¹ ACtHPR, ‘Press Release: African Court Successfully Concludes Three Day Sensitization Mission to Cape Verde’ (18 December 2017), available at: {www.african-court.org/en/index.php/news/press-releases/item/213-african-court-successfully-concludes-three-day-sensitisation-mission-to-cape-verde} accessed 23 March 2018.

² Ibid.

³ Peskin, Victor, ‘Courting Rwanda: The promises and pitfalls of the ICTR outreach programme’, Journal of International Criminal Justice, 3:4 (2005), pp. 950–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Clark, Janine Natalya, ‘International war crimes tribunals and the challenge of outreach’, International Criminal Law Review, 9:1 (2009), pp. 99–116CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴ ICC, ‘Approved Budget for 2015’ (24 March 2015), available at: {www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/other/ICC_Approved_Budget_2015.pdf} accessed 23 March 2018.

⁵ Alter, Karen, Helfer, Laurence, and Madsen, Mikael Rask (eds), International Court Authority (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018)Google Scholar; Squatrito, Theresa, Young, Oran, Follesdal, Andreas, and Ulfstein, Geir (eds), The Performance of International Courts and Tribunals (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹³ Margaret Karns and Karen Mingst, ‘International organizations and diplomacy’, in Cooper, Heine, and Thakur (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy, pp. 142–59.

¹⁴ Stavridis, Stelios and Jančić, Davor, Parliamentary Diplomacy in European and Global Governance (Leiden: Brill Nijhoff, 2017)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹⁷ Cooper, Heine, and Thakur, ‘Introduction’, p. 27.

¹⁸ Sharp, ‘For diplomacy’; Jönsson and Hall, ‘Communication’.

¹⁹ ICs are permanent, operational international judicial bodies that issues binding rulings based on international law in disputes where at least one party is a state or international organisation; see Romano, Cesare, ‘A taxonomy of international rule of law institutions’, Journal of International Dispute Settlement, 2:1 (2011), pp. 261–2CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁰ This definition contrasts with ‘legal diplomacy’ as described by Madsen, which refers to the interplay of law and politics in foreign policy and judicial decision-making; Madsen, Mikael Rask, ‘“Legal diplomacy”: Law, politics and the genesis of postwar European human rights’, in Stefan-Ludwig, (ed.), Human Rights in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), pp. 62–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²¹ Clark, ‘International war crimes tribunals and the challenge of outreach’.

²² Ibid., pp. 101–02.

²³ Ibid. (for ICC and Special Court for Sierra Leone); Peskin, ‘Courting Rwanda’ (for Rwandan tribunal).

²⁴ ECtHR, ‘2016 Annual Report of the ECtHR’ (2016), pp. 169–77, available at: {www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Annual_report_2016_ENG.pdf} accessed 23 March 2018.

²⁵ CJEU, ‘Annual Report 2016: Year in Review’ (2016), p. 35, available at: {https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2017-04/ragp-2016_final_en_web.pdf} accessed 23 March 2018.

²⁶ Ibid.

²⁷ Ibid., p. 36.

²⁸ Henkin, Louis, How Nations Behave: Law and Foreign Policy (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979)Google Scholar.

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³¹ See, for example, Alter, Establishing the Supremacy of European Law.

³² Burley and Mattli, ‘Europe before the Court’, p. 62.

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⁴⁰ Nicole De Silva, ‘International courts’ socialization strategies for actual and perceived performance’, in Squatrito, Young, Follesdal, and Ulfstein (eds), The Performance of International Courts and Tribunals, pp. 288–323.

⁴¹ Non-state actors may be a secondary target of judicial diplomacy from this perspective, as these actors may have leverage over public officials.

⁴² Finnemore and Sikkink, ‘International norm dynamics and political change’, p. 900.

⁴³ Tallberg, Jonas and Zürn, Michael, ‘The legitimacy and legitimation of international organizations: Introduction and framework’, Review of International Organizations, 14:4 (2019), p. 585CrossRefGoogle Scholar; see also Imerman, Dane, ‘Contested legitimacy and institutional change: Unpacking the dynamics of institutional legitimacy’, International Studies Review, 20:1 (2018), pp. 74–100CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴⁴ I use the term ‘institution’ to refer to formal institutions, or organisations, including international courts.

