The definition of the future use of mined lands should be considered early in the life cycle of a mine. Well-established concepts, such as “Begin with the end in mind” or “Design for closure,” have at their core the idea of having in mind the intended use of the mined area before the cessation of operational activities. However, closure is complex and the optimal future use of a mined area involves evaluation of environmental, social, and economic aspects, all of which change through the life of a mine. Closure is also a dynamic and iterative process that needs to be integrated into operations, while accounting for the possibility of temporary or sudden closure (ICMM, 2019).

The ability to close and relinquish a mine is becoming increasingly important. Over the past few decades the mining sector has been promoting sustainable practices (Lohdia, 2018). But mine closure challenges the industry’s sustainability intentions. The mining industry’s peak body has made available a set of mine closure guidelines (e.g. ICMM, 2019). However, mining companies avoid closure by putting a mine under care and maintenance or selling the assets to smaller firms (Owen & Kemp, 2018). Abandonment of mines is common worldwide and is still occurring. The global problem of abandoned or improperly closed mines makes it clear that “it’s not over, when it’s over” (World Bank, 2002).