Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T03:08:46.686Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Reading Galileo’s Discorsi in the Early Modern University*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Renée J. Raphael
Renée J. Raphael*
Affiliation:
University of California, Irvine
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article examines the scholarly practices with which readers at three universities read select passages from Galileo’s 1638 Discorsi, a work depicted by Galileo as one that eschewed the goals and methods of Aristotelian natural philosophy in favor of the quantitative and experimental ones characteristic of modern science. The article reveals that a group of readers — diverse in terms of institutional affiliation, disciplinary identity, geography, and attitude toward Galileo — approached Galileo’s text using the tools of what Ann Blair has termed “bookish” natural philosophy. It argues that, contrary to Galileo’s rhetoric, these readers saw old and new methods as interchangeable.

Type
Studies
Information
Renaissance Quarterly , Volume 68 , Issue 2 , Summer 2015 , pp. 558 - 596
Copyright
Copyright © Renaissance Society of America 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

I am grateful to those who provided feedback at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, especially Matteo Valleriani, Jochen Büttner, and Elaine Leong. Anthony Grafton gave advice in the early stages; suggestions from two anonymous referees were instrumental in improving the piece. Margaret Schotte and Stephen Johnston offered technical assistance. Archival research was supported by Villa I Tatti and the Fulbright Institute of International Education. All translations are my own unless noted.

References

Bibliography

Archivio Storico della Pontificia Università Gregoriana (APUG), Rome, Fondo Curia (FC) 1093. Panici, J. J. “In Libros Aristotelis de Physico Auditu.” Cited as APUG, FC 1093.Google Scholar
APUG, FC 1344. Tellin, I, “Tertia pars Philosophiae Peripateticae.”Google Scholar
Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana (Laur.), Florence, MS Ashburnham 638. Bellini, Lorenzo. “Opere Varie.” Cited as Laur., MS Ashb. 638.Google Scholar
Bodleian Library (Bodleian), University of Oxford, Oxford, Savile Bb.13. Galilei, Galileo. Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche: Intorno à due nuoue scienze, attenenti alla mecanica & i movimenti locali. Leiden, 1638. Cited as Bodleian, Savile Bb.13.Google Scholar
Bodleian, Savile A.19. Galilei, Galileo. Opere di Galileo Galilei Linceo nobile fiorentino. 2 vols. Bologna, 1655–56. Cited as Bodleian, Savile A.19.Google Scholar
Albert of Saxony. Quaestiones in Aristotelis De Caelo. Ed. Benoît Patar. Louvain, 2008.Google Scholar
Aristotle, . On the Heavens. Ed. Stocks, J. L.. Blacksburg, VA, 2001.Google Scholar
Baldini, Ugo. Legem Impone Subactis: Studi su Filosofia e Scienza dei Gesuiti in Italia, 1540–1632. Rome, 1992.Google Scholar
Baldini, Ugo. “The Development of Jesuit ‘Physics’ in Italy, 1550–1700: A Structural Approach.” In Philosophy in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries: Conversations with Aristotle, ed. Constance Blackwell and Sachiko Kusukawa, 248–79. Aldershot, 1999.Google Scholar
Baldini, Ugo. “Tra due paradigmi? La Naturalis Philosophia di Carlo Rinaldini.” In Galileo e la Scuola Galileiana (2011), 189–222.Google Scholar
Bennett, J. A. “Hooke and Wren and the System of the World: Some Points toward an Historical Account.” The British Journal for the History of Science 8.1 (1975): 32–61.10.1017/S0007087400013698CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, J. A. The Mathematical Science of Christopher Wren. Cambridge, 1982.Google Scholar
Benvenuto, Edoardo. An Introduction to the History of Structural Mechanics. 2 vols. New York, 1991.Google Scholar
Bérigard, Claude. Circulus Pisanus … De Veteri & Peripatetica Philosophia in Priores Libros Phys. Arist. 4 parts in 1 vol. Udine, 1643.Google Scholar
Bérigard, Claude. Circulus Pisanus Claudii Berigardi … De Veteri et Peripatetica Philosophia in Aristotelis Libros Octo Physicorum. 6 pts. Padua, 1661.Google Scholar
Bertoloni Meli, Domenico. “Mechanics.” In The Cambridge History of Science. Vol. 3, Early Modern Science, ed. Katharine Park and Lorraine Daston, 632–72. Cambridge, 2006.10.1017/CHOL9780521572446.027CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bertoloni Meli, Domenico. Mechanism, Experiment, Disease: Marcello Malpighi and Seventeenth-Century Anatomy. Baltimore, 2011.Google Scholar
Blair, Ann. “Humanist Methods in Natural Philosophy: The Commonplace Book.” Journal of the History of Ideas 53.4 (1992): 541–51.10.2307/2709935CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blair, Ann. The Theater of Nature: Jean Bodin and Renaissance Science. Princeton, 1997.Google Scholar
