Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T00:08:34.825Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Action, localization and structure-function relationship of growth factors and their receptors in the prostate

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 June 2009

S Chevalier ,
AG Aprikian ,
G Beauregard ,
I Defoy ,
LT Nguyen ,
RS Guenette ,
M Tenniswood  and
A Chapdelaine
S Chevalier*
Affiliation:
Department of Surgery, Urology Division, McGill University, and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
AG Aprikian
Affiliation:
Department of Surgery, Urology Division, McGill University, and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
G Beauregard
Affiliation:
Department of Surgery, Urology Division, McGill University, and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
I Defoy
Affiliation:
Department of Surgery, Urology Division, McGill University, and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
LT Nguyen
Affiliation:
Department of Surgery, Urology Division, McGill University, and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
RS Guenette
Affiliation:
W Alton Jones Cell Science Center, Lake Placid, New York, USA
M Tenniswood
Affiliation:
W Alton Jones Cell Science Center, Lake Placid, New York, USA
A Chapdelaine
Affiliation:
Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, and Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Centre, Montreal, Canada
*
The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1A4.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Whereas the direct action of sex steroids, namely of androgens, on prostate cell division was questioned as early as in the 1970s, and remains so, the interest in prostatic growth factors (GFs) is rather recent but has expanded tremendously in the last five years. This lag period can be partly explained by the fact that, at the time, androgen receptors had just been discovered, and newly developed hormonal regimens or strategies to treat patients with prostate carcinoma (PCa) or epithelioma had generated great enthusiasm and hopes in the medical and scientific community. Another point to consider was the difficulty in maintaining prostate tissues in organ cultures and the relative novelty of culturing prostate epithelial cells in monolayers. Failures of sex steroids to elicit a direct positive response on prostate cell division in vitro, as seen in vivo, were interpreted as resulting from inappropriate models or culture conditions. However, the increasing number of reports confirming the lack of mitogenic activity of sex steroids in vitro, coupled with the powerful mitogenic activity of GFs displayed in other systems, the discovery of GF receptors (GF-Rs), and the elucidation of their signalling pathways showing sex steroid receptors as potential substrates of GF-activated protein kinases gradually led to an increased interest in the putative role of GFs in prostate physiopathology. Of utmost importance was the recognition that hormone refractiveness was responsible for PCa progression, and for the poor outcome of patients with advanced disease under endocrine therapies. This problem remains a major issue and it raises several key questions that need to be solved at the fundamental and clinical levels.

Type
Articles
Information
Reproductive Medicine Review , Volume 5 , Issue 2 , July 1996 , pp. 73 - 105
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1996

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Ware, JL. Growth factors and their receptors as determinants in the proliferation and metastasis of human prostate cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1993; 12: 287–301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2Schultz, G, Twardzik, D. Assessment of biological activity of synthetic fragments of transforming growth factor-α. In: Barnes, D, Mather, JP, Sato, GH eds. Methods in enzymology Volume 198, Part C. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1991: 200–13.Google Scholar
3Savage, CR Jr, Inagami, T, Cohen, S. The primary structure of epidermal growth factor. J Biol Chem 1972; 247: 7612–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4Brown, JP, Twardzik, DR, Marquardt, H, Todaro, GJ. Vaccinia virus induces a polypeptide homologous to epidermal growth factor and transforming growth. Nature 1985; 313: 491–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5Shoyab, M, McDonald, VL, Bradley, GJ, Todaro, GJ. Amphiregulin: a bifunctional growthmodulating growth factor produced by the phorbol-12 myristate-13 acetate-treated human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 6528–32.Google Scholar
6Heiserman, GJ, Gill, GN. Identification of phosphorylation sites: use of the epidermal growth factor receptor. In: Bames, D, Mather, JP, Sato, GH eds. Methods in enzymology Volume 198, Part C. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1991: 233–41.Google Scholar
7Lin, PH, Selinfreund, R, Wharton, W. Isolation of cell membrane for epidermal growth factor receptor studies. In: Barnes, D, Mather, JP, Sato, GH eds. Methods in enzymology, Volume 198, Part C. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1991; 251–59.Google Scholar
8Cohen, DW, Simak, R, Fair, WR, Melamed, J, Scher, HI, Cordon-Cardo, C. Expression of transforming growth factor-α and the epidermal growth factor receptor in human prostate tissues. J Urol 1994; 152: 2120–24.Google Scholar
9Story, MT. Positive and negative modulators of prostate cell proliferation. Biomed Pharmacother 1994; 48: S35–S41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10Schafer, W, Rausch, U, Aumuller, G. Expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor-a (TGF-α), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) and transforming growth factor-β-1 (TGFβ-1) after androgen deprivation in human prostatic adenocarcinoma (PCA). Aktuel Urol 1995; 26: 61–62.Google Scholar
11Giri, DR, Pal, R, Wadwa, SN, Talwar, GP. Immunohistochemnical localization of transforming growth factor-α, epidermal growth factor receptor and c-ERBB-2 protein in hyperplastic human prostates. Carcinogenesis 1995; 16: 729–33.Google Scholar
12Lubrano, C, Toscano, V, Petrangeli, E et al. Relationship between epidermal growth factor and its receptor in human benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1993; 46: 463–68.Google Scholar
13Yang, Y, Chisholm, GD, Habib, FK. Epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-α concentrations in BPH and cancer of the prostate: their relationships with tissue androgen levels. Br J Cancer 1993; 67: 152–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14Lloyd, SN, Brown, IL, Leake, RE. Transforming growth factor-α expression in benign and malignant human prostatic disease. Int J Biol Markers 1992; 7: 27–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15Lubrano, C, Sciarra, F, Spera, G et al. Immunoreactive EGF in human benign prostatic hyperplasia: relationships with androgen and estrogen receptors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1992; 41: 683–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16Harper, ME, Goddard, L, Glynne-Jones, E et al. An immunocytochemical analysis of transforming growth factor-α expression in benign and malignant prostatic tumours. Prostate 1993; 23: 9–23.Google Scholar
17Myers, RB, Kudlow, JE, Grizzle, WE. Expression of transforming growth factor-α, epidermal growth factor and the epidermal growth factor receptor in adenocarcinoma of the prostate and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Mod Pathol 1993; 6: 733–37.Google Scholar
18Ching, KZ, Ramsey, E, Pettigrew, N, D'Cunha, R, Jason, M, Dodd, JG. Expression of mRNA for epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-α and their receptor in human prostate tissue and cell lines. Mol Cell Biochem 1993; 126: 151–58.Google Scholar
19Robertson, CM, Robertson, KM, Herzberg, AJ, Kerns, BJ, Dodge, RK, Paulson, DF. Differential immunoreactivity of transforming growth factor-α in benign, dysplastic and malignant prostatic tissues. Surg Oncol 1994; 3: 237–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20Visakorpi, T, Kallioniemi, OP, Koivula, T, Harvey, J, Isola, J. Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor and ERBB2 (HER-2/Neu) oncoprotein in prostatic carcinomas. Mod Pathol 1992; 5: 643–48.Google ScholarPubMed
