Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T14:54:12.557Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Material Piety: Science and Religious Culture in Seventeenth-Century Portugal

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 December 2021

Nuno Castel-Branco*
Affiliation:
Max Planck Institute for the History of Science

Abstract

In seventeenth-century Lisbon, Jesuit mathematicians taught their students how to build blood-ejecting crucifixes and similar religious devices. Together with the activities of experts in the canonization of Isabel of Portugal and in other contexts, these situations represent rare instances in which religious devotion interacted directly with science. Informed by the histories of science, art, and religion, this essay argues that a piety centered on materiality fostered these scientific practices, which became religious ministries in themselves. This analysis brings new light to lasting debates on science and religion and to the purpose of practicing science in the early modern period.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by the Renaissance Society of America

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

This article benefited much from the advice of many scholars and friends. I am especially thankful to Stephen Campbell, Leonor Castel-Branco, Henrique Leitão, Gianna Pomata, María Portuondo, Lawrence Principe, Erin Rowe (and those at the 2018/19 Iberian seminar at Johns Hopkins University), and Jessica Wolfe, who all read previous versions of this article, sometimes more than once. Research in Portugal and Rome was supported by the Charles Singleton Center for the Study of Premodern Europe.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu (ARSI), Rome, Lusitania 57.Google Scholar
Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (ANTT), Lisbon, Manuscritos da Livraria 1770, fols. 95r–120v. Giovanni Paolo Lembo. “Tratado Breve das Máquinas Hidráulicas.” 1617.Google Scholar
ANTT, Manuscritos da Livraria 2340 (4), fols. 150r–165v. Johann Chrysostomus Gall. “Tratado da Mechanica.” 1623.Google Scholar
Biblioteca da Ajuda, Lisbon, 46-VIII-23, doc. 1. Luíz Gonzaga. Conclusiones Theologicas pro Mysterio Incarnationis . . . Defendet Aloisius Gonzaga. Coimbra, 1697.Google Scholar
Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal (BNP), Lisbon, Cod. 4333. Hendrick Uwens. “Tratado da Estática.” 1645.Google Scholar
BNP, Cod. 8446. “Auto do processo . . . na causa de canonização da Beata dona Isabel.” 1612.Google Scholar
BNP, R. 6512/1 A. João Rocha and André Palmeiro. Conclusiones ex Tertia Theologiae Parte . . . Utrum Adamo non Peccante Futura Esset Divini Verbi Incarnatio. Coimbra, 1614.Google Scholar
BNP, Res. 2442 V. Missale Romanvum ex Decreto . . .Tridentini . . . Coimbra, 1583.Google Scholar
Biblioteca Pública de Évora, Évora, CXXVI/2-7. Hendrick Uwens. “Tratado Mathematico da Estatica.” 1645.Google Scholar
Antonelli, Francesco. De Inquisitione Medico-Legali super Miraculis in Causis Beatificationis et Canonizationis. Rome: Pontificium Athenaeum Antonianum, 1962.Google Scholar
Aquinas, Thomas. Summa Theologiae. Ed. Gilby, Thomas, OP. 61 vols. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1964–76.Google Scholar
Aristotle. Minor Works. Trans. Hett, Walter S.. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1955.Google Scholar
The Ashgate Research Companion to the Counter-Reformation. Ed. Bamji, Alexandra, Janssen, Geert, and Laven, Mary. Farnham: Ashgate, 2013.Google Scholar
Backer, Augustin de, de Backer, Alois, and Sommervogel, Carlos, eds. Bibliothèque des Écrivains de la Compagnie de Jésus. 3 vols. Paris, 1869–76.Google Scholar
Baldini, Ugo. “The Portuguese Assistancy of the Society of Jesus and Scientific Activities in Its Asian Missions until 1640.” In History of Mathematical Sciences: Portugal and East Asia, I–História das Ciências Matemáticas: Portugal e o Oriente, ed. Saraiva, Luís, 49104. Lisbon: Fundação Oriente, 2000.Google Scholar
Baldini, Ugo. “The Teaching of Mathematics in the Jesuit Colleges of Portugal from 1640 to Pombal.” In The Practice of Mathematics in Portugal, ed. Saraiva, Luís and Leitão, Henrique, 293721. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2004.Google Scholar
Baldini, Ugo. “Giovanni Paolo Lembo's Lessons in Lisbon: A Partial Content Analysis.” In Proceedings of the International Conference “History of Astronomy in Portugal”: Institutions, Theories, Practices, ed. Saraiva, Luís, 123–81. Porto: Sociedade Portuguesa de Astronomia, 2014.Google Scholar
