Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T06:53:10.450Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Cigarette smoking as a cause of delay in conception

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 June 2009

Maria Teresa Zenzes
Maria Teresa Zenzes*
Affiliation:
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
*
Division of Reproductive Sciences, Toronto General Hospital, Room CCRW 3–831, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Epidemiological studies relating cigarette smoking to the ability to conceive and maintain a pregnancy provide information on the clinical significance of smoking on reproductive health. Cigarette smoking by females has significantly increased in the decades after World War II, and now has an average initiation at ages 18–20 years. Maternal smoking is a hazard to the general health, the reproductive health and the life of both mother and child. Gestational smoking renders the fetus a passive smoker. This can result in fetal and neonatal death and in reduced fecundity of adult daughters.

Type
Articles
Information
Reproductive Medicine Review , Volume 4 , Issue 3 , October 1995 , pp. 189 - 205
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Pirce, JP, Lee, L, Gilpin, EA. Smoking initiation by adolescent girls, 1944 through 1988. An association with targeted advertising. JAMA 1994; 271: 608–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2Ravenholt, RT. Tobacco's impact on twentieth century US mortality patterns. Am J Prev Med 1985; 1: 4–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3Weinberg, CR, Wilcox, AJ, Baird, DD. Reduced fecundability in women with prenatal exposure to cigarette smoking. Am J Epidemiol 1988; 129: 1072–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4Mattison, DR. The effects of smoking on fertility from gametogenesis to implantation. Environ Res 1982; 28: 410–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5Olsen, J, Rachootin, P, Schiodt, AV, Dambsbo, N. Tobacco use, alcohol consumption and infertility. Int J Epidemiol 1983; 12: 179–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6Baird, DD, Wilcox, AJ. Cigarette smoking associated with delayed conception. JAMA 1985; 253: 2979–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7Howe, G, Westhoff, C, Vessey, M, Yeates, D. Effects of age, cigarette smoking, and other factors on fertility: findings in a large prospective study. Br Med J 1985; 290: 1697–1700.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8Mouzon de, J, Spira, A, Schwartz, D. A prospective study on the relation between smoking and fertility. Int J Epidemiol 1988; 17: 378–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9Suonio, S, Saarikoski, S, Kauhanen, O, Metsäpelto, A, Terho, J, Vohlonen, I. Smoking does affect fecundity. Am J Obstet Cynecol Reprod Biol 1990; 34: 89–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10Olsen, J. Cigarette smoking, tea, coffee drinking and subfecundity. Am J Epidemiol 1991; 133: 734–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11Laurent, SL, Thompson, SJ, Addy, C, Garrison, CZ, Moore, EE. An epidemiologic study of smoking and primary infertility in women. Fertil Steril 1992; 57: 565–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12Joesoef, MR, Beral, V, Aral, SO, Rolfs, RT, Cramer, DW. Fertility and use of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana and cocaine. Ann Epidemiol 1993; 3: 592–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13Joffe, M, Li, Z. Male and female factors in infertility. Am J Epidemiol 1994; 140: 921–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14Stillman, RJ, Rosenberg, MJ, Sachs, BP. Smoking and reproduction. Fertil Steril 1986; 46: 545–66.Google ScholarPubMed
