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Raphael's Parnassus and Renaissance Afterlives of Homer

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 March 2020

Adam T. Foley
Adam T. Foley*
Affiliation:
New York, NY
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Abstract

The figure of Homer in Raphael's “Parnassus” is singular for the combination of blindness, divine inspiration, improvisational song, and an amanuensis to immortalize the performance. This article examines humanist biographies of Homer to identify the pre-text of Raphael's Homer and to determine if it reflects the political influence of Julius II. Though no one source can be asked to bear such responsibility, the article gestures to the doctrine of divine madness in Laurentian Florence, in which vatic authority derives from Apollo. Raphael may have therefore conceived of Homer as Apollo's priest to give visual endorsement to Julius's Apollinian ideology.

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Articles
Information
Renaissance Quarterly , Volume 73 , Issue 1 , Spring 2020 , pp. 1 - 32
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2020. Published by the Renaissance Society of America

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References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Kristeller, Paul Oskar, ed. Supplementum Ficinianum. 2 vols. Florence: Olschki, 1973.Google Scholar
Landino, Cristoforo. Scritti critici e teorici. Ed. Cardini, Roberto. 2 vols. Rome: Bulzoni, 1974.Google Scholar
Landino, Cristoforo. Disputationes Camaldulenses. Ed. Lohe, Peter. Florence: Sansoni, 1980.Google Scholar
Lippincott, Kristen. “The Iconography of the ‘Salone dei Mesi’ and the Study of Latin Grammar in Fifteenth-Century Ferrara.” In La Corte di Ferrara e il suo mecenatismo, 1441–1598, ed. Pade, Marianne, Waage Petersen, L., and Quarta, D., 93–109. Modena: Panini, 1990.Google Scholar
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Rizzo, Silvia. “Omero, lingua volgare e lingua grammaticale: Riflessioni in margine a luoghi di Pier Candido Decembrio, Angelo Decembrio, Annio da Viterbo.” Rinascimento 38.2 (1998): 337–44.Google Scholar
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Shearman, John. “Raphael, Rome, and the Codex Escurialensis.” Master Drawings 15.2 (1977): 107–46.Google Scholar
Shearman, John. Raphael in Early Modern Sources (1483–1602). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Stinger, Charles. The Renaissance in Rome. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Suárez-Somonte, Pilar Saquero, and Rolán, Tomás González. “Sobre la presencia en España de la versión latina de la Ilíada de Pier Candido Decembrio: Edición de la Vita Homeri y de su traducción castellana.” Cuadernos de Filologia Clásica: Estudios Latinos 21 (1988): 319–44.Google Scholar
Suárez-Somonte, Pilar Saquero, and Rolán, Tomás González. “Actitudes renacentistas en Castilla durante el siglo XV: La correspondencia entre Alfonso de Cartagena y Pier Cándido Decembrio.” Cuadernos de Filologia Clásica: Estudios Latinos 1 (1991): 195–232.Google Scholar
Tafuri, Manfredo. Interpreting the Renaissance: Princes, Cities, Architects. Trans. Daniel Sherer. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Tavoni, Mirko. “On the Renaissance Idea That Latin Derives from Greek.” Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, s. 3, 16.1 (1986): 205–38.Google Scholar
Taylor, Paul. “Julius II and the Stanza della Segnatura.” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 72 (2009): 103–41.Google Scholar
Thomas, Ben, and Whistler, Catherine. Raphael: The Drawings. Oxford: Ashmolean Museum, 2017.Google Scholar
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Verdier, Philippe. “Bramante's ‘Belvedere’ and a Painting by Raffaello dal Colle in the Walters Art Gallery.” Journal of the Walters Art Gallery 41 (1983): 45–58.Google Scholar
Walton, Francis R. “Gennadion Notes, II: Incunabula in the Gennadius Library.” Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens 32.2 (1963): 209–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weikert, Heidrun-Edda. “Ruskin, Pater, Symonds und Raffaels ‘Stanza della Segnatura’: Früh- und spätviktorianische Perspektiven.” Archiv für Kulturgeschichte 79.1 (1991): 83–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wickhoff, Franz. “Die Bibliothek Julius II.” Jahrbuch der königlich preussischen Kunstsammlungen 14 (1893): 49–64.Google Scholar