Bartlett, Robert. Why Can the Dead Do Such Great Things? Saints and Worshippers from the Martyrs to the Reformation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Bertoloni Meli, Domenico. Thinking with Objects: The Transformation of Mechanics in the Seventeenth Century. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Biagioli, Mario. “The Social Status of Italian Mathematicians.” History of Science 27 (1989): 4195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bireley, Robert. The Refashioning of Catholicism, 1450–1700: A Reassessment of the Counter Reformation. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1999.10.1007/978-1-349-27548-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bireley, Robert. “Redefining Catholicism: Trent and Beyond.” In The Cambridge History of Christianity: Vol. 6 (2008), 145–61.Google Scholar
Bouley, Bradford. Pious Postmortems: Anatomy, Sanctity, and the Catholic Church in Early Modern Europe. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Braga, Teófilo. Historia da Universidade de Coimbra nas Suas Relações com a Instrucção Publica Portugueza. 4 vols. Lisbon: Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, 18921902.Google Scholar
Brockey, Liam. Journey to the East: The Jesuit Mission to China, 1579–1724. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brockey, Liam. The Visitor: André Palmeiro and the Jesuits in Asia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brockey, Liam. “The Cruelest Honor: The Relics of Francis Xavier in Early-Modern Asia.” Catholic Historical Review 101 (2015): 4164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, Peter. The Cult of the Saints: Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981.Google Scholar
Brown, Peter. The Body and Society: Men, Women, and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Bynum, Caroline Walker. The Resurrection of the Body in Western Christianity, 200–1336. New York: Columbia University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Bynum, Caroline Walker. Wonderful Blood: Theology and Practice in Late Medieval Northern Germany and Beyond. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Bynum, Caroline Walker. Christian Materiality: An Essay on Religion in Late Medieval Europe. New York: Zone Books, 2011.Google Scholar
The Cambridge History of Christianity: Vol. 6, Reform and Expansion, 1500–1660. Ed. Po-Chia Hsia, R.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Castel-Branco, Nuno. “From Flanders to Lisbon to the Mughal Empire: Hendrick Uwens and the Mathematical Backstage of a Jesuit Missionary's Life.” Early Science and Medicine 25.3 (2020): 126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castelli, Benedetto. Della Misura dell'Acque Correnti. Rome, 1628.Google Scholar
Ceballos, Alfonso Rodríguez. “Image and Counter-Reformation in Spain and Spanish America.” In Sacred Spain: Art and Belief in the Spanish World (2010), 1535.Google Scholar
Chalmers, Alan. One Hundred Years of Pressure: Hydrostatics from Stevin to Newton. Cham: Springer, 2017.10.1007/978-3-319-56529-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christian, William Jr.Images as Beings in Early Modern Spain.” In Sacred Spain: Art and Belief in the Spanish World (2010), 75100.Google Scholar
Commandino, Federico. Heronis Alexandrinis Spiritalium Liber. Cambrai, 1583.Google Scholar
Costa, Antonio Carvalho da. Corografia Portugeza. Lisbon, 1706.Google Scholar
Costa, Luiz Monteiro da. O Engenheiro Jesuíta Stafford, Confessor do Marquês de Montalvão: Apontamentos para a História do Primeiro Vice-Rei do Brasil. Salvador: Centro de Estudos Bahianos, 1954.Google Scholar
Coyne, George, Hoskin, Michael A., and Pedersen, Olaf, eds. Gregorian Reform of the Calendar. Vatican City: Specola Vaticana, 1983.Google Scholar
Dal Monte, Guidobaldo. Mechanicorum Liber. Pisa, 1577.Google Scholar
Daston, Lorraine. “Marvelous Facts and Miraculous Evidence in Early Modern Europe.” Critical Inquiry 18.1 (1991): 93124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dear, Peter. “Miracles, Experiments, and the Ordinary Course of Nature.” Isis 81.4 (1990): 663–83.10.1086/355544CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Boer, Wietse. “The Counter-Reformation of the Senses.” In The Ashgate Research Companion (2013), 243–60.Google Scholar
de Boer, Wietse, and Göttler, Christine. “Introduction: The Sacred and the Sense in an Age of Reform.” In Religion and the Senses in Early Modern Europe (2013), 113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Della Porta, Giovanni Battista. Pnevmaticorvm Libri Tres. Naples, 1601.Google Scholar
Ditchfield, Simon. Liturgy, Sanctity and History in Tridentine Italy: Pietro Maria Campi and the Preservation of the Particular. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Ditchfield, Simon. “Tridentine Worship and the Cult of Saints.” In The Cambridge History of Christianity: Vol. 6 (2008), 201–24.Google Scholar
Drake, Stillman. Galileo: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dugas, René. A History of Mechanics. New York: Dover Publications, 1988.Google Scholar
Dupré, Sven. “Jesuit Responses to Kepler's New Theory of Images.” In Religion and the Senses in Early Modern Europe (2013), 473–87.Google Scholar