Blair, Ann. “Note Taking as an Art of Transmission.” Critical Inquiry 31.1 (2004): 85–107.10.1086/427303CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blair, Ann. “The Rise of Note-Taking in Early Modern Europe.” Intellectual History Review 20.3 (2010): 303–16.10.1080/17496977.2010.492611CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bottin, Francesco. “Claude Guillermet Bérigard (c. 1590–1663).” In Models of the History of Philosophy. Vol. 1, From Its Origins in the Renaissance to the Historia Philosophica, ed. Giovanni Santinello, C. W. T. Blackwell, and Philip Weller, 147–49. Boston, 1993.Google Scholar
Brockliss, L. W. B. French Higher Education in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: A Cultural History. Oxford, 1987.Google Scholar
Brockliss, L. W. B. “Curricula.” In A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 2, Universities in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800), ed. H. de Ridder-Symoens, 563–620. Cambridge, 1996.Google Scholar
Buccolini, Claudio. “Opere di Galileo Galilei Provenienti dalla Biblioteca di Marin Mersenne.” Nouvelles de la République des Lettres 2 (1998): 139–42.Google Scholar
Buridan, Jean. Quaestiones Super Libris Quattuor de Caelo et Mundo. Ed. Moody, Ernest Addison. Cambridge, MA, 1942. Reprint, New York, 1970.Google Scholar
Camerota, Michele. “La Biblioteca di Galileo: Alcune integrazioni e aggiunte desunte dal carteggio.” In Biblioteche Filosofiche Private in Età Moderna e Contemporanea: Atti del Convegno Cagliari, 21–23 Aprile 2009, ed. Francesca M. Crasta, 81–95. Florence, 2010.Google Scholar
Camerota, Michele, and Helbing, Mario. “Galileo and Pisan Aristotelianism: Galileo’s De Motu Antiquiora and Quaestiones de Motu Elementorum of the Pisan Professors.” Early Science and Medicine 5.4 (2000): 319–65.Google Scholar
Carugo, Adriano, and Crombie, Alistair C.. “The Jesuits and Galileo’s Ideas of Science and of Nature.” Annali dell’Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza di Firenze 8 (1983): 3–67.Google Scholar
Cochrane, Eric W. “Science and Humanism in the Italian Renaissance.” American Historical Review 81.5 (1976): 1039–57.10.2307/1852869CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Commentariorum Collegii Conimbricensis Societatis Iesu, in Quatuor Libros de Coelo, Meteorologicos et Parva Naturalia Aristotelis Stagiritae. Cologne, 1603.Google Scholar
Costello, William T. The Scholastic Curriculum at Early Seventeenth-Century Cambridge. Cambridge, MA, 1958.10.4159/harvard.9780674284401CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crombie, Alistair C. “Sources of Galileo’s Early Natural Philosophy.” In Reason, Experiment and Mysticism in the Scientific Revolution, ed. Bonelli, M. L. Righini and Shea, William R., 157–75. New York, 1975.Google Scholar
Crombie, Alistair C., and Carugo, Adriano. “Sorting Out the Sources.” The Times Literary Supplement (22 November 1985): 1319–20.Google Scholar
Damerow, Peter, Freudenthal, G., McLaughlin, P., and Renn, Jürgen. Exploring the Limits of Preclassical Mechanics. New York, 2004.10.1007/978-1-4757-3992-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dear, Peter. Discipline and Experience: The Mathematical Way in the Scientific Revolution. Chicago, 1985.Google Scholar
Darnton, Robert. “Toward a History of Reading.” Wilson Quarterly 13.4 (1989): 86–102.Google Scholar
Dear, Peter. Revolutionizing the Sciences: European Knowledge and Its Ambitions, 1500–1700. Princeton, 2001.Google Scholar
Drake, Stillman. Galileo’s Notes on Motion Arranged in Probable Order of Composition and Presented in Reduced Facsimile. Florence, 1979.Google Scholar
Elazar, Michael. Honoré Fabri and the Concept of Impetus: A Bridge between Conceptual Frameworks. Dordrecht, 2011.10.1007/978-94-007-1605-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Favaro, Antonio. “Oppositori di Galileo: IV. Claudio Berigardo.” Atti del Reale Istituto Veneto 79.1 (1919): 39–92.Google Scholar
Feingold, Mordechai. The Mathematicians’ Apprenticeship: Science, Universities, and Society in England, 1560–1640. Cambridge, 1984.Google Scholar
Feingold, Mordechai. “The Mathematical Sciences and New Philosophies.” In The History of the University of Oxford. Vol. 4, Seventeenth-Century Oxford, ed. Tyacke, Nicholas, 319–448. Oxford, 1997.Google Scholar
Fiocca, Alessandra. “Galileiani e Gesuiti a Ferrara nel Seicento.” In Galileo e la Scuola Galileiana (2011), 292–309.Google Scholar
Frasca-Spada, Marina, and Nick, Jardine. Books and the Sciences in History. Cambridge, 2000.Google Scholar
Galilei, Galileo. Le Opere di Galileo Galilei: Edizione Nazionale sotto gli auspicii di Sua Maestà il Re d’Italia. Ed. Favaro, Antonio. 20 vols. in 21. Florence, 1890–1909.Google Scholar
Galilei, Galileo. Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche intorno a Due Nuove Scienze. Ed. Carugo, Adriano and Geymonat, Ludovico. Turin, 1958.Google Scholar