⁴⁵ Buchanan, Allen and Keohane, Robert, ‘The legitimacy of global governance institutions’, Ethics and International Affairs, 20:4 (2006), pp. 405–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁴⁷ Hurd, Ian, ‘Legitimacy and authority in international politics’, International Organization, 53:2 (1999), pp. 379–408CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Self-interest and legitimacy as sources of power can be mutually reinforcing, and they are likely to both contribute to why actors comply with international law and courts. Nevertheless, the underpinnings of how ICs understand their strategic environment, and their own sources of power, have different behavioural implications.

⁴⁸ Franck, Thomas, The Power of Legitimacy among Nations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990)Google Scholar.

⁴⁹ Ian Hurd, After Anarchy, p. 30.

⁵⁰ Tallberg and Zürn, ‘The legitimacy and legitimation of international organizations’.

⁵¹ Zürn, Michael, Binder, Martin, and Ecker-Ehrhardt, Matthias, ‘International authority and its politicization’, International Theory, 4:1 (2012), pp. 69–106CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁵³ Imerman, ‘Contested legitimacy and institutional change’, p. 75.

⁵⁴ Klaus Dingwerth, Antonia Witt, Ina Lehmann, Ellen Reichel, and Tobias Weise, ‘International organizations under pressure: Introduction’, in Dingwerth et al. (eds), International Organizations under Pressure, pp. 4–5.

⁵⁵ Dingwerth et al. (eds), International Organizations under Pressure.

⁵⁶ Imerman, ‘Contested legitimacy and institutional change’; Dingwerth et al. (eds), International Organizations under Pressure; Dominik Zaum (ed.), Legitimating International Organizations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013); Steffek, Jens, ‘The legitimation of international governance: A discourse approach’, European Journal of International Relations, 9:2 (2003), pp. 249–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ecker-Ehrhardt, ‘Self-legitimation in the face of politicization’.

⁵⁷ Tallberg and Zürn, ‘The legitimacy and legitimation of international organization’; Dingwerth et al. (eds), International Organizations under Pressure.

⁵⁸ Tallberg and Zürn, ‘The legitimacy and legitimation of international organizations’; Dellmuth, Lisa, Scholte, Jan Aart, and Tallberg, Jonas, ‘Institutional sources of legitimacy for international organisations: Beyond procedure versus performance’, Review of International Studies, 45:4 (2019), pp. 627–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Some legitimation literature refers to procedures and performance. I use process and outcomes because broader literature conceives of performance as including of processes and outcomes; see Gutner, Tamar and Thompson, Alex, ‘The politics of IO performance: A framework’, Review of International Organizations, 5:3 (2010), pp. 227–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Squatrito et al. (eds), The Performance of International Courts and Tribunals.

⁵⁹ Ecker-Ehrhardt, ‘Self-legitimation in the face of politicization’.

⁶⁰ Gronau, Jennifer and Schmidtke, Henning, ‘The quest for legitimacy in world politics: International institutions’ legitimation strategies’, Review of International Studies, 42:3 (2016), pp. 535–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁶² Rocabert, Jofre, Schimmelfennig, Frank, Crasnic, Loriana, and Winzen, Thomas, ‘The rise of international parliamentary institutions: Purpose and legitimation’, Review of International Organizations, 14:4 (2019), pp. 607–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Rittberger, Berthold, Building Europe's Parliament: Democratic Representation beyond the Nation-state (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁶³ I focus on externally directed legitimation, even though it may simultaneously affect internal audiences’ beliefs. While previous literature refers to externally directed legitimation as ‘self-legitimation’, I adopt von Billerbeck's approach which differentiates between externally and internally directed legitimation, using ‘self-legitimation’ to refer to the latter. Sarah von Billerbeck, ‘No action without talk? UN peacekeeping, discourse, and institutional self-legitimation’, Review of International Studies, Online First (2020), pp. 1–18.

⁶⁴ Gibson, James and Caldeira, Gregory, ‘The legitimacy of transnational legal institutions: Compliance, support, and the European Court of Justice’, American Journal of Political Science, 39:2 (1995), p. 464CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁶⁹ Easton, David, A Systems Analysis of Political Life (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1965)Google Scholar.

⁷⁰ Tallberg and Zürn, ‘The legitimacy and legitimation of international organizations’; Ecker-Ehrhardt, ‘Self-legitimation in the face of politicization’.

⁷¹ Ecker-Ehrhardt, ‘Self-legitimation in the face of politicization’, p. 535.

⁷² Gibson, James, Caldeira, Gregory, and Baird, Vanessa, ‘On the legitimacy of national High Courts’, American Political Science Review, 92:2 (1998), pp. 343–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Vanberg, Georg, The Politics of Constitutional Review in Germany (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005)Google Scholar.