21Fong, CJ, Sherwood, ER, Mandelsohn, J, Lee, C, Kozlowski, JM. Epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody inhibits constitutive receptor phosphorylation, reduces autonomous growth, and sensitizes androgen-independent prostatic carcinoma cells to tumor necrosis factor-α. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 5887–92.Google Scholar
22Harper, ME, Goddard, L, Glynne-Jones, E, Peeling, WE, Griffiths, K. Epidermal growth factor receptor expression by Northern analysis and imunohistochemistry in benign and malignant prostatic tumours. Eur J Cancer 1995; 31A: 1492–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23Turkeri, LN, Sakr, WA, Wykes, SM, Grignon, DJ, Pontes, JE, Macoska, JA. Comparative analysis of epidermal growth factor receptor gene expression and protein product in benign, premalignant, and malignant prostate tissue. Prostate 1994; 25: 199–205.Google Scholar
24Montone, KT, Tomaszewski, JE. In situ hybridization for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) external domain transcripts in prostatic adenocarcinoma. J Clin Lab Anal 1993; 7: 188–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25Morris, GL, Dodd, JG. Epidermal growth factor receptor mRNA levels in human prostatic tumors and cell lines. J Urol 1990; 143: 1272–74.Google Scholar
26Ibrahim, GK, Kerns, BJ, MacDonald, JA et al. Differential immunoreactivity of epidermal growth factor receptor in benign, dysplastic and malignant prostatic tissues. J Urol 1993; 149: 170–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27Maygarden, SJ, Strom, S, Ware, JL. Localization of epidermal growth factor receptor by immunohistochemical methods in human prostatic carcinoma, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and benign hyperplasia. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1992; 116: 269–73.Google ScholarPubMed
28Frydenberg, M, Foo, TM, Jones, AS et al. Benign prostatic hyperplasia: video image analysis and its relationship to androgen and epidermal growth factor receptor expression. J Urol 1991; 146: 872–76.Google Scholar
29Sciara, F. Sex steroids and epidermal growth factor in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Ann NY Acad Sci 1995; 761: 66–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30Fox, SB, Persad, RA, Coleman, N, Day, CA, Silcocks, PB, Collins, CC. Prognostic value of c-erb-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor in stage Al (Tla) prostatic adenocarcinoma. Br J Urol 1994; 74: 214–20.Google Scholar
31Eaton, CL, Davies, P, Philips, ME. Growth factor involvement and oncogene expression in prostate tumours. J Steroid Biochem 1988; 30: 341–45.Google Scholar
32Davies, P, Eaton, CL, France, TD, Phillips, ME. Growth factor receptors and oncogene expression in prostate cells. Am J Clin Oncol 1988; 11: S1–S7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33Iwamura, M, di Sant'Agnese, PA, Wu, G, Benning, CM, Cockett, AT, Gerschagen, S. Overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor and c-erbB-2 by neuroendocrine cells in normal prostatic tissue. Urology 1994; 43: 838–43.Google Scholar
34Maddy, SQ, Chisholm, GD, Busuttil, A, Habib, FK. Epidermal growth factor receptors in human cancer: correlation with histological differentiation of the tumour. Br J Cancer 1989; 60: 41–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35Davies, P, Eaton, CL. Binding of epidermal growth factor by human normal, hypertrophic and carcinomatous prostate. Prostate 1989; 14: 123–32.Google Scholar
36Shaw, JP, Akiyoshi, DE, Arrigo, DA et al. Cytotoxic properties of DAB468EGF and DAB389EGF, epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor-targeted fusion toxins. J Biol Chem 1991; 266: 21118–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37Maygarden, SJ, Novotny, DB, Moul, JW, Bae, VL, Ware, JL. Evaluation of cathepsin D and epidermal growth factor receptor in prostate carcinoma. Mod Pathol 1994; 7: 930–36.Google ScholarPubMed
38Mellon, K, Thompson, S, Charlton, RG et al. p53, c-erbB-2 and the epidermal growth factor receptor in benign and malignant prostate. J Urol 1992; 147: 496–99.Google Scholar
39Fiorelli, G, De Bellis, A, Longo, A et al. Growth factors in the human prostate. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1991; 40: 199–205.Google Scholar
40Lubrano, C, Petrangeli, E, Catizone, A et al. Epidermal growth factor binding and steroid receptor content in human benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Steroid Biochem 1989; 34: 499–504.Google Scholar
41Myers, RB, Srivastava, S, Oelschlager, DK, Grizzle, WE. Expression of p160erbB-3 and p185 erbB-2 in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostatic adenocarcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86: 1140–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
42Gin, DK, Wadwa, SN, Upadhaya, SN, Talwar, GP. Expression of NEU/HER-2 oncoprotein (p185neu) in prostate tumors: an immunohistochemical study. Prostate 1993; 23: 329–36.Google Scholar
43Idikio, HA, Manickavel, V. Correlation of the blood group antigen expression and oncogenerelated proteins in malignant prostatic tissues. Pathol, Res Pract 1991; 187: 189–97.Google Scholar
44Sutkowski, DM, Fong, CJ, Sensibar, JA et al. Interaction of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-α in human prostatic epithelial cells in culture. Prostate 1992; 21: 133–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
45Levine, AC, Ren, M, Huber, GK, Kirschenbaum, A. The effect of androgen, estrogen, and growth factors on the proliferation of cultured fibroblasts derived from human fetal and adult prostates. Endocrinology 1992; 130: 2413–19.Google ScholarPubMed
46Janssen, T, Kiss, R, Schulman, C. La culture organotypique de tissus humains comme modèle d'étude des régulations hormonales et pharmacologiques de l'hyperplasie bénigne et du cancer de la prostate. Acta Urol Belg 1995; 63: 7–14.Google Scholar
47Peterson, G, Barnes, S. Genistein and biochanin A inhibit the growth of human prostate cancer cells but not epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine phosphorylation. Prostate 1993; 22: 335–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48Carruba, G, Leake, RE, Rinaldi, F et al. Steroidgrowth factor interaction in human prostate cancer. 1. Short term effects of transforming growth factors on growth of human prostate cancer cells. Steroids 1994; 59: 412–20.Google Scholar
49Connolly, JM, Rose, DP. Production of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-α by the androgen-responsive LNCaP human prostate cancer cell line. Prostate 1990; 16: 209–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50Ravenna, L, Lubrano, C, Disilverio, E et al. Androgenic and antiandrogenic control on epidermal growth factor, epidermal growth factor receptor, and androgen receptor expression in human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Prostate 1995; 26: 290–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51MacDonald, A, Habib, FK. Divergent responses to epidermal growth factor in hormone sensitive and insensitive human prostate cancer cell lines. Br J Cancer 1992; 65: 177–82.Google Scholar
52Eaton, CL, Davies, P, Harper, M, France, T, Rushmere, N, Griffiths, K. Steroids and the prostate. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1991; 40: 175–83.Google Scholar
53Schuurmans, AS, Bolt, J, Mulder, E. Androgens stimulate both growth rate and epidermal growth factor receptor activity of the human prostate tumor cell LNCaP. Prostate 1988; 12: 55–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54Wilding, G, Valverius, E, Knabbe, C, Gelmann, EP. Role of transforming growth factor-α in human prostate cancer cell growth. Prostate 1989; 15: 1–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55Mizokami, A, Saiga, H, Matsui, T, Sugita, A. Regulation of androgen receptor by androgen and epidermal growth factor in a human prostatic cancer cell line, LNCaP. Endocrinol Jpn 1992; 39: 235–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
56Mulder, E, van Loon, D, de Boer, W et al. Mechanism of androgen action: recent observations of the domain structure of androgen receptors and the induction of EGF-receptors by androgens in prostate tumor cells. J Steroid Biochem 1989; 32: 151–6.Google Scholar
57Schuurmans, AS, Bolt, J, Mulder, E. Androgen receptor-mediated growth and epidermal growth factor receptor induction in the human prostate cell line LNCaP. Urol Int 1989; 44: 71–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