Dupré, Sven. Review of Baroque Science, by Ofer Gal and Raz Chen-Morris. Early Science and Medicine 19.4 (2014): 373–75.10.1163/15733823-00194p06CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eire, Carlos. Reformations: The Early Modern World, 1450–1650. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Febvre, Lucien. The Problem of Unbelief in the Sixteenth Century: The Religion of Rabelais. Trans. Beatrice Gottlieb. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982.Google Scholar
Feingold, Mordechai. “Science as Calling? The Early Modern Dilemma.” Science in Context 15.1 (2002): 79119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feingold, Mordechai. “Jesuits: Savants.” In Jesuit Science and the Republic of Letters, ed. Feingold, Mordechai, 145. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Feldhay, Rivka. “On Wonderful Machines: The Transmission of Mechanical Knowledge by Jesuits.” Science and Education 15 (2006): 151–72.10.1007/s11191-005-2433-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldhay, Rivka. “Thomist Epistemology of Faith: The Road from ‘Scientia’ to Science.” Science in Context 20.3 (2007): 401–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fortescue, Adrian. “Gospel in the Liturgy.” In The Catholic Encyclopedia, 6:659–63. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909.Google Scholar
Fumaroli, Marc. L'Age de L'Eloquence: Rhétorique et “res literaria” de la Renaissance au seuil de l’époque Classique. Geneva: Droz, 1980.Google Scholar
Funkenstein, Amos. Theology and the Scientific Imagination: From the Middle Ages to the Seventeenth Century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Galinsky, Karl. The Herakles Theme: The Adaptations of the Hero in Literature from Homer to the Twentieth Century. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1972.Google Scholar
Geary, Patrick J. Furta Sacra: Thefts of Relics in the Central Middle Ages. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibbons, Richard. Historiae Admirandae . . . de Praecipuis Incarnati Verbi Mysteriis. Douay, 1616.Google Scholar
Giurgevich, Luana. “Visiting Old Libraries: Scientific Books in the Religious Institutions of Early Modern Portugal.” Early Science and Medicine 21 (2016): 252–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guldin, Paul. De Centro Gravitatis Trium Specierum Quantitatis Continuae. Vienna, 1635.Google Scholar
Hall, Marcia. “Introduction.” In The Sensuous in the Counter-Reformation Church (2013), 120.Google Scholar
Harbison, Robert. Reflections on Baroque. London: Reaktion Books, 2000.Google Scholar
Harrison, Peter. The Fall of Man and the Foundations of Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Heeffer, Albrecht. “Identifying Adequate Models in Physico-Mathematics: Descartes’ Analysis of the Rainbow.” In Model-Based Reasoning in Science and Technology: Theoretical and Cognitive Issues, ed. Lorenzo, Magnani, 431–48. Berlin: Springer, 2013.Google Scholar
Heilbron, John. The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar Observatories. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Heilbron, John. Galileo. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Hellyer, Marcus. Catholic Physics: Jesuit Natural Philosophy in Early Modern Germany. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Howe, Nicholas, ed. Ceremonial Culture in Pre-Modern Europe. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Hsia, Florence. Sojourners in a Strange Land: Jesuits and Their Scientific Missions in Late Imperial China. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.10.7208/chicago/9780226355610.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janninck, Conrad, du Sollier, Jean-Baptiste, and Pinnius, Joannes. Acta Sanctorum Julii . . . Tomus II. Antwerp, 1721.Google Scholar
Jorink, Eric. Reading the Book of Nature in the Dutch Golden Age, 1575–1715. Trans. Mason, Peter. Leiden: Brill, 2010.Google Scholar
Jungmann, Joseph. The Mass of the Roman Rite: Its Origin and Development. 2 vols. New York: Benziger, 1951–55.Google Scholar
Keitt, Andrew. “Religious Enthusiasm, the Spanish Inquisition, and the Disenchantment of the World.” Journal of the History of Ideas 65.2 (2004): 231–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kemp, Martin. The Science of Art: Optical Themes in Western Art from Brunelleschi to Seurat. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Kimmel, Seth. “Automatons and the Early Modern Drama of Skepticism.” In Science on Stage in Early Modern Spain (2019), 210–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuhn, Thomas. “Mathematical versus Experimental Traditions in the Development of Physical Science.” In The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change, 3165. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lattis, James. Between Copernicus and Galileo: Christoph Clavius and the Collapse of Ptolemaic Cosmology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lavin, Irving. “Bernini's Death.” Art Bulletin 54.2 (1972): 159–86.Google Scholar