⁷³ Putnam, Robert, ‘Diplomacy and domestic politics: The logic of two-level games’, International Organization, 42:3 (1988), pp. 427–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁷⁴ Gibson, James and Caldeira, Gregory, ‘The legitimacy of transnational legal institutions: Compliance, support, and the European Court of Justice’, American Journal of Political Science, 39:2 (1995), pp. 459–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁷⁵ Dai, ‘Why comply?’; Simmons, Mobilizing for Human Rights.

⁷⁶ Kelemen, Daniel, ‘The political foundations of judicial independence in the European Union’, Journal of European Public Policy, 19:1 (2012), pp. 43–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ginsburg, Tom, ‘Political constraints on international courts’, in Romano, Cesare, Alter, Karen, and Shany, Yuval (eds), The Oxford Handbook of International Adjudication (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), p. 494Google Scholar.

⁷⁷ Recent research on the CJEU shows that the Court's decisions are influenced by policy-specific public opinion. Blauberger, Michael, Heindlmaier, Anita, Kramer, Dion, Martinsen, Dorte Sindbjerg, Thierry, Jessica Sampson, Schenk, Angelika, and Werner, Benjamin, ‘ECJ judges read the morning papers. Explaining the turnaround of European citizenship jurisprudence’, Journal of European Public Policy, 25:10 (2018), pp. 1422–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Harsch, Michael F. and Maksimov, Vladislav, ‘International courts and public opinion: Explaining the CJEU's role in protecting terror suspects' rights’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 57:5 (2019), pp. 1091–110CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁷⁸ Voeten, Erik, ‘Public opinion and the legitimacy of international courts’, Theoretical Inquiries in Law, 14:2 (2013), pp. 411–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Pelc, Krzysztof, ‘Googling the WTO: What search engine data tell us about the political economy of institutions’, International Organization, 67:3 (2013), pp. 629–55.

⁷⁹ Geoff Dancy, Yvonne Marie Dutton, Tessa Alleblas, and Eamon Aloyo, ‘What determines perceptions of bias toward the International Criminal Court? Evidence from Kenya’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Online First (2019).

⁸⁰ Terris, Daniel, Romano, Cesare, and Swigart, Leigh, The International Judge: An Introduction to the Men and Women who Decide the World's Cases (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 170Google Scholar.

⁸¹ Interested stakeholder can overlap closely with compliance constituencies.

⁸² Klaus Dingwerth and Antonia Witt, ‘Legitimation contests: A theoretical framework’, in Dingwerth et al. (eds), International Organizations under Pressure; Michael Barnett and Martha Finnemore, Rules for the World: International Organizations in Global Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004), pp. 166–7.

⁸³ Dingwerth et al. (eds), International Organizations under Pressure.

⁸⁴ Dellmuth, Aart Scholte, and Tallberg, ‘Institutional sources of legitimacy for international organisations’.

⁸⁵ Buchanan and Keohane, ‘The legitimacy of global governance institutions’, p. 168.

⁸⁶ Dingwerth et al. (eds), International Organizations under Pressure.

⁸⁷ The CCJ is financially secure. It is funded by an independent trust fund and states do not control its budget. States indirectly control the ACtHRP's funding and budgeting. The ACtHPR has significant economic shortfalls. Squatrito, Theresa, ‘Resourcing global justice: The resource management design of international courts’, Global Policy, 8:5 (2017), pp. 62–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁸⁸ The ACtHPR's judges are nominated and selected by states for six-year, once renewable terms. Judges of the CCJ apply for open positions and are selected by an independent commission to serve until retirement. See respective protocols cited below.

⁸⁹ The CCJ does not have a competing jurisdiction on community law (but it does in its appellate jurisdiction). The ACtHPR's jurisdiction competes with that of the ECOWAS Court (for the ten states that have overlapping membership, but only six allow private access). The ACmHPR has complementary jurisdiction with the ACtHPR.

⁹⁰ Some data were received by direct request to the ACtHRP as it was no longer available on its website.

⁹¹ A total of thirty interviews were conducted in November to December 2015 (ACtHPR) and March to April 2016 (CCJ). I also observed the ACtHPR's moot court competition from 30 November to 3 December 2015.