58Liu, XH, Wiley, HS, Meikle, AW. Androgens regulate proliferation of human prostate cancer cells in culture by increasing transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) and epidermal growth factor (EGF)/TGF-α receptor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 77: 1472–78.Google Scholar
59Henttu, P, Vihko, P. Growth factor regulation of gene expression in the human prostatic carcinoma cell line LNCaP. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 1051–58.Google Scholar
60Sehgal, I, Bailey, J, Hitzemann, K, Pittelkow, MR, Maihle, NJ. Epidermal growth factor receptordependent stimulation of amphiregulin expression of androgen-stimulated prostate cancer cells. Mol Biol Cell 1994; 5: 339–47.Google Scholar
61Schuurmans, AS, Bolt, J, Voorhorst, MM, Blankenstein, RA, Mulder, E. Regulation of growth and epidermal growth factor receptor levels of LNCaP prostate tumor cells by different steroids. Int J Cancer 1988; 42: 917–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
62Connolly, JM, Rose, DP. Secretion of epidermal growth factor and related polypeptides by the DU 145 human prostate cancer cell line. Prostate 1989; 15: 177–86.Google Scholar
63Tillotson, JK, Rose, DP. Density-dependent regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor expression in DU 145 prostate cancer cells. Prostate 1991; 19: 53–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
64Hofer, DR, Sherwood, ER, Bromberg, WD, Mendelsohn, J, Lee, C, Kozlowski, JM. Autonomous growth of androgen-independent human prostatic carcinoma cells: role of transforming growth factor-α. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 2780–85.Google ScholarPubMed
65Jarrard, DF, Blitz, BF, Smith, RC, Patai, BL, Rukstalis, DB. Effect of epidermal growth factor on prostate cancer cell line PC-3 growth and invasion. Prostate 1994; 24: 46–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
66Connolly, JM, Rose, DP. Autocrine regulation of DU-145 human prostate cancer cell growth by epidermal growth factor-related polypeptides. Prostate 1991; 19: 173–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
67Friesel, RE, Maciag, T. Molecular mechanisms of angiogenesis: fibroblast growth factor signal transduction. FASEB J 1995; 9: 919–25.Google Scholar
68Basilico, C, Moscatelli, D. The FGF family of growth factors and oncogenes. Adv Cancer Res 1992; 59: 115–65.Google Scholar
69Mason, IJ. The ins and outs of fibroblast growth factors. Cell 1994; 78: 547–52.Google Scholar
70Johnson, DE, Williams, LT. Structural and functional diversity in the FGF receptor. Adv Cancer Res 1993; 60: 1–40.Google ScholarPubMed
71Givol, D, Yayon, A. Complexity of FGF receptors: genetic basis for structural diversity and functional specificity. FASEB J 1992; 6: 3362–70.Google Scholar
72Dionne, CA, Crumley, G, Bellot, F et al. Cloning and expression of two distinct high-affinity receptors cross-reactivity with acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors. EMBO J 1990; 9: 2685–92.Google Scholar
73Mansukhavi, A, Dell'Era, P, Moscatelli, D, Kombluth, S, Hanafusa, H, Basilico, C. Characterization of the murine bck fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor: activation by three members of the FGF family and requirement for heparin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 3305–309.Google Scholar
74Dell, KR, Williams, LT. A novel form of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2. J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 21225–29.Google Scholar
75Kudha, AJ, John, ML, Bowen-Pope, DF, Rainish, B, Olwin, BB. A requirement for fibroblast growth factor in regulation of skeletal muscle growth and differentiation cannot be replaced by activation of platelet-derived growth factor signaling pathways. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15: 3238–46.Google Scholar
76Shaoul, E, Reich-Slotky, R, Berman, B, Ron, D. Fibroblast growth factor receptors display both common and distinct signaling pathways. Oncogens 1995; 10: 1553–61.Google Scholar
77Rogeli, S, Weinberg, RA, Fanning, P, Klagsbrun, M. Basic fibroblast growth factor fused to a signal peptide transforms cells. Nature 1988; 331: 173–75.Google Scholar
78Forough, R, Zhan, X, MacPhee, M et al. Differential transforming abilities of non-secreted and secreted forms of human fibroblast growth factor-1. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 2960–68.Google Scholar
79Talarico, D, Basilico, C. The K-fgf/hst oncogene induces transformation through an autocrine mechanism that requires extracellular stimulation of the mitogenic pathway. Mol Cell Biol 1991; 11: 1138–45.Google Scholar
80Nakanishi, Y, Kihara, K, Mizuno, K, Masamune, Y, Yoshitake, Y, Nishikama, K. Direct effect of basic fibroblast growth factor on gene transcription in a cell-free system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 5216–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
81Zhan, X, Hu, X, Friedman, S, Maciag, T. Analysis of endogenous and exogenous nuclear translocation of fibroblast growth factor-1 in NIH3T3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 188: 982–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
82Cao, Y, Ekstrom, E, Pettersson, RF. Characterization of the nuclear translocation of acidic fibroblast growth factor. J Cell Sci 1993; 104: 77–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
83Katoh, M, Hattori, Y, Sasaki, H et al. , K-Sam gene encodes secreted as well as transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 2960–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
84Story, MT. Regulation of prostate growth by fibroblast growth factors. World J Urol 1995; 13: 297–305.Google Scholar
85Story, MT, Livingston, B, Baeten, L et al. Cultured human prostate-derived fibroblasts produce a factor that stimulates their growth with properties indistinguishable from basic fibroblast growth factor. Prostate 1989; 15: 355–65.Google Scholar
86Sherwood, ER, Fong, CJ, Lee, C, Kozlowski, JM. Basic fibroblast growth factor: a potential mediator of stromal growth in the human prostate. Endocrinology 1992; 130: 2955–63.Google Scholar
87Yan, G, Fukabori, Y, Nikolaropolous, S, Wang, F, McKeehan, WL. Heparin-binding keratinocyte growth factor is a candidate stromal-to-epithelialcell andromedin. Mol Endocrinol 1992; 6: 2123–28.Google ScholarPubMed
88Yan, G, Fukabori, Y, McBride, G, Nikolaropolous, S, McKeehan, WL. Exon switching and activation of stromal and embryonic fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-receptor genes in prostate epithelial cells accompany stromal independence and malignancy. Mol Cell Biol 1993; 13: 4513–22.Google Scholar
89Nusse, R. The int genes in mammary tumorigenesis and in normal development. Trends Genet 1988; 4: 291–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
90Muller, WJ, Lee, FS, Dickson, C, Peters, G, Pattengale, P, Leder, P. The int-2 gene product acts as an epithelial growth factor in transgenic mice. EMBO J 1990; 9: 907–13.Google Scholar
91Story, MT, Hopp, KA, Molter, M, Meier, DA. Characteristics of FGF-receptors expressed by stromal and epithelial cells cultured from normal and hyperplastic prostate. Growth Factors 1994; 10: 269–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
92Hamaguchi, A, Tooyama, I, Yoshiki, T, Kimura, H. Demonstration of fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 in human prostate by polymerase chain reaction and irnmunohistochemistry. Prostate 1995; 27: 141–47.Google Scholar
93Rinderknecht, E, Humbel, RE. Primary structure of human insulin-like growth factor II. FEBS Letters 1978; 89: 283–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
94Rinderknecht, E, Humbel, RE. The amino acid sequence of human insulin-like growth factor I and its structural homology with proinsulin. J Biol Chem 1978; 253: 2769–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
95Czech, MP. Signal transmission by the insulin-like growth factors. Cell 1989; 59: 235–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
96Baumrucker, CR, Blum, JW. Effects of dietary recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I on concentrations of hormones and growth factors in the blood of newborn calves. J Endocrinol 1994; 140: 15–21.Google Scholar
97Beukers, MW, Oh, Y, Zhang, N, Ling, N, Rosenfeld, RG. [Leu-27] insulin-like growth factor II is highly selective for the type II IGF receptor in binding, cross-linking and thymidine incorporation experiments. Endocrinology 1991; 128: 1201–203.Google Scholar
98Hossner, KL, Yemm, RS. Characterization of type II insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptors in sheep liver plasma membranes. Domest Anim Endocrinol 1990; 7: 207–16.Google Scholar
