Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T09:50:26.009Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Salutation and Salvation in Early Modern Theology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 October 2020

David Hillman*
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge

Abstract

At first glance, salutation and salvation could hardly be farther apart: the one ephemeral and everyday, the other eternal, of supreme importance. How should one understand the link, often insisted upon by Christian theologians, between the transience of a salutation and the transcendence of salvation? My argument in this essay is bifold: I first demonstrate that early modern writers, and especially Protestant theologians, regarded salutations as profoundly linked to salvation. I then argue that at the heart of this close association is an issue of temporality—a matter of infusing mundane, mortal time with the extra-temporal, ineffable quality of eternity.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2020. Published by the Renaissance Society of America

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

I would like to express my profound gratitude to colleagues who have generously commented upon various iterations of this essay: Margaret Ferguson, John Kerrigan, Micha Lazarus, Joe Moshenska, Mike Schoenfeldt, Anita Sokolsky, and Alex Walsham. Thanks also to the anonymous reviewers at Renaissance Quarterly for their attentive readings and helpful suggestions. Adelais Mills has been, as always, my best—my most graciously demanding—reader and interlocutor.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Adams, Thomas. A commentary or, exposition upon the divine second epistle generall. London: Richard Badger and Felix Kyngston for Iacob Bloome, 1633.Google Scholar
Agamben, Giorgio. The Time That Remains: A Commentary on the Letter to the Romans. Trans. Dailey, Patricia. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Andrewes, John. A soveraigne salue to cure a sicke soule. London, 1624.Google Scholar
Andrewes, Lancelot. XCVI Sermons (1609). London: Printed by George Miller for Richard Badger, 1629.Google Scholar
Anon. [Thomas Heywood?] The Fayre Mayde of the Exchange. Oxford: Malone Society Reprints, 1962.Google Scholar
Augustine. The Works of Saint Augustine. Ed. Rotelle, John E.. Trans. Edmund Hill. 23 vols. New York: New City Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Augustine. Confessions: A New Translation. Trans. Constantine, Peter. New York: Norton, 2018.Google Scholar
Babington, Gervase. Certaine plaine, briefe, and comfortable notes upon everie chapter of Genesis. London: A. Jeffes and P. Short for Thomas Charde, 1592.Google Scholar
Badiou, Alain. Saint Paul: The Foundation of Universalism. Trans. Brassier, Ray. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Baert, Barbara. “‘An odour, a taste, a touch. Impossible to describe’: Noli me tangere and the Senses.” In Religion and the Senses in Early Modern Europe, ed. de Boer, Wietse and Göttler, Christine, 111–52. Leiden: Brill, 2013.Google Scholar
Bayly, Lewis. The Practise of pietie. London: John Hodgets, 1613.Google Scholar
Beard, Thomas. A retractive from the Romish religion. London: William Stansby, 1616.Google Scholar
Beard, Thomas. Antichrist the pope of Rome. London: Isaac Iaggard for Iohn Bellamie, 1625.Google Scholar
Becon, Thomas. The sicke mans salve. London: Iohn Day, 1560.Google Scholar
Binda, Hilary. “‘My Name Engrav'd Herein’: John Donne's Sacramental Temporality.” Exemplaria 23.4 (2011): 390414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolton, Robert. Some generall directions for a comfortable walking with God. London: Felix Kyngston for Edmund Weauer, 1626.Google Scholar
Bolton, Robert. Instructions for a right comforting afflicted consciences. London: Felix Kyngston for Edmund Weaver, 1631.Google Scholar
Boys, John. An exposition of all the principal Scriptures used in our English liturgie. London: Felix Kingston, 1610.Google Scholar
Boys, John. An exposition of the festiuall epistles and gospels vsed in our English liturgie. London: Felix Kyngston, 1615.Google Scholar
Boys, John. An exposition of the proper Psalmes used in our English liturgie. London: Felix Kyngston, 1616.Google Scholar
Bradshaw, William. A plaine and pithy exposition of the second Epistle to the Thessalonians. London: Edward Griffin for William Bladen, 1620.Google Scholar
Brathwaite, Richard. The English gentlewoman. London: B. Alsop and T. Fawcet for Michaell Sparke, 1631.Google Scholar
Browne, Thomas. Religio Medici. Ed. Winnow, James. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963.Google Scholar
Buber, Martin. “Distance and Relation.” Psychiatry 20.2 (1965): 95104.Google Scholar
Burton, Henry. For God, and the King. London: F. Kingston, 1636.Google Scholar
