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Accepted manuscript

Sleeping and Thinking: An Examination of Insomnia Symptoms, Global Sleep Health, and Sleep Regularity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 February 2025

Spencer A. Nielson Open the ORCID record for Spencer A. Nielson [Opens in a new window] ,
Natalie D. Dautovich  and
Joseph M. Dzierzewski
Spencer A. Nielson
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
Natalie D. Dautovich
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
Joseph M. Dzierzewski*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA National Sleep Foundation, Washington DC, USA
*
Corresponding author: Joseph M. Dzierzewski, PhD 2001 Massachusetts Ave NW Washington DC, 20036 703-965-2064 [email protected]
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Abstract

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Introduction:

Subjective cognition is a predictor of cognitive decline and previous work has identified age, education, and depression as predictors of subjective cognition. This study aimed to investigate whether several sleep characteristics were associated with subjective cognition above-and-beyond known predictors.

Methods:

Participants (N=3284, Mage=42.7 years, 48.5% female) completed an online study that included the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), RU-SATED, Sleep Regularity Questionnaire (SRQ), and the 6-item PROMIS Cognitive Function. A 3-step hierarchical regression model predicted PROMIS Cognition scores, with Step 1 including age and education as predictors, Step 2 including age, education, and PHQ-4 scores, and Step 3 including all previous variables and sleep variables.

Results:

In Step 1 (R2=.03), age and education were significant predictors, while in Step 2 (R2=.36), PHQ-4 and education were significant, and age was no longer significant. In Step 3 (R2=.48), PHQ-4, ISI, RU-SATED, and SRQ scores were significant, while age and education were not significant. All steps accounted for a significant increase in variance (p’s<.001).

Conclusions:

Sleep characteristics were associated with subjective cognition above-and-beyond known predictors of age, education, and mood. Further research is needed to investigate whether changes in sleep characteristics are associated with changes in subjective cognition.

Keywords

Sleep RegularitySleep healthInsomniaSubjective Cognitive Functioning
Type
Results
Information
Research Directions: Sleep Psychology , Accepted manuscript , pp. 1 - 20
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is unaltered and is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re-use or in order to create a derivative work.
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press