99Ikezu, T, Okamoto, T, Giambarella, U, Yokota, T, Nishimoto, I. In vivo coupling of insulin-like growth factor II/mannose 6-phosphate receptor to heteromeric G proteins. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 29224–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
100Cohen, P, Peehl, DM, Lamson, G, Rosenfeld, RG. Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) IGF receptors, and IGF-binding proteins in primary cultures of prostate epithelial cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991; 73: 401–7.Google Scholar
101Iwamura, M, Sluss, PM, Casamento, JB, Cockett, AT. Insulin-like growth factor I: action and receptor characterization in human prostate cancer cell lines. Prostate 1993; 22: 243–52.Google Scholar
102Fiorelli, G, De Bellis, A, Longo, A et al. Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptors in human hyperplastic prostate tissue: characterization, tissue localization, and their modulation by chronic treatment with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991; 72: 740–46.Google Scholar
103Kaicer, E, Blat, C, Imbenotte, J et al. IGF binding protein-3 secreted by the prostate carcinoma cells (PC-3): differential effect on PC-3 and normal prostate cell growth. Growth Regul 1993; 3: 180–89.Google ScholarPubMed
104Cohen, P, Peehl, DM, Stamey, TA, Wilson, KF, Clemmons, DR, Rosenfeld, RG. Elevated levels of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-2 in the serum of prostate cancer patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 76: 1031–35.Google Scholar
105Kanety, H, Madjar, Y, Dagan, Y et al. Serum insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) is increased and IGFBP-3 is decreased in patients with prostate cancer: correlation with serum-specific antigen. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 77: 229–33.Google Scholar
106Angelloz-Nicoud, P, Binoux, M. Autocrine regulation of cell proliferation by the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and IGF binding protein-3 protease system in a human prostate carcinoma cell line (PC-3). Endocrinology 1995; 136: 5485–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
107Conover, CA, Perry, JE, Tindall, DJ. Endogenous cathepsin D-mediated hydrolysis of insulin-like growth factor binding-proteins in cultured human prostatic carcinoma cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 987–93.Google Scholar
108Marcelli, M, Haidacher, SJ, Plymate, SR, Birnbaum, RS. Altered growth and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 production in PC-3 prostate carcinoma cells stably transfected with a constituvely active androgen receptor complementary deoxyribonucleic acid. Endocrinology 1995; 136: 1040–48.Google Scholar
109Connoly, JM, Rose, DP. Regulation of human DU145 human prostate cancer cell proliferation by insulin-like growth factors and its interaction with the epidermal growth factor autocrine loop. Prostate 1994; 24: 167–75.Google Scholar
110Schuller, AGP, Zwarthoff, EC, Drop, SLS. Gene expression of the six insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in the mouse conceptus during mid and late gestation. Endocrinology 1993; 132: 2544–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
111Clemmons, DR. IGF binding proteins and their functions. Mol Reprod Dev 1993; 35: 368–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
112Jones, JI, Gockerman, A, Busby, WH Jr., Camacho-Hubner, C, Clemons, DR. Extracellular matrix contains insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5: potentiation of the effects of IGF-I. J Cell Biol 1993; 121: 679–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
113Clemmons, DR. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein control secretion and mechanisms of action. Adv Exp Med Biol 1991; 293: 113–23.Google Scholar
114Owens, PC, Gill, PG, De-Young, NJ, Weger, SE, Knowles, SE, Moyse, KJ. Estrogen and progesterone regulate secretion of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins by human breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Common 1993; 193: 467–73.Google Scholar
115Reiter, A, Bonnet, P, Sente, B et al. Growth hormone and prolactin stimulate androgen receptor, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-I receptor levels in the prostate of immature rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1992; 88: 77–87.Google Scholar
116Sheikh, MS, Shao, ZM, Chen, JC et al. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 gene expression is differentially regulated at a post-transcriptional level in retinoic acid-sensitive and resistant MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 188: 1122–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
117Sheikh, MS, Shao, ZM, Hussain, A et al. Regulation of insulin-like growth factor bindingprotein-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6: synthesis, secretion, and gene expression in estrogen receptor-negative human breast carcinoma cells. J Cell Physiol 1993; 155: 556–67.Google Scholar
118Tenniswood, M, Taillefer, D, Lakins, J et al. Control of gene expression during apoptosis in hormone dependent tissues. In: Tomei, LD and Cope, FO eds. Apoptosis II. The molecular basis of apoptosis in disease. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1994: 283–311.Google Scholar
119Andress, DL, Birnbaum, RS. Human osteoblastderived insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-5 stimulates osteoblast mitogenesis and potentiates IGF action. J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 22467–72.Google Scholar
120McCarthy, TL, Casinhino, S, Centrella, M, Canalis, E. Complex pattern of insulin-like growth factor binding protein expression in primary rat osteoblast enriched cultures: regulation by prostaglandin E2, growth hormone, and the insulin-like growth factors. J Cell Physiol 1994; 160: 163–75.Google Scholar
121Mohan, S, Nakao, Y, Honda, Y et al. Studies on the mechanism by which insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) and IGFBP-5 modulate IGF actions in bone cells. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 20424–31.Google Scholar
122Cohen, P, Graves, HC, Peehl, DM, Kamarei, M, Giudice, LC, Rosenfeld, RG. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is an insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 protease found in seminal plasma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 75: 1046–53.Google ScholarPubMed
123Cohen, P, Peehl, DM, Graves, HC, Rosenfeld, RG. Biological effects ofprostate specific antigen as an insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 protease. J Endocrinol 1994; 142: 407–15.Google Scholar
124Lee, KO, Oh, Y, Giudice, LC, Cohen, P, Peehl, DM, Graves, HC, Rosenfeld, RG. Identification of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) fragments and IGFBP-5 proteolytic activity in human seminal plasma: a comparison of normal and vasectomized patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 79: 1367–72.Google ScholarPubMed
125Wilding, G. Response of prostate cancer cells to peptide growth factors: transforming growth factor-β. Cancer Surv 1991; 11: 147–63.Google Scholar
126Iwasaki, S, Tsuruaka, N, Hattori, A, Sato, M, Tsujimoto, M, Kohno, M. Distribution and characterization of specific cellular binding proteins for bone morphogenetic protein-2. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 5476–82.Google Scholar
127Kim, IY, Ahn, HJ, Zelner, DJ et al. Genetic change in transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) receptor type I gene correlates with insensitivity to TGF-βl in human prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 1996; 56: 44–48.Google Scholar
128St-Jacques, S, Cymerman, U, Pece, N, Letarte, M. Molecular characterization and in situ localization of murine endoglin reveal that it is a transforming growth factor-β binding protein of endothelial and stromal cells. Endocrinology 1994; 134: 2645–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
129Bellon, T, Corbi, A, Lastres, P et al. Identification and expression of two forms of the human transforming growth factor-β-binding protein endoglin with distinct cytoplasmic regions. Eur J Immunol 1993; 23: 2340–45.Google Scholar
130Lopez-Casillas, F, Wrana, JL, Massague, J. Betaglycan presents ligand to the TGF-β signaling receptor. Cell 1993; 73: 1435–44.Google Scholar