15Baird, DD, Wilcox, AJ. Future fertility after prenatal exposure to cigarette smoke. Fertil Steril 1986; 46: 368–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16Edwards, RG, Purdy, JM, Steptoe, PC, Walters, DE. The growth of human preimplantation embryos in vitro. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981; 141: 408–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17Hughes, EG, Yeo, L, Claman, P, Young, Lai EV, Sagle, MA, Daya, S, Collins, JA. Cigarette smoking and the outcomes of in vitro fertilization: measurement of effect size and levels of action. Fertil Steril 1994; 62: 807–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18Wyrobeck, AJ, Gordon, LA, Burkhart, JG et al. An evaluation of human sperm as indicators of spermatogenic function. A report of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Gene-Tox Program. Mutat Res 1983; 115: 73–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19Nebe, KH, Schirren, C. Statistische Untersuchungen bei andrologischen Patienten III. Nikotin and Ejakulatparameter. Andrologia 1980; 12: 493–502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20Godfrey, B. Sperm morphology in smokers. Lancet 1981; i: 948.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21Rodriguez-Rigau, LJ, Smith, KD, Steinberger, E. Cigarette smoking and semen quality. Fertil Steril 1982; 38: 115–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22Marshburn, PB, Sloan, CS, Hammond, MG. Semen quality and association with coffee drinking, cigarette smoking, and ethanol consumption. Fertil Steril 1989; 52: 162–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23Vogt, HL, Heller, WD, Borelli, S. Sperm quality of healthy smokers, ex-smokers, and never smokers. Fertil Steril 1986; 45: 106–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24Dikshit, RKJ, Buch, JG, Mansuri, SM. Effect of tobacco consumption on semen quality of a population of hypofertile men. Fertil Steril 1987; 48: 334–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25Saaranen, M, Suonio, S, Kauhanen, O, Saarikoski, S. Cigarette smoking and semen quality in men of reproductive age. Andrologia 1987; 19: 670–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26Oldereid, NB, Rui, H, Clausen, OPF, Purvis, K. Cigarette smoking and human sperm quality by laser-Dopler spectroscopy and DNA flow cytometry. J Reprod Fertil 1989; 86: 731–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27Close, CE, Roberts, PL, Berger, RE. Cigarettes, alcohol and marijuana are related to pyospermia in infertile men. J Urol 1990; 144: 900–903.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28Holzki, G, Gall, H, Hermann, J. Cigarette smoking and sperm quality. Andrologia 1991; 23: 141–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29Osser, S, Beckman-Ramirez, A, Liedhom, P. Semen quality of smoking and non-smoking men in infertile couples in a Swedish population. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1992; 71; 215–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30Evans, HJ, Flechter, J, Torrance, M, Hargreave, TB. Sperm abnormalities and cigarette smoking. Lancet 1981; i: 627–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31Spira, A, Ducot, B, Jouannet, P, Soumah, A, Feneux, D, Albert, M. Consomation de tabac d'alcool, et fertilite masculine. In: Spira AP, Jouanet P eds. Human fertility factors INSERM, 1981; 103: 363–78.Google Scholar
32Shaarawy, M, Mahmoud, KZ. Endocrine profile and semen characteristics in male smokers. Fertil Steril 1982; 38: 255–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33Handelsman, DJ, Conway, AJ, Boylan, LM, Turtle, JR. Testicular function in potential sperm donors: normal ranges and the effects of smoking and varicocele. Int J Androl 1984; 7: 369–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34Kulikauskas, V, Blaustein, D, Ablin, RJ. Cigarette smoking and its possible effects on sperm. Fertil Steril 1985; 44: 526–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35Rantala, ML, Kosmikies, AI. Semen quality of infertile couples – comparison between smokers and nonsmokers. Andrologia 1986; 19: 42–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36Pacifici, R, Altieri, I, Gandini, L et al. Nicotine, cotinine, and trans-3-hydroxycotinine levels in seminal plasma of smokers: effects of sperm parameters. Ther Drug Monti 1993; 15: 358–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37Chia, SE, Ong, CN, Tsakok, FMH. Effects of cigarette smoking on human semen quality. Arch Androl 1994; 33: 163–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38World Health Organization. Laboratory manual for the examination of human semen and semen-cervical mucus interactions. In: Belsey, MA, Moghissi, KS, Eliasson, R, Gallegos, AJ, Paulsen, CA, Prassad, MRN eds. World Health Organization special programme of research development and research training in human reproduction. Singapore: Press Concern, 1980.Google Scholar