Lazure, Guy. “Possessing the Sacred: Monarchy and Identity in Philip II's Relic Collection at the Escorial.” Renaissance Quarterly 60.1 (2007): 5893.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leitão, Henrique. “The First Telescopes in Portugal.” In Actas do 1° Congresso Luso-Brasileiro de História da Ciência e da Técnica, 107–18. Évora: Universidade de Évora, 2001.Google Scholar
Leitão, Henrique. “Jesuit Mathematical Practice in Portugal, 1540–1759.” In The New Science and Jesuit Science: Seventeenth Century Perspectives, ed. Feingold, Mordechai, 229–47. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leitão, Henrique. A Ciência na Aula da Esfera no Colégio de Santo Antão, 1590–1759. Lisbon: Comissariado Geral das Comemorações do V Centenário do Nascimento de São Francisco Xavier, 2007.Google Scholar
Long, Pamela. Openness, Secrecy, Authorship: Technical Arts and the Culture of Knowledge from Antiquity to the Renaissance. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Long, Pamela. Engineering the Eternal City: Infrastructure, Topography, and the Culture of Knowledge in Late Sixteenth-Century Rome. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loyola, Ignatius. The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius. Trans. Puhl, Louis. New York: Vintage Books, 2000.Google Scholar
Lyon, J. Vanessa. “Full of Grace: Lactation, Expression and ‘Colorito’ Painting in Some Early Works by Rubens.” In Medieval and Renaissance Lactations (2013), 255–77.Google Scholar
Macuglia, Daniele. “Newtonianism and Information Control in Rome at the Wake of the Eighteenth Century.Annals of Science 77.1 (2020): 108–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Magalhães, Pablo Antonio. “Equus Rusus: A Igreja Católica e as Guerras Neerlandesas na Bahia (1624–1654).” PhD diss., Universidade Federal da Bahia, 2010.Google Scholar
Mainz, Valerie, and Stafford, Emma. “Introduction: The Transmission of a Classical Tradition in Theory and Practice.” In The Exemplary Hercules from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment and Beyond, ed. Mainz, Valerie and Stafford, Emma, 121. Leiden: Brill, 2020Google Scholar
Marcaida, Jose, and Pimentel, Juan. “Dead Natures or Still Life? Science, Art and Collecting in the Spanish Baroque.” In Collecting across Cultures: Material Exchanges in the Early Modern Atlantic World, ed. Bleichmar, Daniela and Mancall, Peter C., 99–115, 304–07. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Martin, John. “Immagini della Virtù: The Paintings of the Camerino Farnese.” Art Bulletin 38. 2 (1956): 91–112.Google Scholar
Mártires, Bartolomeu dos. Catecismo ou Doutrina Cristã e Práticas Espirituais. Ed. da Cunha, Arlindo Ribeiro. Porto: Ed. do Movimento Bartolomeano, 1962.Google Scholar
McHugh, John A., and Callan, Charles J., trans. Catechism of the Council of Trent for Parish Priests: Issued by Order of Pope Pius V. Rockford, IL: Tan Books, 1982.Google Scholar
Medieval and Renaissance Lactations: Images, Rhetorics, Practices. Ed. Sperling, Jutta Gisela. Farnham: Ashgate, 2013.Google Scholar
Melion, Walter. The Meditative Art: Studies in the Northern Devotional Print, 1550–1625. Philadelphia, PA: St. Joseph's University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Mello, Magno, and Leitão, Henrique. “A Pintura Barroca e a Cultura Matemática dos Jesuítas: O Tratado de Prospectiva de Inácio Vieira, S.J. (1715).” Revista de História da Arte 1 (2005): 95142.Google Scholar
Montanari, Tomaso. La Libertà di Bernini: La sovranità dell'artista e le regole del potere. Turin: Giulio Einaudi Editore, 2016.Google Scholar
Norman, Larry, ed. The Theatrical Baroque. Chicago: David and Alfred Smart Museum of Art; University of Chicago Press, 2001.Google Scholar
O'Malley, John W. The First Jesuits. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
O'Malley, John W. Trent and All That: Renaming Catholicism in the Early Modern Era. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
O'Malley, John W.Trent, Sacred Images, and Catholics’ Senses of the Sensuous.” In The Sensuous in the Counter-Reformation Church (2013), 2848.Google Scholar
Paiva, José Pedro. “Spain and Portugal.” In A Companion to the Reformation World, ed. Po-Chia Hsia, R., 291310. Oxford: Blackwell, 2004.Google Scholar
Pereda, Felipe. Crime and Illusion: The Art of Truth in the Spanish Golden Age. Turnhout: Harvey Miller, 2018.Google Scholar
Pomata, Gianna. “A Christian Utopia of the Renaissance: Elena Duglioli's Spiritual and Physical Motherhood (ca. 1510–1520).” In Von der dargestellten Person zum erinnerten Ich: Europäische Selbstzeugnisse als historische Quellen (1500–1850), ed. Greyerz, Kaspar von, Medick, Hans, and Veit, Patrice, 323–53. Cologne: Böhlau Verlag, 2001.Google Scholar