131Harris, SE, Harris, MA, Mahy, P, Wozney, J, Feng, JQ, Mundy, GR. Expression of bone morphogenetic protein messenger RNAs by normal rat and human prostate and prostate cancer cells. Prostate 1994; 24: 204–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
132Furst, BA, Zhang, Z, Ying, SY. Expression of activin and activin receptors in human prostatic carcinoma cell line DU145. Int J Oncol 1995; 7: 239–43.Google ScholarPubMed
133Timme, TL, Truong, LD, Slawin, KM, Kadmon, D, Park, SH, Thompson, TC. Mesenchymal-epithelial interactions and transforming growth factor-βi expression during normal and abnormal prostatic growth. Microsc Res Tech 1995; 30: 333–41.Google Scholar
134Truong, LD, Kadmon, D, McCune, BK, Flanders, KC, Scardino, PT, Thompson, TC. Association of transforming growth factor-βi with prostate cancer: an immunohistochemical study. Human Pathol 1993; 24: 4–9.Google Scholar
135Merz, VW, Arnold, AM, Studer, UE. Differential expression of transforming growth factor-βi and β3 as well as c-fos mRNA in normal human prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic cancer. World J Urol 1994; 12: 96–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
136Muir, GH, Butta, A, Shearer, RJ et al. Induction of transforming growth factor β in hormonally treated human prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 1994; 69: 130–34.Google Scholar
137Kyprianou, N, English, HF, Isaacs, JT. Programmed cell death during regression of PC-82 human prostate cancer following androgen ablation. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 3748–53.Google Scholar
138Glynne-Jones, E, Harper, ME, Goddard, L, Eaton, CL, Matthews, PN, Griffiths, K. Transforming growth factor βi expression in benign and malignant prostatic tumors. Prostate 1994; 25: 210–18.Google Scholar
139Mori, H, Maki, M, Oishi, K et al. Increased expression of genes for basic fibroblast growth factor and transforming growth factor type β2 in human benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate 1990; 16: 71–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
140Knabbe, C, Klein, H, Zugmaier, G, Voigt, KD. Hormonal regulation of transforming growth factor β-2 expression in human prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1993; 47: 137–42.Google Scholar
141Israel, K, Sanders, BG, Kline, K. RRR-α- tocopheryl succinate inhibits the proliferation of human prostatic tumor cells with defective cell cycle differentiation pathways. Nutr Cane 1995; 24: 161–69.Google Scholar
142Schuurmans, AL, Bolt, J, Veldscholte, J, Mulder, E. Regulation of growth of LNCaP human prostate tumor cell by growth factors and steroid hormones. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1991; 40: 193–97.Google Scholar
143Wilding, G, Zugmeier, G, Knabbe, C, Flanders, K, Gelmann, E. Differential effect of transforming growth factor β on human prostate cancer cell. in vitro. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1989; 62: 79–87.Google Scholar
144Franzen, P, Ichijo, H, Miyazono, K. Different signals mediate transforming growth factor-β1 induced growth inhibition and extracellular matrix production in prostatic carcinoma cells. Exp Cell Res 1993; 207: 1–7.Google Scholar
145Atfi, A, Lepage, K, Allard, P, Chapdelaine, A, Chevalier, S. Activation of a serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway by TGF-β. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 12110–14.Google Scholar
146Atfi, A, Drobetski, E, Boissonneault, M, Chapdelaine, A, Chevalier, S. Transforming growth factor β down-regulates Src family protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathways. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 30688–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
147Bennet, KL, Plowman, GD, Buckley, SD, Skonier, J, Purchio, AF. Regulation of amphiregulin mRNA by TGF-P in the human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549. Growth Factors 1992; 7: 207–13.Google Scholar
148Goldstein, D, O'Leary, M, Mitchen, J, Borden, EC, Wilding, G. Effects of interferon β ser (INF β ser) and transforming growth factor β on prostatic cell lines. J Urol 1991; 146: 1173–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
149Reyesmoreno, C, Frenette, G, Boulanger, J, Lavergne, E, Govindan, MV, Koutsilieris, M. Mediation of glucocorticoid receptor function by transforming growth factor β1 expression in human PC-3 prostate cancer cells. Prostate 1995; 26: 260–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
150Carruba, G, Pfeffer, U, Fecarotta, E et al. Estradiol inhibits growth of hormone-nonresponsive PC-3 human prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 1190–93.Google Scholar
151Ikeda, T, Lioubin, MN, Marquardt, H. Human transforming growth factor type β2: production by a prostatic adenocarcinoma cell line, purification, and initial characterization. Biochemistry 1987; 26: 2406–10.Google Scholar
152Madisen, L, Webb, NR, Rose, TM et al. Transforming growth factor-β2: cDNA cloning and sequence analysis. DNA 1988; 7: 1–8.Google Scholar
153Bang, YJ, Kim, SJ, Danielpour, D et al. Cyclic AMP induces transforming growth factor β2 gene expression and growth arrest in the human androgen-independent prostate carcinoma cell line PC-3. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 3556–60.Google Scholar
154Story, MT, Hopp, KA, Meier, DA, Begun, FP, Lawson, RK. Influence of transforming growth factor β1 and other growth factors on basic fibroblast growth factor level and proliferation of cultured human prostate-derived fibroblasts. Prostate 1993; 22: 183–97.Google Scholar
155Lokeshwar, BL, Block, NL. Isolation of a prostate carcinoma cell proliferation-inhibiting factor from human seminal plasma and its similarity to transforming growth factor β. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 5821–25.Google ScholarPubMed
156Kyprianou, N, Isaacs, JT. Identification of a cellular receptor for transforming growth factor-β in rat ventral prostate and its negative regulation by androgens. Endocrinology 1988; 123: 2124–31.Google Scholar
157Kyprianou, N, Isaacs, JT. Expression of transforming growth factor-β in the rat ventral prostate during castration-induced programmed cell death. Mol Endocrinol 1989; 3: 1515–22.Google Scholar
158Lubrano, C, Toscano, V, Petrangeli, E et al. Relationship between epidermal growth factor and its receptor in human benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1993; 46: 463–68.Google Scholar
159Kim, IY, Ahn, HJ, Zelner, DJ, Park, L, Sensibar, JA, Lee, C. Expression and localization of transforming growth factor-β receptors type I and type II in the rat ventral prostate during regression. Mol Endocrinol 1996; 10: 107–15.Google Scholar
160Martikainen, P, Kyprianou, N, Isaacs, JT. Effect of transforming growth factor-β1 on proliferation and death of rat prostatic cells. Endocrinology 1990; 127: 2963–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
161Steiner, MS, Zhou, ZZ, Tonb, DC, Barrack, ER. Expression of transforming growth factor-β1 in prostate cancer. Endocrinology 1994; 135: 2240–47.Google Scholar
162Thompson, TC, Truong, LD, Timme, TL et al. Transforming growth factor β1 as a biomarker for prostate cancer. J Cell Biochem 1992; 16H: 54–61.Google Scholar
163Thompson, TC, Timme, TL, Kadmon, D, Park, SH, Egawa, S, Yoshida, K. Genetic predisposition and mesenchymal-epithelial interactions in ras + mycinduced carcinogenesis in reconstituted mouse prostate. Mol Carcinog 1993; 7: 165–79.Google Scholar
164Merz, VW, Miler, GJ, Krebs, T et al. Elevated transforming growth factor-β1 and P3 mRNA levels are associated with ras + myc-induced carcinoma in reconstituted mouse prostate: evidence for a paracrine role during progression. Mol Endocrinol 1991; 5: 503–13.Google Scholar
165Watts, RG, Ware, JL. Isolation and characterization of transforming growth factor β response variants from human prostatic tumor cell lines. Prostate 1992; 21: 223–37.Google Scholar
166Morton, DM, Barrack, ER. Modulation of transforming growth factor β1 effects on prostate cancer cell proliferation by growth factors and extracellular matrix. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 2596–602.Google Scholar
167Steiner, MS, Barrack, ER. Transforming growth factor-β1 overproduction in prostate cancer: effects on growth in vivo and i. vitro. Mol Endocrinol 1992; 6: 15–25.Google Scholar
168Matuo, Y, Nishi, N, Takasuka, H et al. Production and significance of TGF-β in AT-3 metastatic cell line established from the Dunning rat prostatic adenocarcinoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 166: 840–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
