Since the introduction of more complex and invasive forms of assisted reproductive technologies (ART), there has been much speculation as to whether the genetic integrity of the offspring can be maintained. For example, Y microdeletions and cystic fibrosis mutations can be transmitted to the offspring following intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), as can karyotype disorders. Furthermore, speculation has arisen over the transmission of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to offspring and whether maternal inheritance patterns are maintained.