Pomata, Gianna. “Malpighi and the Holy Body: Medical Experts and Miraculous Evidence in Seventeenth-Century Italy.” Rennaissance Studies 21.4 (2007): 568–86.10.1111/j.1477-4658.2007.00463.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pomata, Gianna. “The Devil's Advocate among the Physicians: What Prospero Lambertini Learned from Medical Sources.” In Benedict XIV and the Enlightenment: Art, Science and Spirituality, ed. Messbarger, Rebecca, Johns, Christopher M. S., and Gavitt, Philip, 120–50. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2016.10.3138/9781442624757-010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Portuondo, María. “Conclusion: Looking Behind the Curtain; Clues of Early Modern Spanish Science.” In Science on Stage in Early Modern Spain (2019a), 250–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Portuondo, María. The Spanish Disquiet: The Biblical Natural Philosophy of Benito Arias Montano. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019b.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Preti, Cesare, and Ercolino, Maria G.. Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, s.v. “Grassi, Orazio.” 2002. http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/.Google Scholar
Religion and the Senses in Early Modern Europe. Ed. Boer, Wietse de and Göttler, Christine. Leiden: Brill, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodrigues, Francisco. História da Companhia de Jesus na Assistência de Portugal. Tome 3, A Província Portuguesa no Século XVII 1615–1700, vol. 1, Nos Colégios—Nas Ciências e Letras—Na Côrte. Porto: Apostolado da Imprensa, 1944.Google Scholar
Roe, Jeremy. “Nature and Beauty in Velázquez's Representations of Christ.” In Imagery, Spirituality and Ideology in Baroque Spain and Latin America, ed. Roe, Jeremy and Bustillo, Marta, 8596. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2010.Google Scholar
Rowe, Erin. Saint and Nation: Santiago, Teresa of Avila, and Plural Identities in Early Modern Spain. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Sacred Spain: Art and Belief in the Spanish World. Ed. Kasl, Ronda. Indianapolis, IN: Indianapolis Museum of Art, 2010.Google Scholar
Saldanha, Sandra, and de Carvalho, Maria João V.. “O pai dos Cristos”: Esculturas de Manuel Dias (1688–1755). Lisbon: Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga, 2018.Google Scholar
Sanger, Alice, and Walker, Siv Tove, eds. Sense and the Senses in Early Modern Art and Cultural Practice. Farnham: Ashgate, 2012.Google Scholar
Santo-Tomás, Enrique García. “Introduction: Great Theaters of the World.Science on Stage in Early Modern Spain (2019), 321.Google Scholar
Schmitz, Leonhard. “Heracles (‘Ηρακλής), and in Latin Hercules.” In A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, ed. Smith, William, 2:393401. London, 1880.Google Scholar
Science on Stage in Early Modern Spain. Ed. Santo-Tomás, Enrique García. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2019.10.3138/9781487519346CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sempilius, Hugo. De Mathematicis Disciplinis Libri Duodecim. Antwerp, 1635.Google Scholar
The Sensuous in the Counter-Reformation Church. Ed. Hall, Marcia and Cooper, Tracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Shore, Paul. “Counter-Reformation Drama.” In The Ashgate Research Companion (2013), 355–72.Google Scholar
Siraisi, Nancy. “Signs and Evidence: Autopsy and Sanctity in Late Sixteenth-Century Italy.” In Medicine and the Italian Universities, 1250–1600, ed. Siraisi, Nancy, 356–80. Leiden: Brill, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sollier, Joseph. “Precious Blood.” In The Catholic Encyclopedia, 12:372–73. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911.Google Scholar
Sousa Viterbo, Francisco. Diccionario Historico e Documental dos Architectos, Engenheiros e Constructores Portugueses. 3 vols. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 18991922.Google Scholar
Sperling, Jutta Gisela. “Introduction.” In Medieval and Renaissance Lactations (2013), 120.Google Scholar
Sperling, Jutta Gisela. “Squeezing, Squirting, Spilling Milk: The Lactation of Saint Bernard and the Flemish Madonna Lactans (ca. 1430–1530).” Renaissance Quarterly 71.3 (2018): 868918.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stafford, Ignace. Elementos Mathematicos por el Padre Ignacio Stafford de la Compañia de IHS. Lisbon, 1634.Google Scholar
Tarrant, Neil. “Giambattista Della Porta and the Roman Inquisition: Censorship and the Definition of Nature's Limits in Sixteenth-Century Italy.British Journal for the History of Science 46.4 (2013): 601–25.10.1017/S0007087412000684CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tertullian. De resurrectione mortuorum. Trans Evans, Ernest. London: SPCK, 1960.Google Scholar
Touber, Jetze. Law, Medicine and Engineering in the Cult of the Saints in Counter-Reformation Rome: The Hagiographical Works of Antonio Gallonio, 1556–1605. Leiden: Brill, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valleriani, Matteo. Galileo Engineer. Dordrecht: Springer, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Leeuwen, Joyce. The Aristotelian “Mechanics”: Text and Diagrams. London: Springer, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vasconcelos, Antonio de. Evolução do Culto de Dona Isabel de Aragão. 2 vols. Coimbra, 1894.Google Scholar