169di Sant'Agnese, PA. Neuroendocrine differentiation in carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer 1992; 70: 254–68.Google Scholar
170Aprikian, AG, Cordon-Cardo, C, Fair, WR, Reuter, VE. Characterization of neuroendocrine differentiation in human benign prostate and prostatic adenocarcinoma. Cancer 1993; 71: 3952–65.Google Scholar
171Bonkhoff, H, Wernert, N, Dhom, G, Remberger, K. Relation of endocrine-paracrine cells to cell proliferation in normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic human prostate. Prostate 1991; 19: 91–98.Google Scholar
172Abrahamsson, PA, Wadstrom, LB, Alumets, J, Falkmer, S, Grimelius, L. Peptide-hormone and serotonin-immunoreactive tumour cells in carcinoma of the prostate. Pathol Res Pract 1987; 182: 298–307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
173Aprikian, AG, Cordon-Cardo, C, Fair, WR et al. Neuroendocrine differentiation in metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma. J Urol 1994; 151: 914–19.Google Scholar
174di Sant'Agnese, PA, de Mesy Jensen, KL. Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic carcinoma. Human Pathol 1987; 18: 849–56.Google Scholar
175Kadmon, D, Thompson, TC, Lynch, GR, Scardino, PT. Elevated plasma chromogranin-A concentrations in prostatic carcinoma. J Urol 1991; 146: 358–61.Google Scholar
176Cohen, RJ, Glezeson, G, Haffege, A. Neuroendocrine cells – a new prognostic parameter in prostate cancer. Br J Urol 1991; 68: 258–62.Google Scholar
177Têtu, B, Ro, JY, Ayala, AG, Johnson, DE, Logothetis, CJ, Ordonez, NG. Small cell carcinoma of the prostate part 1: a clinicopathologic study of 20 cases. Cancer 1987; 59: 1803–809.Google Scholar
178Abrahamsson, PA, Falkmer, S, Falt, K, Grimelius, L. The course of neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic carcinomas. An immunohistochemical study testing chromogranin A as an endocrine marker. Pathol Res Pract 1989; 185: 373–80.Google Scholar
179Van Haaften-Day, C, Raghavan, D, Russell, P et al. Xenografted small cell undifferentiated cancer of the prostate: possible common origin with prostatic adenocarcinoma. Prostate 1987; 11: 271–79.Google Scholar
180Woll, PJ. Neuropeptide growth factors and cancer. Br J Cancer 1991; 63: 469–75.Google Scholar
181Sunday, ME, Kaplan, LM, Motoyama, E, Chin, WW, Spindel, ER. Gastrin-releasing peptide (mammalian bombesin) gene expression in health and disease. Lab Invest 1988; 59: 5–24.Google Scholar
182Corjay, MH, Dobrdzaski, DJ, Way, JM et al. Two distinct bombesin receptor subtypes are expressed and functional in human lung carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 1991; 266: 18771–79.Google Scholar
183Fathi, Z, Corjay, MH, Shapira, H et al. BRS-3: a novel bombesin receptor subtype selectively expressed in testis and lung carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 5979–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
184Heikkila, R, Trepel, JB, Cuttitta, F, Neckers, LM, Sausville, EA. Bombesin-related peptides induce calcium mobilization in a subset of human small cell lung cancer cell lines. J Biol Chem 1987; 262: 16456–60.Google Scholar
185Mendoza, SA, Schneider, JE, Lopez-Rivas, A, Sinnett-Smith, JW, Rozengurt, E. Early events elicited by bombesin and structurally related peptides in quiescent Swiss 3T3 cells. II. Changes in Na+ and Ca2+ fluxes, Na+/K+ pump activity, and intracellular pH. J Cell Biol 1986; 102: 2223–33.Google Scholar
186Rozengurt, E, Sinnett-Smith, J. Bombesin stimulation of DNA synthesis and cell division in cultures of Swiss 3T3 cells. Proc Nail Acad Sci USA 1983; 80: 2936–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
187Rozengurt, E. Early signals in the mitogenic response. Science 1986; 234: 161–66.Google Scholar
188Rozengurt, E. Neuropeptides as cellular growth factors: role of multiple signaling pathways. Eur J Clin Invest 1991; 21: 123–34.Google Scholar
189Bologna, M, Festuccia, C, Muzi, P, Biordi, L, Ciomei, M. Bombesin stimulates growth of human prostatic cancer cell. in vitro. Cancer 1989; 63: 1714–20.Google Scholar
190Hoosein, NM, Logothetis, C, Chung, LWK. Differential effects of peptide hormones bombesin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and somatostatin analog RC-160 on the invasive capacity of human prostatic carcinoma cells. J Urol 1993; 149: 1209–13.Google Scholar
191Milovanovic, SR, Radulovic, S, Groot, K, Schally, AV. Inhibition of growth of PC–82 human prostate cancer cell line xenografts in nude mice by bombesin antagonist RC-3095 or combination of agonist [D-Trp6]-LH-RH and somatostatin analog RC-160. Prostate 1992; 20: 269–80.Google Scholar
192Logothetis, C, Hoosein, N. The inhibition of the paracrine progression of prostate cancer as an approach to early therapy of prostatic carcinoma. J Cell Biochem 1992; 16H: 128–34.Google Scholar
193Reile, H, Armatis, PE, Schally, AV. Characterization of high-affinity receptors for bombesin/gastrin releasing peptide on the human prostate cancer cell lines PC-3 and DU-145: internalization of receptor bound 125I- (Tyr4)Bombesin by tumor cells. Prostate 1994; 25: 29–38.Google Scholar
194Aprikian, AG, Han, K, Chevalier, S, Bazinet, M, Viallet, J. Bombesin specifically induces intracellular calcium mobilization via gastrinreleasing peptide receptors in human prostate cancer cells. J Mol Endocrinol, 1996; 16: 297–306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
195Giachetti, S, Gauville, C, de Cremoux, P et al. Characterization, in some human breast cancer cell lines, of gastrin-releasing peptide-like receptors which are absent in normal breast epithelial cells. Int J Cancer 1990; 46: 293–98.Google Scholar
196Kris, RM, Kazan, R, Villines, SJ, Moody, TW, Schlessinger, J. Identification of the bombesin receptors on murine and human cells by crosslinking experiments. J Biol Chem 1987; 262: 11215–20.Google Scholar
197Moody, TW, Carney, DN, Cuttitta, F, Wuattrocchi, K, Minna, JD. High-affinity receptors of bombesin/GRP-like peptides on human small cell lung cancer. Life Sci 1985; 37: 105–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
198Han, K, Viallet, J, Chevalier, S, Zheng, W, Bazinet, M, Aprikian, AG. Characterization of intracellular calcium mobilization by the bombesin family of neuropeptides in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells. Prostate, 1996; in press.3.0.CO;2-J>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
199Sehgal, I, Powers, S, Huntley, B, Powis, G, Pittelkow, M, Maihle, NJ. Neurotensin is an autocrine trophic factor stimulated by androgen withdrawal in human prostate cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 4673–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
200Papandreou, C, Bogenrieder, T, Finstad, CL et al. Loss of neutral endopeptidase in androgen independent prostate cancers. Proc Am Ass Cancer Res 1995; 36: 268 (1596).Google Scholar
201Zachary, I, Rozengurt, E. Focal adhesion kinase (p125FAK): A point of convergence in the action of neuropeptides, integrins, and oncogenes. Cell 1992; 71: 891–94.Google Scholar
202Han, K, Tremblay, L, Defoy, I, Chevalier, S, Bazinet, M, Aprikian, AG. Characterization of bombesin receptor binding and induction of focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation in prostate cancer cells. J Urol 1996; 155: (352A).Google Scholar
203Tremblay, L, Hauck, W, Aprikian, AG, Bégin, LR, Chapdelaine, A, Chevalier, S. pp125FAK expression, activation, and association with paxillin and p50CSK in human metastatic prostate carcinoma. Int J Cancer 1996; in press.Google Scholar
204Nishi, N, Matuo, Y, Kunitomi, K et al. Comparative analysis of growth factors in normal and pathologic human prostates. Prostate 1988; 13: 39–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
205Perkel, VS, Mohan, S, Herring, SJ, Baylink, DJ, Linkhart, TA. Human prostatic cancer cells (PC-3) elaborate mitogenic activity which selectively stimulates human bone cells. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 6902–907.Google Scholar
206Chackal-Roy, M, Niemeyer, C, Moore, M, Zetter, BR. Stimulation of human prostatic carcinoma cell growth by factors present in human bone marrow. J Clin Invest 1989; 84: 43–50.Google Scholar
207Story, MT. Polypeptide modulators of prostatic growth and development. Cancer Surv 1991; 11: 123–46.Google Scholar
208Chianese, D, Roy-Choudhury, S, Murthy, U, Sen-Majumdar, A, Ernst, C, Das, M. Cell- and tissuespecific expression of a 34,000-molecular-weight peptide growth factor in humans. Human Pathol 1988; 19: 190–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