Galilei, Galileo. Two New Sciences Including Centers of Gravity and Force of Percussion. Trans. Drake, Stillman. Toronto, 1989.Google Scholar
Galilei, Galileo. Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche. Ed. Giusti, Enrico. Torino, 1990.Google Scholar
Galileo e la Scuola Galileiana nelle Università del Seicento. Ed. Luigi Pepe. Bologna, 2011.Google Scholar
Galileo in Context. Ed. Jürgen Renn. Cambridge, 2001.Google Scholar
Galle, Griet, ed. Peter of Auvergne: Questions on Aristotle’s De caelo: A Critical Edition. Leuven, 2003.Google Scholar
Galluzzi, Paolo. Momento: Studi Galileiani. Rome, 1979.Google Scholar
Galluzzi, Paolo. “Gassendi e l’affaire Galilée delle Leggi del Moto.” Giornale Critico della Filosofia Italiana 72 (1993): 86–119.Google Scholar
Galluzzi, Paolo. “La Scienza davanti alla Chiesa e al Principe in una Polemica Universitaria del Secondo Seicento.” In Studi in Onore di Arnaldo d’Addario, ed. L. Borgia, 1317–44. Lecce, 1995.Google Scholar
Galluzzi, Paolo. “Gassendi and l’Affaire Galilée of the Laws of Motion.” In Galileo in Context (2001), 239–75.10.1017/S0269889701000369CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garber, Daniel. “On the Frontlines of the Scientific Revolution: How Mersenne Learned to Love Galileo.” Perspectives on Science 12.2 (2004): 135–60.10.1162/106361404323119853CrossRefGoogle Scholar
García Villoslada, Riccardo. Storia del Collegio Romano dal suo Inizio (1551) alla Soppressione della Compagnia di Gesù (1773). Rome, 1954.Google Scholar
Gavagna, Veronica. “I gesuiti e la polemica sul vuoto: Il contributo di Paolo Casati.” In Gesuiti e università in Europa, ed. Gian Paolo Brizzi and Roberto Greci, 325–38. Bologna, 2002.Google Scholar
Gavagna, Veronica. “Paolo Casati e la Scuola Galileiana.” In Galileo e la Scuola Galileiana (2011), 311–26.Google Scholar
Gingerich, Owen. An Annotated Census of Copernicus’ De Revolutionibus (Nuremberg, 1543 and Basel, 1566). Leiden, 2002.Google Scholar
Gingerich, Owen. The Book Nobody Read: Chasing the Revolutions of Nicolaus Copernicus. New York, 2004.Google Scholar
Gomez Lopez, Susana. Le Passioni degli Atomi. Montanari e Rossetti: Una Polemica tra Galileiani. Florence, 1997.Google Scholar
Gomez, Lopez. “Dopo Borelli: La Scuola Galileiana a Pisa.” In Galileo e La Scuola Galileiana (2011), 223–32.Google Scholar
Grafton, Anthony. Defenders of the Text: The Traditions of Scholarship in an Age of Science, 1450–1800. Cambridge, MA, 1991.Google Scholar
Grafton, Anthony. “Textbooks and the Disciplines.” In Scholarly Knowledge: Textbooks in Early Modern Europe, ed. Campi, Ernidio, 11–36. Geneva, 2008.Google Scholar
Grendler, Paul F. The Universities of the Italian Renaissance. Baltimore, 2002.Google Scholar
Guicciardini, Niccolo. Reading the Principia: The Debate on Newton’s Mathematical Methods for Natural Philosophy from 1687 to 1736. Cambridge, 1999.10.1017/CBO9780511524752CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, A. Rupert. The Scientific Revolution, 1500–1800. Boston, 1966.Google Scholar
Helbing, Mario. La Filosofia di Francesco Buonamici, Professore di Galileo a Pisa. Pisa, 1989.Google Scholar
Hellyer, Marcus. “‘Because the Authority of My Superiors Commands’: Censorship, Physics and the German Jesuits.” Early Science and Medicine 1.3 (1996): 319–54.10.1163/157338296X00060CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hellyer, Marcus. Catholic Physics: Jesuit Natural Philosophy in Early Modern Germany. Notre Dame, 2005.Google Scholar
Iofrida, Manlio. “La Filosofia e La Medicina (1543–1737).” In Storia dell’ Università di Pisa (1993), 1:289–338.Google Scholar
Jauss, Hans Robert. Toward an Aesthetic of Reception. Trans. Bahti, Timothy. Minneapolis, 1982.Google Scholar
Johns, Adrian. The Nature of the Book: Print and Knowledge in the Making. Chicago, 1998.10.7208/chicago/9780226401232.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koyré, Alexandre. Galileo Studies. Trans. Mepham, John. Hassocks, Sussex, 1978.Google Scholar
Maierù, Alfonso. University Training in Medieval Europe. Leiden, 1994.Google Scholar
Mango Tomei, Elsa. Gli Studenti dell’ Università di Pisa sotto il Regime Granducale. Pisa, 1976.Google Scholar
Marrara, Danilo. “Gli Statuti di Cosimo I: Il Progetto e il Testo Definitivo.” In Storia dell’ Università di Pisa (1993), 1:577–645.Google Scholar
Mauro, Sylvester. Quaestionum Philosophicarum Sylvestri Mauri Soc. Iesu. in Collegio Romano Philosophiæ Professoris. Libri Tres Pro Laurea Philosophica Andreae Portner Collegij Germanici, & Hungarici Alumni. 3 vols. Rome, 1658.Google Scholar
Moss, Ann. Printed Commonplace-Books and the Structuring of Renaissance Thought. Oxford, 1996.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198159087.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelles, Paul. “ Libros de Papel, Libri Bianchi, Libri Papyracei: Note-Taking Techniques and the Role of Student Notebooks in the Early Jesuit Colleges.” Archivium Historicum Societatis Iesu 76 (2007): 75–111.Google Scholar