⁹² Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Establishment of an African Court on Human and People's Rights, OAU Doc. OAU/LEG/MIN/ACTHPR/PROT.1 rev.2 (1997), entered into force 25 January 2004, Article 3, available at: {http://au.int/en/treaties/protocol-african-charter-human-and-peoples-rights-establishment-african-court-human-and} accessed 6 December 2016.

⁹³ Ibid., Art. 5.

⁹⁴ Ibid.

⁹⁵ Sensitisation visits are documented and described in the Court's annual reports, available at: {http://www.african-court.org/en/index.php/publications/activity-reports}.

⁹⁶ ACtHPR, ‘Press Release: African Court Successfully Concluse Three Day Sensitization Mission to Cape Verde’.

⁹⁷ Ibid.

⁹⁸ ACtHPR, ‘Activity Report of the African Court for the Year 2013’, AU Executive Council, Twenty-Fourth Ordinary Session, 21–8 January 2014, EX.CL/825(XXIV), paras 71–3, available at: {www.african-court.org/en/index.php/publications/activity-reports} accessed 23 March 2018.

⁹⁹ Ibid., paras 77–80.

¹⁰⁰ ACtHPR, ‘Activity Report of the African Court for the Year 2016’, AU Executive Council Thirtieth Ordinary Session, 22–7 January 2017, Ex .CL/999(XXX), para. 52, available at: {http://www.african-court.org/en/index.php/publications/activity-reports} accessed 23 March 2018.

¹⁰¹ See annual reports.

¹⁰² ACtHPR, ‘Activity Report of the African Court for the Year 2016’, para. 31.

¹⁰³ These states are: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Malawi, Mali, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Tunisia. Four of these states have withdrawn their Article 34(6) declaration. Rwanda withdrew it in February 2016, which came into effect on 28 February 2017. Tanzania gave notice to withdraw in November 2019, Benin in March 2020 and Cote d'Ivoire in April 2020. Withdrawals enter into force after 12 months.

¹⁰⁴ See, for example, ACtHPR, ‘Activity Report of the African Court for the Year 2016’.

¹⁰⁵ Augustino Ramadhani, ‘Statement at the Opening of the Validation of the African Court's Strategic Plan’, 5 March 2016, Arusha, Tanzania.

¹⁰⁶ ACtHPR, ‘2016–2020 Strategic and Implementation Plan’ (Arusha, Tanzania, 2016).

¹⁰⁷ Sophia Akuffo, ‘Report of the ACtHPR on the Relevant Aspects Regarding the Judiciary in the Protection of Human Rights in Africa’, presented at the First Summit of Constitutional, Regional and Supreme Court Justices, Mexico City, 8–9 November 2012, para. 20, available at: {www.african-court.org/en/images/Other%20Reports/Report_of_the_African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples_Rights_in_the_Protection_of_Human_Rights_in_Africa_final.pdf} accessed 19 March 2018.

¹⁰⁸ Interview 9, ACtHPR administrator, Arusha, 1 December 2015.

¹⁰⁹ Interview 7, Judge of the ACtHPR, Arusha, 30 November 2015.

¹¹⁰ Sylvain Oré, ‘Opening Statement by the President: 48th Ordinary Session of the ACtHPR’, Arusha, 26 February 2018, pp. 3–4, available at: {www.african-court.org/en/images/Speeches/EG_48th_Opening_Statement_Prez_26_March_2018.pdf} accessed 23 March 2018.

¹¹¹ Akuffo, ‘Report of the ACtHPR on the Relevant Aspects Regarding the Judiciary in the Protection of Human Rights in Africa’, para. 21.

¹¹² ACtHPR, ‘Press Release: African Court Successfully Concluse Three Day Sensitization Mission to Cape Verde’.

¹¹³ Interview 10, Judge of the ACtHPR, Arusha, 3 December 2015.

¹¹⁴ ACtHPR, ‘Activity Report of the African Court for the Year 2013’, para. 82.

¹¹⁵ These activities are supported by external funders. Interviewees revealed that the funders do not dictate what activities the ACtHPR conducts. Interviews 3 and 4, GIZ representatives, Arusha, 26 November 2015; Interview 9.

¹¹⁶ Participant observation, Remarks by Registrar Robert Eno and Justice Duncan Tambala, Arusha, 30 November 2015.

¹¹⁷ Ben Achour Râfaa, ‘La Cour Africaine des Droit de l'Homme et des Peuples’, presented at the Sensitization Visit to Tunisia, April 2017, available at: (https://en.african-court.org/images/Speeches/La_Cour_Africaine_des_droits_de_lHomme-Judge_Raafa.pdf} accessed 17 June 2020; as video, available at: {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j56Zg06jyYw&t=17s} accessed 17 June 2020.