Waddell, Mark. Jesuit Science and the End of Nature's Secrets. Farnham: Ashgate, 2015.Google Scholar
Wandel, Lee. The Eucharist in the Reformation: Incarnation and Liturgy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Warwick, Genevieve. Bernini: Art as Theater. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Waterworth, James, trans. Canons and Decrees of the Sacred and Ecumenical Council of Trent. London, 1848.Google Scholar
Wunder, Amanda. Baroque Seville: Sacred Art in a Century of Crisis. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Zampelli, Michael. “Lascivi Spettacoli’: Jesuits and Theater (from the Underside).” In The Jesuits II: Cultures, Sciences, and the Arts, 1540–1773, ed. O'Malley, John, Bailey, Gauvin A., Harris, Steven J., et al., 550–71. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Ziegler, Joseph. “Practitioners and Saints: Medical Men in Canonization Processes in the Thirteenth to Fifteenth CenturiesSocial History of Medicine 12.2 (1999): 191225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu (ARSI), Rome, Lusitania 57.Google Scholar
Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (ANTT), Lisbon, Manuscritos da Livraria 1770, fols. 95r–120v. Giovanni Paolo Lembo. “Tratado Breve das Máquinas Hidráulicas.” 1617.Google Scholar
ANTT, Manuscritos da Livraria 2340 (4), fols. 150r–165v. Johann Chrysostomus Gall. “Tratado da Mechanica.” 1623.Google Scholar
Biblioteca da Ajuda, Lisbon, 46-VIII-23, doc. 1. Luíz Gonzaga. Conclusiones Theologicas pro Mysterio Incarnationis . . . Defendet Aloisius Gonzaga. Coimbra, 1697.Google Scholar
Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal (BNP), Lisbon, Cod. 4333. Hendrick Uwens. “Tratado da Estática.” 1645.Google Scholar
BNP, Cod. 8446. “Auto do processo . . . na causa de canonização da Beata dona Isabel.” 1612.Google Scholar
BNP, R. 6512/1 A. João Rocha and André Palmeiro. Conclusiones ex Tertia Theologiae Parte . . . Utrum Adamo non Peccante Futura Esset Divini Verbi Incarnatio. Coimbra, 1614.Google Scholar
BNP, Res. 2442 V. Missale Romanvum ex Decreto . . .Tridentini . . . Coimbra, 1583.Google Scholar
Biblioteca Pública de Évora, Évora, CXXVI/2-7. Hendrick Uwens. “Tratado Mathematico da Estatica.” 1645.Google Scholar
Antonelli, Francesco. De Inquisitione Medico-Legali super Miraculis in Causis Beatificationis et Canonizationis. Rome: Pontificium Athenaeum Antonianum, 1962.Google Scholar
Aquinas, Thomas. Summa Theologiae. Ed. Gilby, Thomas, OP. 61 vols. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1964–76.Google Scholar
Aristotle. Minor Works. Trans. Hett, Walter S.. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1955.Google Scholar
The Ashgate Research Companion to the Counter-Reformation. Ed. Bamji, Alexandra, Janssen, Geert, and Laven, Mary. Farnham: Ashgate, 2013.Google Scholar
Backer, Augustin de, de Backer, Alois, and Sommervogel, Carlos, eds. Bibliothèque des Écrivains de la Compagnie de Jésus. 3 vols. Paris, 1869–76.Google Scholar
Baldini, Ugo. “The Portuguese Assistancy of the Society of Jesus and Scientific Activities in Its Asian Missions until 1640.” In History of Mathematical Sciences: Portugal and East Asia, I–História das Ciências Matemáticas: Portugal e o Oriente, ed. Saraiva, Luís, 49104. Lisbon: Fundação Oriente, 2000.Google Scholar
Baldini, Ugo. “The Teaching of Mathematics in the Jesuit Colleges of Portugal from 1640 to Pombal.” In The Practice of Mathematics in Portugal, ed. Saraiva, Luís and Leitão, Henrique, 293721. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2004.Google Scholar
Baldini, Ugo. “Giovanni Paolo Lembo's Lessons in Lisbon: A Partial Content Analysis.” In Proceedings of the International Conference “History of Astronomy in Portugal”: Institutions, Theories, Practices, ed. Saraiva, Luís, 123–81. Porto: Sociedade Portuguesa de Astronomia, 2014.Google Scholar
Bartlett, Robert. Why Can the Dead Do Such Great Things? Saints and Worshippers from the Martyrs to the Reformation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Bertoloni Meli, Domenico. Thinking with Objects: The Transformation of Mechanics in the Seventeenth Century. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Biagioli, Mario. “The Social Status of Italian Mathematicians.” History of Science 27 (1989): 4195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bireley, Robert. The Refashioning of Catholicism, 1450–1700: A Reassessment of the Counter Reformation. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1999.10.1007/978-1-349-27548-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bireley, Robert. “Redefining Catholicism: Trent and Beyond.” In The Cambridge History of Christianity: Vol. 6 (2008), 145–61.Google Scholar