Burton, Henry. A replie to a relation, of the conference between William Laude and Mr. Fisher the Jesuite. Amsterdam: Cloppenburg Press, 1640.Google Scholar
Byfield, Nicholas. A commentary, or sermons upon the second chapter of the first epistle of Saint Peter. London: Humfrey Lownes for George Latham, 1623.Google Scholar
Calvin, John. A harmonie upon the three Evangelists. Trans. E. P. London: George Bishop, 1584.Google Scholar
Caton, William. The moderate enquirer resolved. London: Thomas Simmons, 1658.Google Scholar
Clark, John. “Bishop Godwin's ‘The Man in the Moone’: The Other Martin.” Science Fiction Studies 34.1 (2007): 164–69.Google Scholar
Clark, Robert L. A.Spiritual Exercises: The Making of Interior Faith.” In The Oxford Handbook of Medieval Christianity, ed. Arnold, John H., 271–88. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Cleland, James. Hero-Paideia, or The institution of a young noble man. Oxford: Ioseph Barnes, 1607.Google Scholar
Collinson, Patrick. The Birthpangs of Protestant England: Religious and Cultural Change in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1988.Google Scholar
Collinson, Patrick. “The Cohabitation of the Faithful with the Unfaithful.” In From Persecution to Toleration: The Glorious Revolution and Religion in England, ed. Grell, Ole Peter, Israel, Jonathan I., and Tyacke, Nicholas, 5277. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Coverdale, Myles. Certain most godly, fruitful, and comfortable letters. London: Iohn Day, 1564.Google Scholar
The Culture of English Puritanism, 1560–1700. Ed. Durston, Christopher and Eales, Jacqueline. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cummings, Brian, ed. The Book of Common Prayer: The Texts of 1549, 1559, and 1662. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Dailey, Patricia. Promised Bodies: Time, Language, and Corporeality in Women's Mystical Texts. New York: Columbia University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Dalzell, Alexander. “Greetings and Salutations in Erasmus.” Renaissance and Reformation 13.3 (1989): 251–61.Google Scholar
Alighieri, Dante. Le Opere di Dante Alighieri. Ed. Moore, E.. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966.Google Scholar
Davies, Horton. Worship and Theology in England from Andrewes to Baxter and Fox, 1603–1690. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975.Google Scholar
Deguy, Michel. Actes. Paris: Gallimard, 1966.Google Scholar
Della Casa, Giovanni. The refin'd courtier. London: R. Royston, 1663.Google Scholar
Derrida, Jacques. Negotiations: Interventions and Interviews 1971–2001. Ed. and trans. Rottenberg, Elizabeth. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
DiPasquale, Theresa M.From Here to Aeviternity: Donne's Atemporal Clocks.” Modern Philology 110.2 (2012): 226–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donne, John. LXXX Sermons. London: Richard Royston and Richard Marriot, 1640.Google Scholar
Donne, John. The Major Works. Ed. Carey, John. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Donne, John. The Oxford Edition of the Sermons of John Donne, vol. 5: Sermons Preached at Lincoln's Inn, 1620–1623. Ed. Ettenhuber, Katrin. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Doran, Susan, and Durston, Christopher. Princes, Pastors and People: The Church and Religion in England, 1529–1689. London: Routledge, 1991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Downame, George. An apostolicall Injunction for Unity and Peace. London: J. Okes, 1639.Google Scholar
Duffy, Eamon. The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England 1400–1580. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Duranti, Alessandro. “Universal and Culture-Specific Properties of Greetings.” Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 7.1 (1997): 6397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellwood, Thomas. The History of the Life of Thomas Ellwood. Ed. Graveson, S.. London: Headley Brothers, 1906.Google Scholar
Erasmus, Desiderius. Opus de Conscribendis Epistolis. Paris: Simone Colineum, 1523.Google Scholar
Erasmus, Desiderius. The colloquies or familiar discourses of Desiderius Erasmus. Trans. H. M. London: Brome, Tooke and Sawbridge, 1671.Google Scholar
Erasmus, Desiderius. Dialogus cui Titulus Ciceronianus. Oxford: L. Lichfield, 1693.Google Scholar
Erasmus, Desiderius. The Colloquies of Erasmus. Trans. Thompson, Craig R.. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965.Google Scholar
Fein, Susanna. “Mary to Veronica: John Audelay's Sequence of Salutations to God-Bearing Women.” Speculum 86.4 (2011): 9641009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fell, Margaret. A loving salutation. London, 1657.Google Scholar
Ferus, Johann. The doctrine & dominion of the crosse. London: Robert White, 1659.Google Scholar
Fisher, Samuel. Rusticus ad academicos. London: Robert Wilson, 1660.Google Scholar
Flatman, Thomas. Naps upon Parnassus. London: N. Brook, 1658.Google Scholar
Fotherby, John. The covenant betweene God and man plainly declared. London: Robert Robinson for Raph Jackson, 1596.Google Scholar
Fox, George. The Journal of George Fox. Ed. Nickalls, John L.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1952.Google Scholar
Foxe, John. Actes and Monuments. London: Iohn Day, 1570.Google Scholar
Frank, Mark. LI Sermons. London: Andrew Clark, 1672.Google Scholar
Fulke, William. A defense of the sincere and true translations of the holie Scriptures into the English tong. London: Henrie Bynneman, 1583.Google Scholar
Furly, Benjamin. The worlds honour detected. London: Robert Wilson, 1663.Google Scholar
Gasset, José Ortega Y. Man and People. Trans. Trask, Willard R.. London: Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1957.Google Scholar
Godwin, Francis. The man in the moone, or, A discourse of a voyage thither. London: Joshua Kirton, 1657.Google Scholar
Griffiths, Eric. If Not Critical. Ed. Johnston, Freya. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.Google ScholarPubMed
Hägglund, Martin. Radical Atheism: Derrida and the Time of Life. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Hakluyt, Richard. The principal nauigations, voyages, traffiques and discoueries of the English nation. London: George Bishop et al., 1599.Google Scholar
Harrison, Timothy M. “John Donne, the Instant of Change, and the Time of the Body.” ELH 85.4 (2018): 909–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heidegger, Martin. Elucidations of Hölderlin's Poetry. Trans. Keith Hoeller. Amherst, NY: Humanity Books, 2000.Google Scholar
Hillman, David. “‘O, these encounterers’: On Shakespeare's Meetings and Partings.” Shakespeare Survey 62 (2009): 5868.Google Scholar
Houlbrooke, Ralph. “The Puritan Death-Bed, c. 1560–c.1660.” In The Culture of English Puritanism (1996), 122–44.Google Scholar
Jackson, John. The true euangelical temper. London: M. Flesher for R. Milbourne, 1641.Google Scholar
James, I. The workes of the most high and mightie prince, James by the grace of God, King of Great Britaine, France and Ireland, defender of the faith, &c. London: Robert Barker and Iohn Bill, 1616.Google Scholar
Keltridge, John. Two godlie and learned sermons. London: Richard Jhones, 1581.Google Scholar
Kerrigan, John, ed. “The Sonnets” and “A Lover's Complaint.” Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986.Google Scholar
Knuuttila, Simo. “Time and Creation in Augustine.” In The Cambridge Companion to Augustine, ed. Stump, Eleonore and Kretzmann, Norman, 103–15. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koslofsky, Craig. “The Kiss of Peace in the German Reformation.” In The Kiss in History, ed. Harvey, Karen, 1835. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Kunstmann, Pierre. “Les formules de salutation dans les Miracles de Nostre Dame par personnages: Inventaire, analyse, valeur pragmatique.” Moyen Français 51.3 (2002–03): 373–86.Google Scholar
Lake, Peter. “‘A Charitable Christian Hatred’: The Godly and Their Enemies in the 1630s.” In The Culture of English Puritanism (1996), 145–83, 301–05.Google Scholar
Latimer, Hugh. Sermons and Remains of Hugh Latimer. Ed. Corrie, George Elwes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1845.Google Scholar
Lescarbot, Marc. Noua Francia. London: George Bishop, 1609.Google Scholar
Levinas, Emmanuel. Totality and Infinity: An Essay on Exteriority. Trans. Lingis, Alfonso. Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press, 1969.Google Scholar
Lewis, Cynthia. “Soft Touch: On the Renaissance Staging and Meaning of the ‘Noli me tangere’ icon.” Comparative Drama 36.1–2 (2001–02): 5373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lupton, Julia Reinhard. Citizen-Saints: Shakespeare and Political Theology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luther, Martin. Martin Luthers Werke: Kritische Gesamtausgabe [Schriften]. 65 vols. Weimar: H. Böhlau, 1883–1929.Google Scholar
Luther, Martin. The Works of Martin Luther. 55 vols. St. Louis, MO: Concordia Press, 1955–86.Google Scholar
More, Henry. An account of virtue. London: Benj. Tooke, 1690.Google Scholar
Pasquier, Etienne. The Iesuites catechism. London: James Roberts, 1602.Google Scholar
Patterson, W. B. William Perkins and the Making of Protestant England. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pelikan, Jaroslav. Mary through the Ages: Her Place in the History of Culture. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Pericolo, Lorenzo. “The Invisible Presence: Cut-In, Close-Up, and Off-Scene in Antonello da Messina's Palermo Annunciate.” Representations 107.1 (2009): 129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perkins, William. A commentarie or exposition, upon the five first chapters of the Epistle to the Galatians. Cambridge: Iohn Legat, 1604.Google Scholar
Perkins, William. A godly and learned exposition of Christs Sermon in the Mount. Cambridge: Thomas Brooke and Cantrell Legge, 1608.Google Scholar
Perkins, William. A salve for a sicke man. Cambridge: John Legat, 1611.Google Scholar
Phiston, William. The Schoole of good manners. London: J. Danter for William Iohnes, 1595.Google Scholar
Powell, Thomas. A salve for soul-sores. London: T.M. for B. Harris, 1679.Google Scholar
Preston, John. The breast-plate of faith and love. London: W. I[ones] for Nicolas Bourne, 1630.Google Scholar
Purchas, Samuel. The kings towre and triumphant arch of London. London: W. Stansby, 1623.Google Scholar
Purchas, Samuel. Purchas his pilgrimage. London: William Stansby, 1626.Google Scholar
Quarles, Francis. The Shepheards Oracles. London: M.F. for John and Richard Marriot, 1645.Google Scholar
Rist, John M. Augustine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rollock, Robert. Lectures upon the epistle of Paul to the Colossians. London: Felix Kyngston, 1603.Google Scholar
Rollock, Robert. Five and twentie lectures, upon the last sermon and conference of our Lord Jesus Christ. Edinburgh: Andro Hart, 1619.Google Scholar
Ryrie, Alex. Being Protestant in Reformation Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Augustini, Sancti Aurelii. Opera Omnia, vol. 5.1. Paris: Biblioplas, 1837.Google Scholar
Sanders, Wilbur. John Donne's Poetry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.Google Scholar
Sclater, William. The sick souls salue. Oxford: Ioseph Barnes, 1612.Google Scholar
Shelford, Robert. Lectures or readings vpon the 6. verse of the 22. chapter of the Prouerbs. London: Felix Kingston for Thomas Man, 1602.Google Scholar
Sibbes, Richard. A learned commentary or exposition: upon the first chapter of the second Epistle of S. Paul to the Corinthians. Stoake-Newington: Tho. Manton, 1655.Google Scholar
Simpson, James. Permanent Revolution: The Reformation and the Illiberal Roots of Liberalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singleton, Charles. An Essay on the “Vita Nuova.” Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977.Google Scholar
Stafford, Anthony. The femall glory. London: Thomas Harper for Iohn Waterson, 1635.Google Scholar
Stock, Brian. Augustine the Reader: Meditation, Self-Knowledge, and the Ethics of Interpretation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Stoughton, Thomas. A general treatise against poperie. Cambridge: John Legat, 1598.Google Scholar
Targoff, Ramie. Common Prayer: The Language of Public Devotion in Early Modern England. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Taylor, Thomas. A commentarie vpon the Epistle of S. Paul written to Titus. Cambridge: Cantrell Legge, 1612.Google Scholar
Thomas, Keith. In Pursuit of Civility: Manners and Civilization in Early Modern England. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaughan, Henry. Henry Vaughan: The Complete Poems. Ed. Rudrum, Alan. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1976.Google Scholar
Vermigli, Pietro [Peter Martyr]. Most learned and fruitfull commentaries … upon the Epistle of S. Paul to the Romanes. London: John Daye, 1568.Google Scholar
Vermigli, Pietro [Peter Martyr]. The common places. Trans. Marten, Anthonie. London: Henry Denham and Henry Middleton, 1583.Google Scholar
Vives, Juan Luis, . De Conscribendis Epistolis. Coloniae Martinus Gymnicus, 1548.Google Scholar
Vives, Juan Luis, . De Conscribendis Epistolis, vol. 3 of Selected Works of Juan Luis Vives. Ed. and trans. Fantazzi, Charles. Leiden: Brill, 1989.Google Scholar
Walsh, James P. “Holy Time and Sacred Space in Puritan New England.” American Quarterly 32.1 (1980): 7995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walsham, Alexandra. Charitable Hatred: Tolerance and Intolerance in England, 1500–1700. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Walter, John. “Gesturing at Authority: Deciphering the Gestural Code of Early Modern England.” Past and Present, supplement 4 (2009): 96127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wengert, Timothy J., ed. The Pastoral Luther: Essays on Martin Luther's Practical Theology. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Whately, William. The redemption of time. London: Francis Tyton, 1673.Google Scholar
Whittington, Leah. Renaissance Suppliants: Poetry, Antiquity, Reconciliation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willet, Andrew. Synopsis Papismi, that is, A Generall Viewe of Papistry. London: Thomas Orwin for Thomas Man, 1592.Google Scholar
Wills, Jonathan, ed. Sin and Salvation in Reformation England. Farnham: Ashgate, 2015.Google Scholar
Winter, John. Honest plain dealing, or, Meditations and advertisements offered to publick consideration. London: A. M., 1663.Google Scholar
Wortley, Richard. The only sovereign salve for the wounded spirit. London: J[ohn] Rothwel, 1661.Google Scholar