¹¹⁸ ACtHPR, ‘African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights on Freedom of Expression’ (16 October 2016), available at: {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eaC5_QwdKv4} accessed 17 June 2020; ACtHPR, ‘Basic Facts: African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights’ (19 September 2019), available at: {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xcTjtZHyIU8} accessed 17 June 2020.

¹¹⁹ See {https://en.african-court.org/index.php/about-us/mandate-vision-mission-values} accessed 16 June 2020.

¹²⁰ See, for example, participant observation; Râfaa, ‘La Cour Africaine des Droit de l'Homme et des Peuples’ (YouTube video).

¹²¹ Gerard Niyungeko, ‘Presentation during the 5th Ordinary Session of the Second Parliament of the Pan African Parliament’, 6 October 2011, Midrand, South Africa.

¹²² Participant observation.

¹²³ Interview 6, Judge of the ACtHPR, Arusha, 28 November 2015.

¹²⁴ Participant observation.

¹²⁵ Sylvain Oré, ‘Speech by His Excellency Sylvain Ore, President of the ACtHPR: The Opening Ceremony of the Third Contintenal Judicial Dialogue’, Arusha, 9 November 2017, available at: {www.african-court.org/en/images/Speeches/Opening_Prez_3rd_JD_2017.pdf} accessed 23 March 2018.

¹²⁶ Interview 6.

¹²⁷ Participant observation.

¹²⁸ Oré, ‘Opening Statement by the President: 48th Ordinary Session of the ACtHPR’, p. 3.

¹²⁹ Business Ghana, ’African Court Rejuvenated for the Next 10 Years’ (23 November 2016), available at: {http://www.businessghana.com/site/news/business/138199/African-Court-rejuvenated-for-the-next-10-yrs} accessed 23 March 2018.

¹³⁰ Ibid.

¹³¹ Only four states (Barbados, Belize, Dominica, and Guyana) are subject to the appellate jurisdiction.

¹³² CCJ, ‘Annual Report: 2016–2017’ (Port of Spain: CCJ, 2017), p. 40, available at: {www.ccj.org/publications/annual-reports} accessed 1 April 2019.

¹³³ Ibid.

¹³⁴ Interview 22, Judge of CCJ, Port of Spain, 4 April 2016.

¹³⁵ CCJ, ‘Media Release No. 4: 2014’ (Port of Spain: CCJ, 2014), available at: {https://ccj.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/MEDIA-RELEASE-4-2014.pdf} accessed 11 February 2020.

¹³⁶ CCJ Academy, ‘Overview of the CCJ Academy for Law’, available at: {www.ccjacademy.org/about-ccj-afl/overview} accessed 1 April 2019.

¹³⁷ Ibid.

¹³⁸ CCJ, ‘11th Annual Caribbean Court of Justice International Law Moot Court’ (Port of Spain: CCJ, 2019), available at: {www.ccj.org/events/11thannuallawmoot} accessed 1 April 2019.

¹³⁹ Dennis Byron, ‘Remarks at the International Law Moot 2018 Award Ceremony’, Port of Spain, 9 March 2018, p. 8, available at: {www.ccj.org/publications/papers-speeches} accessed 1 April 2019.

¹⁴⁰ Interview 17, Judge of CCJ, Port of Spain, 4 April 2016.

¹⁴¹ Interview 22.

¹⁴² CCJ, ‘Annual Report 2017–2018’ (Port of Spain: CCJ, 2018), p. 3, available at: {www.ccj.org/publications/annual-reports} accessed 1 April 2019.

¹⁴³ CCJ, ‘Unlocking Potential: Strengthening Caribbean Jurisprudence, Strategic Plan 2019–2024’ (Port of Spain: CCJ, 2019), p. 14, available at: {www.ccj.org/publications/ccj-strategic-plan} accessed 1 April 2019.

¹⁴⁴ CCJ, ‘Responsive, Innovative, Inspirational: The Caribbean Court of Justice Strategic Plan, 2013–2017’ (Port of Spain: CCJ, 2012), p. 11, available at: {www.ccj.org/publications/ccj-strategic-plan} accessed 1 April 2019.

¹⁴⁵ CCJ, ‘Annual Report: 2005–2006’ (Port of Spain: CCJ, 2006), p. 22, available at: {www.ccj.org/publications/annual-reports} accessed 1 April 2019.