39Hoidas, S, Williams, AE, Tocher, JL, Hasgreave, TB. Scoring sperm morphology from fertile and infertile cigarette smokers using scanning electron microscopy and image analysis. Fertil Steril 1985; 43: 595–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
40Klaiber, HJ, Flechter, J, Torrance, M, Hargreave, TB. Increased incidence of testicular varicocele in cigarette smokers. Fertil Steril 1980; 34: 64–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41Elenbogen, A, Lipitz, S, Mashiach, S, Dor, J, Levran, D, Ben-Rafael, Z. The effect of smoking on the outcome of in-vitro fertilization-embryo transfer. Hum Reprod 1991; 6: 242–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42Rosevear, SK, Holt, DW, Lee, TD et al. Smoking and decreased fertilization rates in vitro. Lancet 1992; 340: 1195–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43Trapp, M, Kemeter, P, Feichtinger, W. Smoking and in vitro fertilization. Hum Reprod 1986; 1: 357–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44Van Voorhis, BJ, Syrop, CH, Hammitt, DG, Dunn, M, Snyder, GR. Effect of smoking on ovulation induction for assisted reproductive techniques. Fertil Steril 1992; 58: 981–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45Pattinson, HA, Taylor, PJ, Pattinson, MH. The effect of cigarettè smoking on ovarian function and early pregnancy outcome of in vitro fertilization treatment. Fertil Steril 1991; 55: 780–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46Harrison, KL, Breen, TM, Hennessey, JF. The effect of patient smoking habit on the outcome of IVF and GIFT treatment. Aust NZJ Obstet Gynaecol 1990; 30: 340–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47Hughes, EG, Young, Lai EV, Ward, SM. Cigarette smoking and outcomes of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer: a prospective cohort study. Hum Reprod 1992; 7: 358–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48International Agency for Research on Cancer. Tobacco smoking. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks of chemicals in humans. Lyon, France: IARC 1986; 38.Google Scholar
49Hopkin, JM, Evans, HJ. Cigarette smoke-induced DNA damage and lung cancer risks. Nature 1980; 283: 388–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
50Everson, RB, Randerath, E, Santella, RM, Cefalo, RC, Avitts, TA, Randerath, K. Detection of smokingrelated covalent DNA adducts in the human placenta. Science 1986; 231: 54–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51Sharara, FT, Beatse, SN, Leonardi, MR et al. Cigarette smoking accelerates the development of diminished ovarian reserve as evidenced by the clomiphene citrate challenge test. Fertil Steril 1994; 62: 257–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52Scott, RT, Leonardi, MR, Hofmann, GE, Illions, EH, Neal, GS, Navot, D. A prospective evaluation of clomiphene citrate challenge test screening of the general infertility population. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 82: 539–44.Google ScholarPubMed
53Midgette, AS, Baron, J. Cigarette smoking and the risk of natural menopause. Epidemiology 1990; 1: 474–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54Mattison, DR, White, NB. The effect of benzo(a)pyrene on fertility, primordial ova number and ovarian response to pregnant mare serum gonadotropin. Pediatr Pharmacol 1980; 1: 143–47.Google Scholar
55Thomford, PJ, Jelovsek, FR, Mattison, DR. Effect of oocyte number and rate of atresia on the age of menopause. Reprod Toxicol 1988; 1: 41–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
56Mattison, DR, Plowchalk, DR, Meadows, MJ, Miller, MM, Malek, A, London, S. The effect of smoking on oogenesis, fertilization and implantation. Semin Reprod Endocrinol 1989; 7: 291–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
57Sharara, FI, Scott, RT. Measures of association – smoking and fecundity. Fertil Steril 1995; 63: 1350–51.Google ScholarPubMed
58Blake, CA, Norman, RL, Scatmuzzi, R, Sawyer, CH. Inhibition of the proestrous surge of prolactin in the use of nicotine. Endocrinology 1977; 100: 1566–71.Google Scholar
59Rosenberg, J, Benowitz, NL, Javob, P, Wilson, KM. Disposition kinetics and effects of nicotine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1980; 28: 517–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