O’Malley, John W., Gauvin Alexander Bailey, Steven J. Harris, and T. Frank Kennedy, eds. The Jesuits: Cultures, Sciences, and the Arts, 1540–1773. Toronto, 1999.Google Scholar
O’Malley, John W., eds. The Jesuits II: Cultures, Sciences, and the Arts, 1540–1773. Toronto, 2006.Google Scholar
Osler, Margaret J. “The Canonical Imperative: Rethinking the Scientific Revolution.” In Rethinking the Scientific Revolution, ed. Margaret J. Osler, 3–39. Cambridge, 2000.10.1017/CBO9780511529276.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmerino, Carla Rita. “Infinite Degrees of Speed: Marin Mersenne and the Debate over Galileo’s Law of Free Fall.” Early Science and Medicine 4 (1999): 269–328.10.1163/157338299X00076CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmerino, Carla Rita. “Two Jesuit Responses to Galileo’s Science of Motion: Honoré Fabri and Pierre Le Cazre.” In The New Science and Jesuit Science: Seventeenth Century Perspectives, ed. Mordechai Feingold, 187–228. Dordrecht, 2003.10.1007/978-94-017-0361-1_4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmerino, Carla Rita. “Gassendi’s Reinterpretation of the Galilean Theory of Tides.” Perspectives on Science 12.2 (2004): 212–37.10.1162/106361404323119880CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmieri, Paolo. Reenacting Galileo’s Experiments: Rediscovering the Techniques of Seventeenth-Century Science. Lewiston, 2008.Google Scholar
Ragnisco, Pietro. “Da Giacomo Zabarella a Claudio Berigardo ossia prima e dopo Galileo nell’ Università di Padova.” Atti del Reale Istituto Veneto 52.1 (1893–94): 474–518.Google Scholar
Raphael, Renée. “Galileo as a Commentator on Aristotle?: The Reception of Galileo in the Jesuit Collegio Romano and University of Pisa, 1633–1700.” PhD diss., Princeton University, 2009.Google Scholar
Raphael, Renée. “Making Sense of Day 1 of the ‘Two New Sciences’: Galileo’s Aristotelian-Inspired Agenda and His Jesuit Readers.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 42 (2011): 479–91.Google Scholar
Renn, Jürgen. “Galileo’s Manuscripts on Mechanics: The Project of an Edition with Full Critical Apparatus of Mss. Gal. Codex 72.” Nuncius 3.1 (1988): 193–241.Google Scholar
Renn, Jürgen, Peter Damerow, and Simone Rieger. “Hunting the White Elephant: When and How Did Galileo Discover the Law of Fall?” In Galileo in Context (2001), 29–149.10.1017/S0269889701000321CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roux, Sophie. “An Empire Divided: French Natural Philosophy (1670–1690).” In The Mechanization of Natural Philosophy, ed. Garber, Daniel and Roux, Sophie, 55–95. Dordrecht, 2012.Google Scholar
Schmitt, Charles B. “Experience and Experiment: A Comparison of Zabarella’s View with Galileo’s in De Motu .” Studies in the Renaissance 16 (1969): 80–138.10.2307/2857174CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmitt, Charles B. “The Faculty of Arts at Pisa at the Time of Galileo.” In Studies in Renaissance Philosophy and Science, 243–72. London, 1981.Google Scholar
Secord, James A. “Knowledge in Transit.” Isis 95.4 (2004): 654–72.10.1086/430657CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Settle, Thomas B. “An Experiment in the History of Science.” Science 133 (1961): 19–23.10.1126/science.133.3445.19CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Settle, Thomas B. “Galileo’s Use of Experiment as a Tool of Investigation.” In Galileo, Man of Science, ed. McMullin, Ernan, 315–37. New York, 1968.Google Scholar
Shapin, Steven. The Scientific Revolution. Chicago, 1998.Google Scholar
Shea, William. Designing Experiments and Games of Chance. Canton, MA, 2003.Google Scholar
Simplicius of Cilicia. Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca. Vol. 7 of De Caelo commentaria. Ed. I. L. Heiberg. Berlin, 1894.Google Scholar
Sommervogel, Carlos. Bibliothèque de la Compagnie de Jésus. 12 vols. Brussels, 1890–1932. Reprint, Louvain, 1960.Google Scholar
Soppelsa, Marialaura. Genesi del Metodo Galileiano e Tramonto dell’ Aristotelismo nella Scuola di Padova. Padua, 1974.Google Scholar
Spagnesi, Enrico. “Il Diritto.” In Storia dell’ Università di Pisa (1993), 1:191–257.Google Scholar
Stabile, Giorgio. Claude Bérigard (1592–1663): Contributo alla Storia dell’ Atomismo Seicentesco. Rome, 1975.Google Scholar
Stabile, Giorgio. “Il Primo Oppositore del Dialogo: Claude Berigard.” In Novità Celesti e Crisi del Sapere, ed. Galluzzi, Paolo, 277–82. Florence, 1984.Google Scholar
Storia dell’ Università di Pisa. 2 vols. in 5 parts. Pisa, 1993.Google Scholar
Valleriani, Matteo. Galileo Engineer. London, 2010.10.1007/978-90-481-8645-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verde, Armando. “Il Secondo Periodo de Lo Studio Fiorentino (1504–1528).” In L’università e la sua Storia. Origini, Spazi Istituzionali e Pratiche Didattiche dello Studium Cittadino, ed. Renzi, Paolo, 105–31. Siena, 1998.Google Scholar