Winner, Matthias. “Zum Nachleben des Laokoon in der Renaissance.” Jahrbuch der Berliner Museen 16 (1974): 83–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan, MS D 112 inf.Google Scholar
Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan, MS E 49–50 inf.Google Scholar
Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vatican City, MS Vat. lat. 1794.Google Scholar
Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vatican City, MS Vat. lat. 3298.Google Scholar
Biblioteca Archiginnasio, Bologna, MS B 3462.Google Scholar
Biblioteca Laurenziana, Florence, MS Plut. 32.1.Google Scholar
Biblioteca Laurenziana, Florence, MS Plut. 32.11.Google Scholar
Biblioteca Laurenziana, Florence, MS Plut. 63.30.Google Scholar
Biblioteca Laurenziana, Florence, MS Plut. 65.52.Google Scholar
Biblioteca Trivulziana, Milan, MS 817 (A 33).Google Scholar
Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris, MS Lat. 9683.Google Scholar
British Library, London, Yates-Thompson MS 36.Google Scholar
Aquila, Francesco. Picturae Raphaelis Sanctij Urbinatis ex Aula et Conclavisbus Palatii Vaticani. Rome: Typis ac Sumptibus Dominici de Rossi, 1722.Google Scholar
Balbarini, Chiara. L'inferno di Chantilly: Cultura artistica e letteraria a Pisa nella prima metà del trecento. Rome: Salerno editrice, 2011.Google Scholar
Barkan, Leonard. Unearthing the Past: Archaeology and Aesthetics in the Making of Renaissance Culture. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Beecroft, Alexander. “Blindness and Literacy in the Lives of Homer.” Classical Quarterly 61.1 (2011): 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bianchini, Francesco. De Lapide Antiati Epistola ad Franciscum Aquavivam Aragonium, in qua Agitur de Villa Hadriani Augusti. Rome, 1698.Google Scholar
Bober, Phyllis Pray, and Rubinstein, Ruth. Renaissance Artists and Antique Sculpture: A Handbook of Sources. Turnhout: Brepols, 1987.Google Scholar
Brandolini, Raffaele. On Music and Poetry. Trans. Moyer, Ann E.. Tempe: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2001.Google Scholar
Brown, David Alan. “Leonardo and the Idealized Portrait in Milan.” Arte Lombarda 67.4, Atti del Convegno: Umanesimo problemi aperti 8 (1983): 102–16.Google Scholar
Brummer, Hans Henrik. The Statue Court in the Vatican Belvedere. Stockholm: Almquist and Wiksell, 1970.Google Scholar
Carli, Enzo. Luca Signorelli: Gli affreschi nel Duomo di Orvieto. Bergamo: Istituto italiano d'arti grafiche, 1946.Google Scholar
Cicero. De Senectute; De Amicitia; De Divinatione. Trans. Falconer, W. A.. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964.Google Scholar
Cohen, Beth. “The ‘Rinascimento dell'Antichità’ in the Art of Painting: Pausanias and Raphael's ‘Parnassus.’” Notes in the History of Art 3.4 (1984): 29–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Creighton, Gilbert. How Fra Angelico and Signorelli Saw the End of the World. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Davis, Raymond, ed. and trans. The Book of Pontiffs (Liber Pontificalis): The Ancient Biographies of the First Ninety Roman Bishops to AD 715. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
D'Elia, Anthony F. “Heroic Insubordination in the Army of Sigismondo Malatesta: Petrus Parleo's Pro milite, Machiavelli, and the Uses of Cicero and Livy.” In Humanism and Creativity in the Renaissance: Essays in Honor of Ronald G. Witt, ed. Celenza, Christopher and Gouwens, Kenneth, 31–60. Leiden: Brill, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eliot, George. Romola. New York: A. L. Burt, n.d., ca. 1862–63.Google Scholar
Fantaguzzi, Giuliano. “Caos.” Cronache cesenati del sec. XV. Ed. Bazzocchi, Dino. Cesena: Arturo Bettini, 1915.Google Scholar
Ficino, Marsilio. Lettere. Ed. Sebastiano Gentile. Florence: Olschki, 1990.Google Scholar
Finley, Patricia, and Taylor, Charles H.. Images of the Journey in Dante's Divine Comedy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. The Foucault Reader. Ed. Paul Rabinow. New York: Random House, 1984.Google Scholar