209Shikata, H, Utsumi, N, Hiramatsu, M, Minami, N, Nemoto, N, Shikata, T. Immunohistochemical localization of nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor in Guinea pig prostate gland. Histochemistry 1984; 80: 411–13.Google Scholar
210Graham, CW, Lynch, JH, Djakiew, D. Distribution of a nerve growth factor-like protein and nerve growth factor receptor in human benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic adenocarcinoma. J Urol 1992; 147: 1444–47.Google Scholar
211Desgrandchamps, F, Teillac, P. The role of growth factors in the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Biomed Pharmacother 1994; 48: 19S–23S.Google Scholar
212Pflug, BR, Dionne, C, Kaplan, DR, Lynch, J, Djakiew, D. Expression of a TRK high affinity nerve growth factor receptor in the human prostate. Endocrinology 1995; 136: 262–68.Google Scholar
213Pflug, BR, Onada, M, Lynch, JH, Djakiew, D. Reduced expression of the low affinity nerve growth factor receptor in benign and malignant human prostate tissue and loss of expression in four human metastatic prostate tumor cell lines. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 5403–406.Google Scholar
214MacGrogan, D, Saint-Andre, JP, Dicon, E. Expression of nerve growth factor and nerve growth factor receptor genes in human tissues and in prostatic adenocarcinoma cell lines. J Neurochem 1992; 59: 1381–91.Google Scholar
215Djakiew, D, Pflug, B, Onoda, M. Stromal-epithelial paracrine interactions in the neoplastic rat and human prostate. Adv Exp Med Biol 1993; 330: 185–202.Google Scholar
216Wolf, HK, Zarnegar, R, Michalopoulos, GK. Localization of hepatocyte growth factor in human and rat tissues: an immunohistochemical study. Hepathology 1991; 14: 488–94.Google Scholar
217Humphrey, PA, Zhu, X, Zarnegar, R et al. Hepatocyte growth factor and its receptor (c-MET) in prostate carcinoma. Am J Pathol 1995; 147: 386–96.Google Scholar
218Pisters, LL, Troncoso, P, Zhau, HE, Li, W, von Eschenbach, AC, Chung, LWK. C-met protooncogene expression in benign and malignant human prostate tissues. J Urol 1995; 154: 293–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
219Fudge, K, Wang, CY, Stearns, ME. Immunochemistry analysis of platelet-derived growth factor A and B chains and platelet-derived growth factor α and β receptor expression in benign prostatic hyperplasias and Gleason-graded human prostate adenocarcinomas. Mod Pathol 1994; 7: 549–54.Google Scholar
220Funa, K, Nordgren, H, Nilsson, S. In situ expression of mRNA for proto-oncogenes in benign prostatic hyperplasia and in prostatic carcinoma. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1991; 25: 95–100.Google Scholar
221Michel, P, Van Velthoven, R, Petein, M et al. Influence of suramin alone or in combination with DHT and PDGF on the cell proliferation of benign and malignant human prostatic tissues in organ cultures. Anticancer Res 1991; 11: 2075–78.Google Scholar
222Gleason, PE, Jones, JA, Regan, JS et al. Plateletderived growth factor (PDGF), androgens and inflammation: possible etiologic factors in the development of prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 1993; 149: 1586–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
223Vlahos, CJ, Kriauciunas, TD, Gleason, PE et al. Platelet-derived growth factor induces proliferation of hyperplastic human prostatic stromal cells. J Cell Biochem 1993; 52: 404–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
224Camby, I, Etievant, C, Petein, M et al. Influence of culture media on the morphological differentiation of the PC-3 and DU145 prostatic neoplastic cell lines. Prostate 1994; 24: 187–96.Google Scholar
225Sitaras, NM, Sariban, E, Bravo, M, Pantazis, P, Antoniades, HN. Constitutive production of PDGF-like proteins in human prostate carcinoma cell lines. Cancer Res 1988; 48: 1930–35.Google Scholar
226Chapdelaine, A, Chevalier, S. Growth promoting factors for normal canine and human prostatic cells in culture. In: Bruchovsky, N, Chapdelaine, A, Neumann, F eds. Regulation of androgen action. Berlin (West): Congressdruck R Brückner 1985: 205–10.Google Scholar
227Chevalier, S, McKercher, G, Chapdelaine, A. 150-kDa proteins in dog serum bind 1.5-kDa growth-promoting factors for androgen-independent canine prostatic epithelial cells. J Androl 1993; 14: 411–18.Google Scholar
228Chevalier, S, McKercher, G, Chapdelaine, A. Serum and prostatic growth-promoting factors for steroid-independent epithelial cells of adult dog prostate. Prostate 1991; 19: 207–20.Google Scholar
229Grayhack, JT, Lee, C, Brand, W. The effect of testicular irradiation on established BPH in the dog: evidence of a non-steroidal testicular factor for BPH maintenance. J Urol 1985; 134: 1276–81.Google Scholar
230Dalton, DP, Lee, C, Huprikar, S, Chmiel, JS, Grayhack, JT. Non-androgenic role of testis in enhancing ventral prostate growth in rats. Prostate 1990; 16: 225–33.Google Scholar
231Darras, FS, Lee, C, Huprikar, S, Rademaker, AW, Grayhack, JT. Evidence for a nonandrogenic role of testis and epididymis in androgen-supported growth in the rat ventral prostate. J Urol 1992; 148: 432–40.Google Scholar
232Sutkowski, DM, Kasjanski, RZ, Sensibar, JA et al. Effect of spermatocele fluid on growth of human prostatic cells in culture. J Androl 1993; 14: 233–39.Google Scholar
233Rowley, DR, Dang, TD, McBride, L, Gerdes, MJ, Lu, B, Larsen, M. β2-microglobulin is mitogenic to PC-3 prostatic carcinoma cells and antagonistic to TGFβ1 action. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 781–86.Google Scholar
234Zhau, HE, Pisters, LL, Hall, MC et al. Biomarkers associated with prostate cancer progression. J Cell Biochem 1994; 19: 208–16.Google Scholar
235Abolhassani, M, Chiao, JW. Antiproliferative effect of a prostatic cell-derived activity on the human androgen-dependent prostatic carcinoma cell line LNCaP. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1995; 15: 179–85.Google Scholar
236Smith, RC, Litwin, MS, Lu, Y, Zetter, BR. Identification of an endogenous inhibitor of prostatic carcinoma cell growth. Nature Med 1995; 1: 1040–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
237Rowley, DR, Dang, TD, Larsen, M, Gerdes, MJ, McBride, L, Lu, B. Purification of a novel protein (ps20) from urogenital sinus mesenchymal cells with growth inhibitory propertie. in vitro. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 22058–65.Google Scholar
238Kooistra, A, van den Eijnden-van Raaij, AJ, Klaij, IA, Romijn, JC, Schroder, FH. Stromal inhibition of prostatic epithelial cell proliferation not mediated by TGFβ. Br J Cancer 1995; 72: 427–34.Google Scholar
239van Moorselaar, RJ, Van Stratum, P, Borm, G, Debruyne, FM, Schalken, JA. Differential antiproliferative activities of α-and γ-interferon and tumor necrosis factor alone or in combinations against two prostate cancer xenografts transplanted in nude mice. Prostate 1991; 18: 331–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
240Okutani, T, Nishi, N, Kagawa, Y et al. Role of cyclic AMP and polypeptide growth regulators in growth inhibition by interferon in PC-3 cells. Prostate 1991; 18: 73–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
241Nakajima, Y, DelliPizzi, A, Mallouh, C, Ferreri, NR. Effect of tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ on the growth of human prostate cancer cell lines. Urol Res 1995; 23: 205–10.Google Scholar
242Lokeshwar, BL, Lokeshwar, VB, Block, NL. Expression of CD44 in prostate cancer cells: association with cell proliferation and invasive potential. Anticancer Res 1995; 15: 1191–98.Google Scholar
243Lang, SH, Miller, WR, Duncan, W, Habib, FK. Production and response of human prostate cancer cell lines to granulocyte macrophagecolony stimulating factor. Int J Cancer 1994; 59: 235–41.Google Scholar
244Nishi, N, Matuao, Y, Mugurama, Y, Yoshitake, Y, Nishikawa, K, Wada, F. A human prostatic growth factor (hPGF): partial purification and characterization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1985; 132: 1103–109.Google Scholar
245Koutsilieris, M, Rabbani, SA, Goltzman, D. Selective osteoblast mitogens can be extracted from prostatic tissue. Prostate 1986; 9: 109–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
246Tackett, RE, Heston, WD, Parrish, RF, Pletscher, LS, Fair, WR. Mitogenic factors in prostatic tissue and expressed prostatic secretion. J Urol 1985; 133: 45–48.Google Scholar
247Jacobs, SC, Lawson, RK. Mitogenic factor in human prostate extracts. Urology 1980; 16: 488–91.Google Scholar