Wallace, William A. Galileo and His Sources: The Heritage of the Collegio Romano in Galileo’s Science. Princeton, 1984.10.1515/9781400857937CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yeo, Richard. “John Locke’s ‘New Method’ of Commonplacing: Managing Memory and Information.” Eighteenth-Century Thought 2 (2004): 1–38.Google Scholar
Yeo, Richard. “Between Memory and Paperbooks: Baconianism and Natural History in Seventeenth-Century England.” History of Science 45 (2007): 1–46.10.1177/007327530704500101CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zanfredini, M. “Mauro, Silvestro.” In Diccionario Histórico de la Compañia de Jesús Biográfico-Temático, ed. O’Neill, Charles E. and Dominguez, Joaquin M., 3:2583. Madrid, 2001.Google Scholar
Archivio Storico della Pontificia Università Gregoriana (APUG), Rome, Fondo Curia (FC) 1093. Panici, J. J. “In Libros Aristotelis de Physico Auditu.” Cited as APUG, FC 1093.Google Scholar
APUG, FC 1344. Tellin, I, “Tertia pars Philosophiae Peripateticae.”Google Scholar
Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana (Laur.), Florence, MS Ashburnham 638. Bellini, Lorenzo. “Opere Varie.” Cited as Laur., MS Ashb. 638.Google Scholar
Bodleian Library (Bodleian), University of Oxford, Oxford, Savile Bb.13. Galilei, Galileo. Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche: Intorno à due nuoue scienze, attenenti alla mecanica & i movimenti locali. Leiden, 1638. Cited as Bodleian, Savile Bb.13.Google Scholar
Bodleian, Savile A.19. Galilei, Galileo. Opere di Galileo Galilei Linceo nobile fiorentino. 2 vols. Bologna, 1655–56. Cited as Bodleian, Savile A.19.Google Scholar
Albert of Saxony. Quaestiones in Aristotelis De Caelo. Ed. Benoît Patar. Louvain, 2008.Google Scholar
Aristotle, . On the Heavens. Ed. Stocks, J. L.. Blacksburg, VA, 2001.Google Scholar
Baldini, Ugo. Legem Impone Subactis: Studi su Filosofia e Scienza dei Gesuiti in Italia, 1540–1632. Rome, 1992.Google Scholar
Baldini, Ugo. “The Development of Jesuit ‘Physics’ in Italy, 1550–1700: A Structural Approach.” In Philosophy in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries: Conversations with Aristotle, ed. Constance Blackwell and Sachiko Kusukawa, 248–79. Aldershot, 1999.Google Scholar
Baldini, Ugo. “Tra due paradigmi? La Naturalis Philosophia di Carlo Rinaldini.” In Galileo e la Scuola Galileiana (2011), 189–222.Google Scholar
Bennett, J. A. “Hooke and Wren and the System of the World: Some Points toward an Historical Account.” The British Journal for the History of Science 8.1 (1975): 32–61.10.1017/S0007087400013698CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, J. A. The Mathematical Science of Christopher Wren. Cambridge, 1982.Google Scholar
Benvenuto, Edoardo. An Introduction to the History of Structural Mechanics. 2 vols. New York, 1991.Google Scholar
Bérigard, Claude. Circulus Pisanus … De Veteri & Peripatetica Philosophia in Priores Libros Phys. Arist. 4 parts in 1 vol. Udine, 1643.Google Scholar
Bérigard, Claude. Circulus Pisanus Claudii Berigardi … De Veteri et Peripatetica Philosophia in Aristotelis Libros Octo Physicorum. 6 pts. Padua, 1661.Google Scholar
Bertoloni Meli, Domenico. “Mechanics.” In The Cambridge History of Science. Vol. 3, Early Modern Science, ed. Katharine Park and Lorraine Daston, 632–72. Cambridge, 2006.10.1017/CHOL9780521572446.027CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bertoloni Meli, Domenico. Mechanism, Experiment, Disease: Marcello Malpighi and Seventeenth-Century Anatomy. Baltimore, 2011.Google Scholar
Blair, Ann. “Humanist Methods in Natural Philosophy: The Commonplace Book.” Journal of the History of Ideas 53.4 (1992): 541–51.10.2307/2709935CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blair, Ann. The Theater of Nature: Jean Bodin and Renaissance Science. Princeton, 1997.Google Scholar
Blair, Ann. “Note Taking as an Art of Transmission.” Critical Inquiry 31.1 (2004): 85–107.10.1086/427303CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blair, Ann. “The Rise of Note-Taking in Early Modern Europe.” Intellectual History Review 20.3 (2010): 303–16.10.1080/17496977.2010.492611CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bottin, Francesco. “Claude Guillermet Bérigard (c. 1590–1663).” In Models of the History of Philosophy. Vol. 1, From Its Origins in the Renaissance to the Historia Philosophica, ed. Giovanni Santinello, C. W. T. Blackwell, and Philip Weller, 147–49. Boston, 1993.Google Scholar
Brockliss, L. W. B. French Higher Education in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: A Cultural History. Oxford, 1987.Google Scholar
Brockliss, L. W. B. “Curricula.” In A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 2, Universities in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800), ed. H. de Ridder-Symoens, 563–620. Cambridge, 1996.Google Scholar