Giovio, Paolo. Raphaelis Urbinatis Vita. In Scritti d'arte del Cinquecento, ed. Barocchi, Paola, 1:13–16. Milan: R. Ricciardi, 1971.Google Scholar
Giustiniani, V. R. “Sulle traduzioni latine delle ‘Vite’ di Plutarco nel Quattrocento.” Rinascimento 2.1 (1961): 3–62.Google Scholar
Grafton, Anthony, and Jardine, Lisa. From Humanism to the Humanities: Education and the Liberal Arts in Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-Century Europe. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Gualdo Rosa, Lucia. “Niccolò Loschi e Pietro Perleone e le traduzioni dell'orazione pseudo-isocratea ‘A Demonico.’” Atti dell'Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti 131 (1973): 825–956.Google Scholar
Hankins, James. Plato in the Italian Renaissance. 2 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1991.Google Scholar
Haskell, Francis, and Penny, Nicholas. Taste and the Antique. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981.Google Scholar
Henry, Tom, and Kanter, Laurence. Luca Signorelli: The Complete Paintings. New York: Rizzoli, 2002.Google Scholar
Holmes, John. Descriptive Catalogue of Books, in the Library of John Holms, FSA, with Notices of Authors and Printers. Norwich, 1828.Google Scholar
Iacobini, Antonio. “Costantinopoli e l'Italia prima della caduta: L'Omero miniato di Francesco Filelfo.” In Medioevo: I committenti, ed. Quintavalle, Arturo Carlo, 700–20. Milan: Mondadori, 2011.Google Scholar
James, Sara Nair. Signorelli and Fra Angelico at Orvieto: Liturgy, Poetry and a Vision of the End-Time. Farnham: Ashgate, 1988.Google Scholar
Jones, Roger, and Penny, Nicholas. Raphael. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1983.Google Scholar
King, Margaret L. Venetian Humanism in an Age of Patrician Dominance. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, Margaret L. “An Inconsolable Father and His Humanist Consolers: Jacopo Antonio Marcello, Venetian Nobleman, Patron, and Man of Letters.” In Supplementum Festivum: Studies in Honor of Paul Oskar Kristeller, ed. Hankins, James, Monfasani, John, and Purnell, Frederick, 221–46. Binghamton, NY: Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies, 1987.Google Scholar
Kraus, H. P.Cimelia: A Catalogue of Important Illuminated and Textual Manuscripts Published in Commemoration of the Sale of the Ludwig Collection (Catalogue 165). New York: H. P. Kraus, 1983.Google Scholar
Kristeller, Paul Oskar, ed. Supplementum Ficinianum. 2 vols. Florence: Olschki, 1973.Google Scholar
Landino, Cristoforo. Scritti critici e teorici. Ed. Cardini, Roberto. 2 vols. Rome: Bulzoni, 1974.Google Scholar
Landino, Cristoforo. Disputationes Camaldulenses. Ed. Lohe, Peter. Florence: Sansoni, 1980.Google Scholar
Lippincott, Kristen. “The Iconography of the ‘Salone dei Mesi’ and the Study of Latin Grammar in Fifteenth-Century Ferrara.” In La Corte di Ferrara e il suo mecenatismo, 1441–1598, ed. Pade, Marianne, Waage Petersen, L., and Quarta, D., 93–109. Modena: Panini, 1990.Google Scholar
Luzio, Alessandro. “Federico Gonzaga ostaggio alla corte di Giulio II.” Archivio della R. Società Romana di Storia Patria 9 (1886): 509–83.Google Scholar
Miccoli, Giovanni. “Agli, Pellegrino degli.” In Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, 1:401–02. Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 1960.Google Scholar
Monfasani, John. George of Trebizond: A Biography and a Study of His Rhetoric and Logic. Leiden: Brill, 1976.Google Scholar
Nassar, Eugene Paul. Illustrations to Dante's “Inferno.” Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Nesselrath, Arnold. “Il Cortile delle Statue: Luogo e storia.” In Il Cortile delle Statue: Der Statuenhof des Belvedere im Vatikan, ed. Winner, Matthias and Andreae, Bernard, 1–16. Mainz: Von Zabern, 1998.Google Scholar
O'Malley, John. “The Vatican Library and the School of Athens: A Text of Battista Casali, 1508.” Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies 7.2 (1977): 271–87.Google Scholar
Pade, Marianne. “The Fortuna of Leontius Pilatus’ Homer. With an Edition of Pier Candido Decembrio's Why Homer's Greek Verses Are Rendered in Latin Prose.” In Classica et Beneventana: Essays Presented to Virginia Brown on the Occasion of her 65th Birthday, ed. Coulson, Frank T. and Grotans, Anna A., 149–72. Turnhout: Brepols, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pastor, Ludwig. The History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages, vol. 1. Ed. Antrobus, Frederick Ignatius. London, 1891.Google Scholar