¹⁴⁶ CCJ, ‘Media Release No. 15: 2015’ (Port of Spain: CCJ, 2015), available at: {https://ccj.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/MEDIA-RELEASE-15-2015.pdf} accessed 1 April 2019.

¹⁴⁷ Adrian Saunders, ‘Speech Delivered at Special Sitting in St. Vincent & the Grenadines of the Caribbean Court of Justice’, St. Vincent & the Grenadines, 20 July 2018, p. 1, available at: {www.ccj.org/publications/papers-speeches} accessed 1 April 2019.

¹⁴⁸ CCJ, ‘Media Release No. 1: 2008’ (Port of Spain: CCJ, 2008), available at: {https://ccj.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/PRESS-RELEASE-01-2008.pdf} accessed 1 April 2019; CCJ, ‘Media Release No. 6: 2011’ (Port of Spain: CCJ, 2011), available at: {https://ccj.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/MEDIA-RELEASE-06-2011.pdf} accessed 1 April 2019.

¹⁴⁹ CCJ, ‘Annual Report: 2010–2011’ (Port of Spain: CCJ, 2011), p. 28, available at: {https://www.ccj.org/publications/annual-reports/} accessed 1 April 2019.

¹⁵⁰ CCJ, ‘Media Release No. 24: 2015’ (Port of Spain: CCJ, 2015), available at: {https://ccj.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/MEDIA-RELEASE-24-2015.pdf} accessed 1 April 2019.

¹⁵¹ CCJ, ‘Annual Report: 2010–2011’, p. 25.

¹⁵² Dennis Byron, ‘Opening Remarks at the 6th Annual CCJ International Law Moot Competition’, Port of Spain, 14 March 2014, p. 1, available at: {www.ccj.org/publications/papers-speeches} accessed 1 April 2019.

¹⁵³ Interview 19, Judge of CCJ, Port of Spain, 24 March 2016.

¹⁵⁴ Ibid.

¹⁵⁵ CCJ, ‘Statement by the CCJ on the Occasion of a Donor Meeting in Support of the Grenada Constitutional Reform Project’, Barbados (19 November 2014), p. 2, available at: {https://ccj.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/STATEMENT-BY-THE-CARIBBEAN-COURT-OF-JUSTICE-ON-THE-OCCASION-OF-A-DONOR-MEETING-IN-SUPPORT-OF-THE-GRENADA-CONSTITUTIONAL-REFORM-PROJECT.pdf} accessed 1 April 2019.

¹⁵⁶ Saunders, ‘Speech Delivered at Special Sitting in St. Vincent & the Grenadines of the Caribbean Court of Justice’, p. 3.

¹⁵⁷ David Hayton, ‘Speech Delivered at Special Sitting in St. Vincent & the Grenadines of the CCJ’, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, 20 July 2018, p. 5, available at: {www.ccj.org/publications/papers-speeches} accessed 1 April 2019.

¹⁵⁸ CCJ, ‘Annual Report: 2016–2017’ (Port of Spain: CCJ, 2017), p. 41, available at: {www.ccj.org/publications/annual-reports} accessed 1 April 2019.

¹⁵⁹ Interview 19.

¹⁶⁰ Interview 25, Representative of bar association, Port of Spain, 6 April 2016.

¹⁶¹ Adrian Saunders, ‘The Role of the Caribbean Court of Justice in the Private Sector: Guyana Manufacturing and Services Association Ltd.’, Guyana (2 August 2018), p, 20, available at: {www.ccj.org/publications/papers-speeches} accessed 1 April 2019.

¹⁶² Byron, ‘Remarks at the International Law Moot 2018 Award Ceremony’, p. 5.

¹⁶³ Winston Anderson, ‘Free Movement within CARICOM: Deconstructing Myrie v. Barbados’, paper presented at OECS Bar Association Meeting, St Georges, Grenada, 7 December 2013, pp. 2–3, available at: {www.ccj.org/publications/papers-speeches} accessed 1 April 2019.

¹⁶⁴ Dennis Byron, ‘Eminent Speakers Lecture of the UWI Law Society, Faculty of Law, Barbados, 9 November 2011, p. 3, available at: {www.ccj.org/publications/papers-speeches} accessed 1 April 2019.

¹⁶⁵ Alter et al. (eds), International Court Authority; Squatrito et al. (eds), The Performance of International Courts and Tribunals.

¹⁶⁶ Dingwerth et al. (eds), International Organizations under Pressure.