Buccolini, Claudio. “Opere di Galileo Galilei Provenienti dalla Biblioteca di Marin Mersenne.” Nouvelles de la République des Lettres 2 (1998): 139–42.Google Scholar
Buridan, Jean. Quaestiones Super Libris Quattuor de Caelo et Mundo. Ed. Moody, Ernest Addison. Cambridge, MA, 1942. Reprint, New York, 1970.Google Scholar
Camerota, Michele. “La Biblioteca di Galileo: Alcune integrazioni e aggiunte desunte dal carteggio.” In Biblioteche Filosofiche Private in Età Moderna e Contemporanea: Atti del Convegno Cagliari, 21–23 Aprile 2009, ed. Francesca M. Crasta, 81–95. Florence, 2010.Google Scholar
Camerota, Michele, and Helbing, Mario. “Galileo and Pisan Aristotelianism: Galileo’s De Motu Antiquiora and Quaestiones de Motu Elementorum of the Pisan Professors.” Early Science and Medicine 5.4 (2000): 319–65.Google Scholar
Carugo, Adriano, and Crombie, Alistair C.. “The Jesuits and Galileo’s Ideas of Science and of Nature.” Annali dell’Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza di Firenze 8 (1983): 3–67.Google Scholar
Cochrane, Eric W. “Science and Humanism in the Italian Renaissance.” American Historical Review 81.5 (1976): 1039–57.10.2307/1852869CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Commentariorum Collegii Conimbricensis Societatis Iesu, in Quatuor Libros de Coelo, Meteorologicos et Parva Naturalia Aristotelis Stagiritae. Cologne, 1603.Google Scholar
Costello, William T. The Scholastic Curriculum at Early Seventeenth-Century Cambridge. Cambridge, MA, 1958.10.4159/harvard.9780674284401CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crombie, Alistair C. “Sources of Galileo’s Early Natural Philosophy.” In Reason, Experiment and Mysticism in the Scientific Revolution, ed. Bonelli, M. L. Righini and Shea, William R., 157–75. New York, 1975.Google Scholar
Crombie, Alistair C., and Carugo, Adriano. “Sorting Out the Sources.” The Times Literary Supplement (22 November 1985): 1319–20.Google Scholar
Damerow, Peter, Freudenthal, G., McLaughlin, P., and Renn, Jürgen. Exploring the Limits of Preclassical Mechanics. New York, 2004.10.1007/978-1-4757-3992-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dear, Peter. Discipline and Experience: The Mathematical Way in the Scientific Revolution. Chicago, 1985.Google Scholar
Darnton, Robert. “Toward a History of Reading.” Wilson Quarterly 13.4 (1989): 86–102.Google Scholar
Dear, Peter. Revolutionizing the Sciences: European Knowledge and Its Ambitions, 1500–1700. Princeton, 2001.Google Scholar
Drake, Stillman. Galileo’s Notes on Motion Arranged in Probable Order of Composition and Presented in Reduced Facsimile. Florence, 1979.Google Scholar
Elazar, Michael. Honoré Fabri and the Concept of Impetus: A Bridge between Conceptual Frameworks. Dordrecht, 2011.10.1007/978-94-007-1605-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Favaro, Antonio. “Oppositori di Galileo: IV. Claudio Berigardo.” Atti del Reale Istituto Veneto 79.1 (1919): 39–92.Google Scholar
Feingold, Mordechai. The Mathematicians’ Apprenticeship: Science, Universities, and Society in England, 1560–1640. Cambridge, 1984.Google Scholar
Feingold, Mordechai. “The Mathematical Sciences and New Philosophies.” In The History of the University of Oxford. Vol. 4, Seventeenth-Century Oxford, ed. Tyacke, Nicholas, 319–448. Oxford, 1997.Google Scholar
Fiocca, Alessandra. “Galileiani e Gesuiti a Ferrara nel Seicento.” In Galileo e la Scuola Galileiana (2011), 292–309.Google Scholar
Frasca-Spada, Marina, and Nick, Jardine. Books and the Sciences in History. Cambridge, 2000.Google Scholar
Galilei, Galileo. Le Opere di Galileo Galilei: Edizione Nazionale sotto gli auspicii di Sua Maestà il Re d’Italia. Ed. Favaro, Antonio. 20 vols. in 21. Florence, 1890–1909.Google Scholar
Galilei, Galileo. Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche intorno a Due Nuove Scienze. Ed. Carugo, Adriano and Geymonat, Ludovico. Turin, 1958.Google Scholar
Galilei, Galileo. Two New Sciences Including Centers of Gravity and Force of Percussion. Trans. Drake, Stillman. Toronto, 1989.Google Scholar
Galilei, Galileo. Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche. Ed. Giusti, Enrico. Torino, 1990.Google Scholar
Galileo e la Scuola Galileiana nelle Università del Seicento. Ed. Luigi Pepe. Bologna, 2011.Google Scholar
Galileo in Context. Ed. Jürgen Renn. Cambridge, 2001.Google Scholar
Galle, Griet, ed. Peter of Auvergne: Questions on Aristotle’s De caelo: A Critical Edition. Leuven, 2003.Google Scholar
Galluzzi, Paolo. Momento: Studi Galileiani. Rome, 1979.Google Scholar
Galluzzi, Paolo. “Gassendi e l’affaire Galilée delle Leggi del Moto.” Giornale Critico della Filosofia Italiana 72 (1993): 86–119.Google Scholar
Galluzzi, Paolo. “La Scienza davanti alla Chiesa e al Principe in una Polemica Universitaria del Secondo Seicento.” In Studi in Onore di Arnaldo d’Addario, ed. L. Borgia, 1317–44. Lecce, 1995.Google Scholar