Pedretti, Carlo. Raphael: His Life and Work in the Splendors of the Italian Renaissance. Florence: Giunti, 1989.Google Scholar
Poliziano, Angelo. Oratio in Expositione Homeri. Ed. Megna, Paolo. Rome: Edizioni di storia e letteratura, 2007.Google Scholar
Popham, Arthur E., and Wilde, Johannes. The Italian Drawings of the XV and XVI Centuries in the Collection of His Majesty the King at Windsor Castle. London: Phaidon Press, 1949.Google Scholar
Pseudo-Plutarch. Essay on the Life and Poetry of Homer. Ed. Keaney, J. J. and Lamberton, Robert. Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Reale, Giovanni. Raffaello: Il “Parnaso.” Rome: Biblioteca Vaticana, 1999.Google Scholar
Rizzo, Silvia. “Omero, lingua volgare e lingua grammaticale: Riflessioni in margine a luoghi di Pier Candido Decembrio, Angelo Decembrio, Annio da Viterbo.” Rinascimento 38.2 (1998): 337–44.Google Scholar
Rose, Charles Brian. “The Parthians in Augustan Rome.” American Journal of Archaeology 109.1 (2005): 21–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowland, Ingrid D. The Culture of the High Renaissance: Ancients and Moderns in Sixteenth-Century Rome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Serés, Guillermo. La traducción en Italia y España durante el siglo xv: La “Iliade en romance” y su contexto cultural. Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 1997.Google Scholar
Shearman, John. “Raphael, Rome, and the Codex Escurialensis.” Master Drawings 15.2 (1977): 107–46.Google Scholar
Shearman, John. Raphael in Early Modern Sources (1483–1602). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Stinger, Charles. The Renaissance in Rome. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Suárez-Somonte, Pilar Saquero, and Rolán, Tomás González. “Sobre la presencia en España de la versión latina de la Ilíada de Pier Candido Decembrio: Edición de la Vita Homeri y de su traducción castellana.” Cuadernos de Filologia Clásica: Estudios Latinos 21 (1988): 319–44.Google Scholar
Suárez-Somonte, Pilar Saquero, and Rolán, Tomás González. “Actitudes renacentistas en Castilla durante el siglo XV: La correspondencia entre Alfonso de Cartagena y Pier Cándido Decembrio.” Cuadernos de Filologia Clásica: Estudios Latinos 1 (1991): 195–232.Google Scholar
Tafuri, Manfredo. Interpreting the Renaissance: Princes, Cities, Architects. Trans. Daniel Sherer. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Tavoni, Mirko. “On the Renaissance Idea That Latin Derives from Greek.” Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, s. 3, 16.1 (1986): 205–38.Google Scholar
Taylor, Paul. “Julius II and the Stanza della Segnatura.” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 72 (2009): 103–41.Google Scholar
Thomas, Ben, and Whistler, Catherine. Raphael: The Drawings. Oxford: Ashmolean Museum, 2017.Google Scholar
Torrent, Susanna Allés. “Le Vite di Omero tradotte da Pellegrino degli Agli.” In Coexistence and Cooperation in the Middle Ages, ed. Musco, Alessandro and Musotto, Giuliana, 149–62. Palermo: Officina di Studi Medievali, 2014.Google Scholar
Vasari, Giorgio. Le vite de'più eccellenti pittori, scultori, e architettori. Florence: Nell'edizione per i tipi della Giunti, 1568.Google Scholar
Verdier, Philippe. “Bramante's ‘Belvedere’ and a Painting by Raffaello dal Colle in the Walters Art Gallery.” Journal of the Walters Art Gallery 41 (1983): 45–58.Google Scholar
Walton, Francis R. “Gennadion Notes, II: Incunabula in the Gennadius Library.” Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens 32.2 (1963): 209–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weikert, Heidrun-Edda. “Ruskin, Pater, Symonds und Raffaels ‘Stanza della Segnatura’: Früh- und spätviktorianische Perspektiven.” Archiv für Kulturgeschichte 79.1 (1991): 83–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wickhoff, Franz. “Die Bibliothek Julius II.” Jahrbuch der königlich preussischen Kunstsammlungen 14 (1893): 49–64.Google Scholar
Winner, Matthias. “Zum Nachleben des Laokoon in der Renaissance.” Jahrbuch der Berliner Museen 16 (1974): 83–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar