Journal of International Studies, 28:3 (1999), p. 77 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴¹ Agnew, John, Globalization and Sovereignty (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc., 2009), p. 61 Google Scholar.

⁴² Donnan, Hastings and Wilson, Thomas M., Borders: Frontiers of Identity, Nation and State (Oxford; New York: Berg, 1999), p. 6 Google Scholar.

⁴³ Some of these concerns are picked up with great insight in the so-called ‘acts of citizenship’ literatures, which explore some of these issues explicitly through the lens of citizenship, investigating such phenomena as collective struggles over citizenship, transformations of citizenship through the participation of ‘outsiders’, and the formation of new forms of sociality and sodality through citizenship practices. For a comprehensive overview, see the contributions in Isin and Nielsen, Acts of Citizenship. However, I do not engage with this literature directly, largely because its sociological line of enquiry proceeds from a conception of political belonging embedded in the problematique explored in this present article. To put it briefly, the present exploration of kinetic politics will help to enrich these discussions about the struggles over, and transformations in, the institution(s) of citizenship.

⁴⁴ These ‘border practices’ reflect, but also extend upon, some of the concerns raised in ‘border studies’ literature surrounding the discursive and ideological elements of practices of exclusion that necessitate encounters with others from the outside. Bonnie Honig, for example, explores the issue of the symbolic ‘(re)founding’ role played by foreigners in the history of democratic polities, whereas Roxanne Lynn Doty considers the constitutive role outsiders play in legitimising practices of statecraft. See Honig, Bonnie, Democracy and the Foreigner (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001)Google Scholar and Doty, Roxanne Lynn, Anti-Immigrantism in Western Democracies: Statecraft, Desire, and the Politics of Exclusion (London: Routledge, 2003)Google Scholar. McNevin, Cf. Anne, Contesting Citizenship (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011)Google Scholar.

⁴⁵ Schiller, Nina Glick and Salazar, Noel B., ‘Regimes of mobility across the globe’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 39:2 (2013), pp. 183–200 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴⁶ See Appadurai, Arjun, Modernity at Large (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1996)Google Scholar; Gupta, Akhil and Ferguson, James, ‘Beyond “culture”: Space, identity, and the politics of difference’, Cultural Anthropology, 7:1 (1992), pp. 6–23 Google Scholar; Malkki, Liisa, ‘National geographic: the rooting of peoples and the territorialisation of national identity among scholars and refugees’, Cultural Anthropology, 7:1 (1992), pp. 24–44 Google Scholar; Morley, David, Home Territories: Media, Mobility and Identity (London: Routledge, 2000)Google Scholar; Papastergiadis, Nikos, The Turbulence of Migration (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2000)Google Scholar; Papastergiadis, Nikos, Cosmopolitanism and Culture (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2012)Google Scholar.

⁴⁷ Clifford, James, Routes: Travel and Translation in the Late Twentieth Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), p. 7 Google Scholar; Papastergiadis, Nikos, ‘Hybridity and ambivalence: Places and flows in contemporary art and culture’, Theory, Culture & Society, 22:4 (2005), pp. 36–64 Google Scholar.

⁴⁸ Chambers, Iain, Migrancy, Culture, Identity (London: Routledge, 1994)Google Scholar; Chambers, Iain, Mediterranean Crossings: the Politics of an Interrupted Modernity (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2008)Google Scholar. See also Bhabha, Homi, The Location of Culture (London: Routledge, 1994)Google Scholar.

⁴⁹ See Said, Edward, Reflections on Exile (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000)Google Scholar; Landau, Loren and Freemantle, Iriann, ‘Tactical cosmopolitanism and idioms of belonging: Insertion and self-exclusion in Johannesburg’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36:3 (2010), pp. 375–390 Google Scholar; Simone, AbdouMaliq, ‘The urbanity of movement: Dynamic frontiers in contemporary Africa’, Journal of Planning Education and Research, 31:4 (2011), pp. 379–391 Google Scholar; Mack, John, The Sea: a Cultural History (London: Reaktion Books, 2011), pp. 136–164 Google Scholar; McNevin, Contesting Citizenship.

⁵⁰ In particular, see Castles, Stephen, ‘International migration at a crossroads’, Citizenship Studies, 18:2 (2014), pp. 190–207 Google Scholar; Stephen Castles, ‘The forces driving global migration’; Castles, ‘Understanding global migration’, and Castles, Stephen, ‘Migration and community formation under conditions of globalization’, International Migration Review, 36:4 (2002), pp. 1143–1168 Google Scholar.

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⁵⁴ Cresswell, ‘Mobilities I’, p. 3.

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⁵⁶ Cresswell, ‘Towards a politics of mobility, p. 21.

⁵⁷ Cresswell, ‘Mobilities I’, p. 29.

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⁶⁹ Cf. Sexsmith and McMichael, ‘Formulating the SDGs’.

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⁷⁹ Cf. Soguk and Whitehall, ‘Wandering grounds’.

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