Galluzzi, Paolo. “Gassendi and l’Affaire Galilée of the Laws of Motion.” In Galileo in Context (2001), 239–75.10.1017/S0269889701000369CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garber, Daniel. “On the Frontlines of the Scientific Revolution: How Mersenne Learned to Love Galileo.” Perspectives on Science 12.2 (2004): 135–60.10.1162/106361404323119853CrossRefGoogle Scholar
García Villoslada, Riccardo. Storia del Collegio Romano dal suo Inizio (1551) alla Soppressione della Compagnia di Gesù (1773). Rome, 1954.Google Scholar
Gavagna, Veronica. “I gesuiti e la polemica sul vuoto: Il contributo di Paolo Casati.” In Gesuiti e università in Europa, ed. Gian Paolo Brizzi and Roberto Greci, 325–38. Bologna, 2002.Google Scholar
Gavagna, Veronica. “Paolo Casati e la Scuola Galileiana.” In Galileo e la Scuola Galileiana (2011), 311–26.Google Scholar
Gingerich, Owen. An Annotated Census of Copernicus’ De Revolutionibus (Nuremberg, 1543 and Basel, 1566). Leiden, 2002.Google Scholar
Gingerich, Owen. The Book Nobody Read: Chasing the Revolutions of Nicolaus Copernicus. New York, 2004.Google Scholar
Gomez Lopez, Susana. Le Passioni degli Atomi. Montanari e Rossetti: Una Polemica tra Galileiani. Florence, 1997.Google Scholar
Gomez, Lopez. “Dopo Borelli: La Scuola Galileiana a Pisa.” In Galileo e La Scuola Galileiana (2011), 223–32.Google Scholar
Grafton, Anthony. Defenders of the Text: The Traditions of Scholarship in an Age of Science, 1450–1800. Cambridge, MA, 1991.Google Scholar
Grafton, Anthony. “Textbooks and the Disciplines.” In Scholarly Knowledge: Textbooks in Early Modern Europe, ed. Campi, Ernidio, 11–36. Geneva, 2008.Google Scholar
Grendler, Paul F. The Universities of the Italian Renaissance. Baltimore, 2002.Google Scholar
Guicciardini, Niccolo. Reading the Principia: The Debate on Newton’s Mathematical Methods for Natural Philosophy from 1687 to 1736. Cambridge, 1999.10.1017/CBO9780511524752CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, A. Rupert. The Scientific Revolution, 1500–1800. Boston, 1966.Google Scholar
Helbing, Mario. La Filosofia di Francesco Buonamici, Professore di Galileo a Pisa. Pisa, 1989.Google Scholar
Hellyer, Marcus. “‘Because the Authority of My Superiors Commands’: Censorship, Physics and the German Jesuits.” Early Science and Medicine 1.3 (1996): 319–54.10.1163/157338296X00060CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hellyer, Marcus. Catholic Physics: Jesuit Natural Philosophy in Early Modern Germany. Notre Dame, 2005.Google Scholar
Iofrida, Manlio. “La Filosofia e La Medicina (1543–1737).” In Storia dell’ Università di Pisa (1993), 1:289–338.Google Scholar
Jauss, Hans Robert. Toward an Aesthetic of Reception. Trans. Bahti, Timothy. Minneapolis, 1982.Google Scholar
Johns, Adrian. The Nature of the Book: Print and Knowledge in the Making. Chicago, 1998.10.7208/chicago/9780226401232.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koyré, Alexandre. Galileo Studies. Trans. Mepham, John. Hassocks, Sussex, 1978.Google Scholar
Maierù, Alfonso. University Training in Medieval Europe. Leiden, 1994.Google Scholar
Mango Tomei, Elsa. Gli Studenti dell’ Università di Pisa sotto il Regime Granducale. Pisa, 1976.Google Scholar
Marrara, Danilo. “Gli Statuti di Cosimo I: Il Progetto e il Testo Definitivo.” In Storia dell’ Università di Pisa (1993), 1:577–645.Google Scholar
Mauro, Sylvester. Quaestionum Philosophicarum Sylvestri Mauri Soc. Iesu. in Collegio Romano Philosophiæ Professoris. Libri Tres Pro Laurea Philosophica Andreae Portner Collegij Germanici, & Hungarici Alumni. 3 vols. Rome, 1658.Google Scholar
Moss, Ann. Printed Commonplace-Books and the Structuring of Renaissance Thought. Oxford, 1996.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198159087.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelles, Paul. “ Libros de Papel, Libri Bianchi, Libri Papyracei: Note-Taking Techniques and the Role of Student Notebooks in the Early Jesuit Colleges.” Archivium Historicum Societatis Iesu 76 (2007): 75–111.Google Scholar
O’Malley, John W., Gauvin Alexander Bailey, Steven J. Harris, and T. Frank Kennedy, eds. The Jesuits: Cultures, Sciences, and the Arts, 1540–1773. Toronto, 1999.Google Scholar
O’Malley, John W., eds. The Jesuits II: Cultures, Sciences, and the Arts, 1540–1773. Toronto, 2006.Google Scholar