248Jinno, H, Ueda, K, Otaguro, K, Kato, T, Ito, J, Tanaka, R. Prostate growth factor in the extracts of benign prostatic hypertrophy. Partial purification and physicochemical characterization. Eur Urol 1986; 12: 41–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
249Simpson, E, Harrod, J, Eilon, G, Jacobs, JW, Mundy, GR. Identification of a messenger ribonucleic acid fraction in human prostatic cancer cells coding for a novel osteoblast-stimulating factor. Endocrinology 1985; 117: 1615–20.Google Scholar
250Perkel, VS, Mohan, S, Herring, SJ, Baylink, DJ, Linkhart, TA. Human prostatic cancer cells, PC-3, elaborate mitogenic activity which selectively stimulates human bone cells. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 6902–907.Google Scholar
251Achbarou, A, Kaiser, S, Tremblay, G et al. Urokinase overproduction results in increased skeletal metastasis by prostate cancer cells in vivo. Cancer Res 1994: 54: 2372–77.Google Scholar
252Koutsilieris, M, Sourla, A, Pelletier, G, Doillon, CJ. Three-dimensional type I collagen gel system for the study of osteoblastic metastases produced by metastatic prostate cancer. J Bone Miner Res 1994; 9: 1823–32.Google Scholar
253Dignass, A, Holldorf, AW. Partial purification and characterization of a growth factor from human hyperplastic prostatic tissues. Urol Res 1992; 20: 133–38.Google Scholar
254Freeman, MR, Schneck, FX, Gagnon, ML et al. Peripheral blood T lymphocytes and lymphocytes infiltrating human cancers express vascular endothelial growth factor: a potential role for T cells in angiogenesis. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 4140–45.Google Scholar
255Brown, LF, Yeo, KT, Berse, B, Morgentaler, A, Dvorak, HF, Rosen, S. Vascular permeability factor (vascular endothelial growth factor) is strongly expressed in the normal male genital tract and is present in substantial quantities in semen. J Urol 1995; 154: 576–79.Google Scholar
256Pili, R, Guo, Y, Chang, J, Nakanishi, H, Martin, GR. Altered angiogenesis underlying agedependent changes in tumor growth. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86: 1303–14.Google Scholar
257Yayon, A, Aviezer, D, Safran, M et al. Isolation of peptides that inhibit binding of basic fibroblast growth factor to its receptor from a random phage epitope library. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 10643–47.Google Scholar
258Baird, A, Schubert, D, Ling, N, Guillemin, R. Receptor- and heparin-binding domains of basic fibroblast growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 2324–28.Google Scholar
259Williams, EJ, Furness, J, Walsh, FS, Doherty, P. Activation of the FGF receptor underlies neurite outgrowth stimulated by L1, N-CAM, and N-Cadherin. Cell 1994; 13: 583–94.Google ScholarPubMed
260Pietrzkowski, Z, Wernicke, D, Porcu, P, Jameson, BA, Baserga, R. Inhibition of cellular proliferation by peptide analogues of insulin-like growth factor-1. Cancer Res. 1992; 52: 6447–51.Google Scholar
261Zachary, T, Rozengurt, E. High affinity receptors for peptides of the bombesin family in Swiss 3T3 cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985; 82: 7616–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
262Bottaro, DP, Fortney, E, Rubin, JS, Aaronson, SA. A hepatocyte growth factor-derived peptide antagonist identifies part of the ligand binding site. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 9180–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
263Ullrich, A, Coussens, L, Hayflick, JS et al. Human epidermal growth factor cDNA sequence and aberrant expression of the amplified gene in A431 epidermoid carcinoma cells. Nature 1984; 309: 418–25.Google Scholar
264Feige, JJ, Baird, A. Basic fibroblast growth factor is a substrate for protein phosphorylation and is phosphorylated by capillary endothelial cells in culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 3174–78.Google Scholar
265Springer, BA, Pantoliano, MW, Barbera, FA et al. Identification and concerted function of two receptor binding surfaces on basic fibroblast growth factor required for mitogenesis. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 26879–84.Google Scholar
266Byers, S, Amaya, E, Munro, SB, Blaschuk, OW. Fibroblast growth factor receptors contain a conserved HAV region common to cadherins and influenza strain A hemagglutinins: a role in protein-protein interactions. Dev Biol 1992; 152: 411–14.Google Scholar
267Defeo-Jones, D, Tai, JY, Oliff, A. Molecular and biochemical approaches to structure-function analysis of transforming growth factor α. In Barnes, D, Sirbasku, DA eds. Methods in enzymology, Volume 198, Part C. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1991: 191–200.Google Scholar
268D'Cruz, OJ, Haas, GG Jr. Immunoreactive human EGF in human seminal plasma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989; 68: 1136–40.Google Scholar
269Harper, RA, Pierce, J, Savage, CR Jr. Purification of human epidermal growth factor by monoclonal antibody affinity chromatography. In: Barnes, D, Mather, JP, Sato, GH eds. Methods in enzymology, Volume 146, Part A. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1987:3–11.Google Scholar
270Nagle, RB, Hamann, FR, McDaniel, KM, Paquin, ML, Clark, VA, Celniker, A. Cytokeratin characterization of human prostatic carcinoma and its derived cell lines. Cancer Res 1987; 47: 281–86.Google Scholar
271Visakorpi, T, Hyytinen, E, Koivisto, P et al. In vivo amplification of the androgen receptor gene and progression of human prostate cancer. Nature Genet 1995; 9: 401–406.Google Scholar
272Wilding, G. Endocrine control of prostate cancer. Cancer Surv 1995; 23: 43–62.Google Scholar
273Landry, F, Chapdelaine, A, Bégin, LR, Chevalier, S. Phosphotyrosine antibodies preferentially react with basal epithelial cells in the dog prostate. J Urol 1996; 155: 386–90.Google Scholar
274Colombel, M, Symmans, F, Gil, S et al. Detection of the apoptosis-suppressing oncoprotein bcl-2 in hormone-refractory human prostate cancer. Am J Pathol 1993; 143: 390–400.Google Scholar
275Peehl, DM. Prostate specific antigen role and function. Cancer 1995; 75: 2021–26.Google Scholar
276Bonkhoff, H, Stein, U, Remberger, K. Multidirectional differentiation in the normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic human prostate: simultaneous demonstration of cell-specific epithelial markers. Human Pathol 1994; 25: 42–46.Google Scholar
277Hunter, T. Protein kinases and phosphatases: the yin and yang of protein phosphorylation and signaling. Cell 1995; 80: 225–36.Google Scholar
278Bonkhoff, H, Remberger, K. Widespread distribution of nuclear androgen receptors in the basal cell layer of the normal and hyperplastic human prostate. Virchows Arch 1993; 422: 35–38.Google Scholar
279Têtu, B, Srigley, JR, Boivin, JC et al. Effect of combination endocrine therapy (LHRH agonist and Flutamide) on normal prostate and prostatic adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1991; 15: 111–20.Google Scholar
280Tremblay, L, Hauck, W, Nguyen, LT et al. Regulation and activation of focal adhesion kinase and paxillin during the adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of prostatic epithelial cells in vitro an. in vivo. Mol Endocrinol 1996; 10: 1010–102.Google Scholar
281Durocher, Y, Chapdelaine, A, Chevalier, S. Tyrosine protein kinase activity of human hyperplastic prostate and carcinoma cell lines PC3 and DU145. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 4818–23.Google ScholarPubMed
282Nguyen, LT, Beauregard, G, Tessier, S et al. Radiation inactivation and in situ renaturation of protein tyrosine kinases reveal a major 50-kDa enzyme as part of a membrane complex present in dividing but not in resting prostatic epithelial cells. Biochem Cell Biol 1996; 74: 75–85.Google Scholar
283Helpap, BGT, Bostwick, DG, Montironi, R. The significance of atypical adenomatous hyperplasia and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia for the development of prostate carcinoma. Virchows Arch 1995; 426: 425–34.Google Scholar
284Koutsilieris, M, Polychronakos, C. Proteinolytic activity against IGF-binding proteins involved in the paracrine interactions between prostate adenocarcinoma cells and osteoblasts. Anticancer Res 1992; 12: 905–10.Google Scholar
285Wells, A, Bishop, JM, Helmeste, D. Amplified gene for the epidermal growth factor receptor in human glioblastoma cell line encodes an enzymatically inactive protein. Mol Cell Biol 1988; 8: 4561–65.Google ScholarPubMed