Bouley, Bradford. Pious Postmortems: Anatomy, Sanctity, and the Catholic Church in Early Modern Europe. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Braga, Teófilo. Historia da Universidade de Coimbra nas Suas Relações com a Instrucção Publica Portugueza. 4 vols. Lisbon: Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, 18921902.Google Scholar
Brockey, Liam. Journey to the East: The Jesuit Mission to China, 1579–1724. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brockey, Liam. The Visitor: André Palmeiro and the Jesuits in Asia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brockey, Liam. “The Cruelest Honor: The Relics of Francis Xavier in Early-Modern Asia.” Catholic Historical Review 101 (2015): 4164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, Peter. The Cult of the Saints: Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981.Google Scholar
Brown, Peter. The Body and Society: Men, Women, and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Bynum, Caroline Walker. The Resurrection of the Body in Western Christianity, 200–1336. New York: Columbia University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Bynum, Caroline Walker. Wonderful Blood: Theology and Practice in Late Medieval Northern Germany and Beyond. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Bynum, Caroline Walker. Christian Materiality: An Essay on Religion in Late Medieval Europe. New York: Zone Books, 2011.Google Scholar
The Cambridge History of Christianity: Vol. 6, Reform and Expansion, 1500–1660. Ed. Po-Chia Hsia, R.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Castel-Branco, Nuno. “From Flanders to Lisbon to the Mughal Empire: Hendrick Uwens and the Mathematical Backstage of a Jesuit Missionary's Life.” Early Science and Medicine 25.3 (2020): 126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castelli, Benedetto. Della Misura dell'Acque Correnti. Rome, 1628.Google Scholar
Ceballos, Alfonso Rodríguez. “Image and Counter-Reformation in Spain and Spanish America.” In Sacred Spain: Art and Belief in the Spanish World (2010), 1535.Google Scholar
Chalmers, Alan. One Hundred Years of Pressure: Hydrostatics from Stevin to Newton. Cham: Springer, 2017.10.1007/978-3-319-56529-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christian, William Jr.Images as Beings in Early Modern Spain.” In Sacred Spain: Art and Belief in the Spanish World (2010), 75100.Google Scholar
Commandino, Federico. Heronis Alexandrinis Spiritalium Liber. Cambrai, 1583.Google Scholar
Costa, Antonio Carvalho da. Corografia Portugeza. Lisbon, 1706.Google Scholar
Costa, Luiz Monteiro da. O Engenheiro Jesuíta Stafford, Confessor do Marquês de Montalvão: Apontamentos para a História do Primeiro Vice-Rei do Brasil. Salvador: Centro de Estudos Bahianos, 1954.Google Scholar
Coyne, George, Hoskin, Michael A., and Pedersen, Olaf, eds. Gregorian Reform of the Calendar. Vatican City: Specola Vaticana, 1983.Google Scholar
Dal Monte, Guidobaldo. Mechanicorum Liber. Pisa, 1577.Google Scholar
Daston, Lorraine. “Marvelous Facts and Miraculous Evidence in Early Modern Europe.” Critical Inquiry 18.1 (1991): 93124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dear, Peter. “Miracles, Experiments, and the Ordinary Course of Nature.” Isis 81.4 (1990): 663–83.10.1086/355544CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Boer, Wietse. “The Counter-Reformation of the Senses.” In The Ashgate Research Companion (2013), 243–60.Google Scholar
de Boer, Wietse, and Göttler, Christine. “Introduction: The Sacred and the Sense in an Age of Reform.” In Religion and the Senses in Early Modern Europe (2013), 113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Della Porta, Giovanni Battista. Pnevmaticorvm Libri Tres. Naples, 1601.Google Scholar
Ditchfield, Simon. Liturgy, Sanctity and History in Tridentine Italy: Pietro Maria Campi and the Preservation of the Particular. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Ditchfield, Simon. “Tridentine Worship and the Cult of Saints.” In The Cambridge History of Christianity: Vol. 6 (2008), 201–24.Google Scholar
Drake, Stillman. Galileo: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dugas, René. A History of Mechanics. New York: Dover Publications, 1988.Google Scholar
Dupré, Sven. “Jesuit Responses to Kepler's New Theory of Images.” In Religion and the Senses in Early Modern Europe (2013), 473–87.Google Scholar
Dupré, Sven. Review of Baroque Science, by Ofer Gal and Raz Chen-Morris. Early Science and Medicine 19.4 (2014): 373–75.10.1163/15733823-00194p06CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eire, Carlos. Reformations: The Early Modern World, 1450–1650. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Febvre, Lucien. The Problem of Unbelief in the Sixteenth Century: The Religion of Rabelais. Trans. Beatrice Gottlieb. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982.Google Scholar