Osler, Margaret J. “The Canonical Imperative: Rethinking the Scientific Revolution.” In Rethinking the Scientific Revolution, ed. Margaret J. Osler, 3–39. Cambridge, 2000.10.1017/CBO9780511529276.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmerino, Carla Rita. “Infinite Degrees of Speed: Marin Mersenne and the Debate over Galileo’s Law of Free Fall.” Early Science and Medicine 4 (1999): 269–328.10.1163/157338299X00076CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmerino, Carla Rita. “Two Jesuit Responses to Galileo’s Science of Motion: Honoré Fabri and Pierre Le Cazre.” In The New Science and Jesuit Science: Seventeenth Century Perspectives, ed. Mordechai Feingold, 187–228. Dordrecht, 2003.10.1007/978-94-017-0361-1_4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmerino, Carla Rita. “Gassendi’s Reinterpretation of the Galilean Theory of Tides.” Perspectives on Science 12.2 (2004): 212–37.10.1162/106361404323119880CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmieri, Paolo. Reenacting Galileo’s Experiments: Rediscovering the Techniques of Seventeenth-Century Science. Lewiston, 2008.Google Scholar
Ragnisco, Pietro. “Da Giacomo Zabarella a Claudio Berigardo ossia prima e dopo Galileo nell’ Università di Padova.” Atti del Reale Istituto Veneto 52.1 (1893–94): 474–518.Google Scholar
Raphael, Renée. “Galileo as a Commentator on Aristotle?: The Reception of Galileo in the Jesuit Collegio Romano and University of Pisa, 1633–1700.” PhD diss., Princeton University, 2009.Google Scholar
Raphael, Renée. “Making Sense of Day 1 of the ‘Two New Sciences’: Galileo’s Aristotelian-Inspired Agenda and His Jesuit Readers.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 42 (2011): 479–91.Google Scholar
Renn, Jürgen. “Galileo’s Manuscripts on Mechanics: The Project of an Edition with Full Critical Apparatus of Mss. Gal. Codex 72.” Nuncius 3.1 (1988): 193–241.Google Scholar
Renn, Jürgen, Peter Damerow, and Simone Rieger. “Hunting the White Elephant: When and How Did Galileo Discover the Law of Fall?” In Galileo in Context (2001), 29–149.10.1017/S0269889701000321CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roux, Sophie. “An Empire Divided: French Natural Philosophy (1670–1690).” In The Mechanization of Natural Philosophy, ed. Garber, Daniel and Roux, Sophie, 55–95. Dordrecht, 2012.Google Scholar
Schmitt, Charles B. “Experience and Experiment: A Comparison of Zabarella’s View with Galileo’s in De Motu .” Studies in the Renaissance 16 (1969): 80–138.10.2307/2857174CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmitt, Charles B. “The Faculty of Arts at Pisa at the Time of Galileo.” In Studies in Renaissance Philosophy and Science, 243–72. London, 1981.Google Scholar
Secord, James A. “Knowledge in Transit.” Isis 95.4 (2004): 654–72.10.1086/430657CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Settle, Thomas B. “An Experiment in the History of Science.” Science 133 (1961): 19–23.10.1126/science.133.3445.19CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Settle, Thomas B. “Galileo’s Use of Experiment as a Tool of Investigation.” In Galileo, Man of Science, ed. McMullin, Ernan, 315–37. New York, 1968.Google Scholar
Shapin, Steven. The Scientific Revolution. Chicago, 1998.Google Scholar
Shea, William. Designing Experiments and Games of Chance. Canton, MA, 2003.Google Scholar
Simplicius of Cilicia. Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca. Vol. 7 of De Caelo commentaria. Ed. I. L. Heiberg. Berlin, 1894.Google Scholar
Sommervogel, Carlos. Bibliothèque de la Compagnie de Jésus. 12 vols. Brussels, 1890–1932. Reprint, Louvain, 1960.Google Scholar
Soppelsa, Marialaura. Genesi del Metodo Galileiano e Tramonto dell’ Aristotelismo nella Scuola di Padova. Padua, 1974.Google Scholar
Spagnesi, Enrico. “Il Diritto.” In Storia dell’ Università di Pisa (1993), 1:191–257.Google Scholar
Stabile, Giorgio. Claude Bérigard (1592–1663): Contributo alla Storia dell’ Atomismo Seicentesco. Rome, 1975.Google Scholar
Stabile, Giorgio. “Il Primo Oppositore del Dialogo: Claude Berigard.” In Novità Celesti e Crisi del Sapere, ed. Galluzzi, Paolo, 277–82. Florence, 1984.Google Scholar
Storia dell’ Università di Pisa. 2 vols. in 5 parts. Pisa, 1993.Google Scholar
Valleriani, Matteo. Galileo Engineer. London, 2010.10.1007/978-90-481-8645-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verde, Armando. “Il Secondo Periodo de Lo Studio Fiorentino (1504–1528).” In L’università e la sua Storia. Origini, Spazi Istituzionali e Pratiche Didattiche dello Studium Cittadino, ed. Renzi, Paolo, 105–31. Siena, 1998.Google Scholar
Wallace, William A. Galileo and His Sources: The Heritage of the Collegio Romano in Galileo’s Science. Princeton, 1984.10.1515/9781400857937CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yeo, Richard. “John Locke’s ‘New Method’ of Commonplacing: Managing Memory and Information.” Eighteenth-Century Thought 2 (2004): 1–38.Google Scholar
Yeo, Richard. “Between Memory and Paperbooks: Baconianism and Natural History in Seventeenth-Century England.” History of Science 45 (2007): 1–46.10.1177/007327530704500101CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zanfredini, M. “Mauro, Silvestro.” In Diccionario Histórico de la Compañia de Jesús Biográfico-Temático, ed. O’Neill, Charles E. and Dominguez, Joaquin M., 3:2583. Madrid, 2001.Google Scholar