60Benowitz, NL, Kuyt, F, Jacob, P III, Jones, RT. Cotinine disposition and effects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1983; 34: 604–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61Nandi, M, Slone, D, Jick, H, Shapiro, S. Cadmium content in cigarettes. Lancet 1969; ii: 1329–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
62Kägi, JHR, Vallee, L. Metallothionein: acadmium- and zinc-containing protein from equine renal cortex. J Biol Chem 1960; 235: 3460–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63Lewis, GP, Coughlin, LL, Jusko, WJ, Hartz, S. Contribution of cigarette smoking to cadmium accumulation in man. Lancet 1972; i: 291–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
64Watanabe, T, Koizumi, A, Fujita, H, Kumai, M, Ikeda, M. Cadmium levels in the blood of inhabitants in nonpolluted areas in Japan with special References to aging and smoking. Environ Res 1983; 31: 472–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
65Varga, B, Zsolnai, B, Paksy, K, Maray, M, Ungary, G. Age dependent accumulation of cadmium in the human ovary. Reprod Toxicol 1993; 7: 225–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
66Weiss, T, Eckert, A. Cotinine levels in follicular fluid and serum of IVF patients: effect on granulosa-lucteal cell function in vitro. Hum Reprod 1989; 4: 482–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
67Zenzes, MT, Krishnan, S, Krishnan, B, Zhang, H, Casper, RF. Cadmium accumulation in follicular fluid of women in IVF is higher in smokers. Fertil Steril 1995; 64: 599–603.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
68MacLachlan, JA, Dames, NM, Sieber, SM, Jabro, S. Accumulation of nicotine in the uterine fluid of the six-day pregnancy rabbit. Fertil Steril 1976; 27: 1204–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
69Fabro, S, Sieber, SM. Caffeine and nicotine penetrate the preimplantation blastocyst. Nature 1969; 223: 410–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
70Basler, A, R¨hrborn, G. Chromosome aberrations in oocytes of NMRI mice and bone marrow cells of Chinese hamster induced with 3, 4-benzepyrene. Mutat Res 1976; 38: 327–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
71Zenzes, MT, Wang, P, Casper, RF. Effect of cigarette smoking on the meiotic maturation of human oocytes. Am J Hum Genet 1994; 55 (suppl): A123.Google Scholar
72Shimada, T, Watanabe, T, Endo, A. Potential mutagenicity of cadmium in mammalian oocytes. Mutat Res 1976; 40: 389–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
73Watanabe, T, Shimada, T, Endo, A. Mutagenic effects of cadmium on mammalian oocyte chromosomes. Mutat Res 1979; 67: 349–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
74Racowski, C, Hendricks, RC, Baldwin, D. Direct effects of nicotine on the meiotic maturation of hamster oocytes. Reprod Toxicol 1989; 3: 13–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
75Vine, MF, Hulka, BS, Margolin, BH et al. Cotinine levels in semen, urine and blood of smokers and nonsmokers. Am J Public Health 1993; 83: 1335–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
76Oldereid, NB, Thomassen, Y, Attramadal, A, Olaisen, B, Purvis, K. Concentrations of lead, cadmium and zinc in tissues of reproductive organs of men. J Reprod Fertil 1993; 99: 421–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
77Bentley, KS, Working, PK. Use of seminiferous tubule segments of study stage specificity of unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat spermatogenic cells. Environ Mol Mutagen 1988; 12: 285–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
78Saaranen, M, Kantola, M, Saarikoski, S, Vanha-Perttula, T. Human seminal plasma cadmium: comparison with fertility and smoking habits. Andrologia 1989; 21: 140–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
79Xu, B, Shia, SE, Tsakok, M, Ong, CN. Trace elements in blood and seminal plasma and their relationship to sperm quality. Reprod Toxicol 1993; 7: 613–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
80Simons, AW, Phillips, D, Coleman, DV. Damage to DNA in cervical epithelium related to smoking tobacco. Br Med J 1993; 306: 1444–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
81Gallagher, JE, Vine, MF, Schramm, MM et al. 32p-post labelling analysis of DNA adducts in human sperm cells from smokers and non-smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1993; 2: 581–85.Google Scholar