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55 Cf. Freedman, ‘Age of Liberal Wars’ and Chandler, From Kosovo to Kabul and Beyond.

56 See, for example, Risse-Kappen ‘Democratic Peace – Warlike Democracies?’; and Kahl, Colin H., ‘Constructing a Separate Peace: Constructivism, Collective Liberal Identity, and Democratic Peace’, Security Studies, 8:2–3 (1998), pp. 94–144CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

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61 Brock, Lothar, ‘The Use of Force by Democracies in the Post-Cold War Era’, in Bothe, Michael, O'Connell, and Ronzitti, Natalino (eds), Redefining Sovereignty. The Use of Force after the End of the Cold War (Ardsley: Transnational Publishers, 2005), pp. 21–52Google Scholar .

62 Desch, ‘America's Liberal Illiberalism’.

63 John MacMillan, ‘Liberalism and the democratic peace’; Geis, Müller, Schörnig (eds), The Janus Face of Liberal Democracies.

64 Müller, ‘Antinomy of Democratic Peace’.

65 Risse-Kappen ‘Democratic Peace – Warlike Democracies?’; see also Kahl, ‘Constructing a Separate Peace’.

66 See, for example, Campbell, David, Writing Security. US Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992)Google Scholar and Neumann, Iver, Uses of the Other: The “East” in European Identity Formation (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998)Google Scholar .

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69 Jahn, ‘Kant, Mill, and Illiberal Legacies’.

70 Müller, ‘Kants Schurkenstaat’.

71 Geis, Müller, Schörnig (eds), The Janus Face of Liberal Democracies.

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83 Møller, Cf. Bjørn, The Revolution in Military Affairs: Myth or Reality? (Copenhagen: COPRI Working Papers No. 15 (2002)Google Scholar .

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89 Goldsmith, Benjamin, ‘Defense Efforts and Institutional Theories of Democratic Peace and Victory: Why Try Harder’, Security Studies, 16:2 (2007), pp. 189–222CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

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94 critique, In, Rengger, Nicholas, International Relations, Political Theory and the Problem of Order (London: Routledge, 2000), p. 116Google Scholar .

95 Czempiel, ‘Kants Theorem’.

96 There are some Democratic Peace studies that have opened up the ‘black box’ of democracy and distinguish different institutional types of democracies or parliamentary oversight powers, see for example, Fendius Elman, Miriam, ‘Unpacking Democracy: Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, and Theories of Democratic Peace’, Security Studies, 9:4 (2000), pp. 91–126CrossRefGoogle Scholar , and Dieterich, Sandra, Hummel, Hartwig and Marschall, Stefan, ‘“Kriegsspielverderber?” Europäische Parlamente und der Irak-Krieg 2003’, Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen, 15:1 (2009), pp. 5–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar . Such approaches, however, remain within the established lines of institutionalist readings of democracy. In contrast, we are hinting here at ‘radical’ critiques of existing democracies. For a comprehensive treatment of radical democratic readings of Kant see Eberl, Demokratie und Frieden.

97 See, for example, Crouch, Colin, Post-Democracy (Cambridge: Polity, 2004)Google Scholar .

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100 See Steele, Brent, ‘Liberal-Idealism: A Constructivist Critique’, International Studies Review, 9 (2007), pp. 23–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

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103 Ibid., p. 203.

104 Ibid., p. 204.

105 Bruce Russett, ‘Bushwhacking the Democratic Peace’, p. 396.

106 For a fierce critique see Smith, Pact with the Devil.

107 Ish-Shalom, ‘Theorization, Harm, and the Democratic Imperative’.

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117 Steele, ‘Liberal-Idealism’, and Hobson, ‘Towards a Critical Theory of Democratic Peace’. See for this issue within a wider framework of ‘positive’ liberal theories Reus Smit, Christian, ‘The Strange Death of Liberal International Theory’, in European Journal of International Law, 12:3 (2001), pp. 573–593CrossRefGoogle Scholar .