Feingold, Mordechai. “Science as Calling? The Early Modern Dilemma.” Science in Context 15.1 (2002): 79119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feingold, Mordechai. “Jesuits: Savants.” In Jesuit Science and the Republic of Letters, ed. Feingold, Mordechai, 145. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Feldhay, Rivka. “On Wonderful Machines: The Transmission of Mechanical Knowledge by Jesuits.” Science and Education 15 (2006): 151–72.10.1007/s11191-005-2433-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldhay, Rivka. “Thomist Epistemology of Faith: The Road from ‘Scientia’ to Science.” Science in Context 20.3 (2007): 401–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fortescue, Adrian. “Gospel in the Liturgy.” In The Catholic Encyclopedia, 6:659–63. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909.Google Scholar
Fumaroli, Marc. L'Age de L'Eloquence: Rhétorique et “res literaria” de la Renaissance au seuil de l’époque Classique. Geneva: Droz, 1980.Google Scholar
Funkenstein, Amos. Theology and the Scientific Imagination: From the Middle Ages to the Seventeenth Century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Galinsky, Karl. The Herakles Theme: The Adaptations of the Hero in Literature from Homer to the Twentieth Century. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1972.Google Scholar
Geary, Patrick J. Furta Sacra: Thefts of Relics in the Central Middle Ages. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibbons, Richard. Historiae Admirandae . . . de Praecipuis Incarnati Verbi Mysteriis. Douay, 1616.Google Scholar
Giurgevich, Luana. “Visiting Old Libraries: Scientific Books in the Religious Institutions of Early Modern Portugal.” Early Science and Medicine 21 (2016): 252–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guldin, Paul. De Centro Gravitatis Trium Specierum Quantitatis Continuae. Vienna, 1635.Google Scholar
Hall, Marcia. “Introduction.” In The Sensuous in the Counter-Reformation Church (2013), 120.Google Scholar
Harbison, Robert. Reflections on Baroque. London: Reaktion Books, 2000.Google Scholar
Harrison, Peter. The Fall of Man and the Foundations of Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Heeffer, Albrecht. “Identifying Adequate Models in Physico-Mathematics: Descartes’ Analysis of the Rainbow.” In Model-Based Reasoning in Science and Technology: Theoretical and Cognitive Issues, ed. Lorenzo, Magnani, 431–48. Berlin: Springer, 2013.Google Scholar
Heilbron, John. The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar Observatories. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Heilbron, John. Galileo. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Hellyer, Marcus. Catholic Physics: Jesuit Natural Philosophy in Early Modern Germany. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Howe, Nicholas, ed. Ceremonial Culture in Pre-Modern Europe. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Hsia, Florence. Sojourners in a Strange Land: Jesuits and Their Scientific Missions in Late Imperial China. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.10.7208/chicago/9780226355610.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janninck, Conrad, du Sollier, Jean-Baptiste, and Pinnius, Joannes. Acta Sanctorum Julii . . . Tomus II. Antwerp, 1721.Google Scholar
Jorink, Eric. Reading the Book of Nature in the Dutch Golden Age, 1575–1715. Trans. Mason, Peter. Leiden: Brill, 2010.Google Scholar
Jungmann, Joseph. The Mass of the Roman Rite: Its Origin and Development. 2 vols. New York: Benziger, 1951–55.Google Scholar
Keitt, Andrew. “Religious Enthusiasm, the Spanish Inquisition, and the Disenchantment of the World.” Journal of the History of Ideas 65.2 (2004): 231–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kemp, Martin. The Science of Art: Optical Themes in Western Art from Brunelleschi to Seurat. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Kimmel, Seth. “Automatons and the Early Modern Drama of Skepticism.” In Science on Stage in Early Modern Spain (2019), 210–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuhn, Thomas. “Mathematical versus Experimental Traditions in the Development of Physical Science.” In The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change, 3165. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lattis, James. Between Copernicus and Galileo: Christoph Clavius and the Collapse of Ptolemaic Cosmology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lavin, Irving. “Bernini's Death.” Art Bulletin 54.2 (1972): 159–86.Google Scholar
Lazure, Guy. “Possessing the Sacred: Monarchy and Identity in Philip II's Relic Collection at the Escorial.” Renaissance Quarterly 60.1 (2007): 5893.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leitão, Henrique. “The First Telescopes in Portugal.” In Actas do 1° Congresso Luso-Brasileiro de História da Ciência e da Técnica, 107–18. Évora: Universidade de Évora, 2001.Google Scholar
Leitão, Henrique. “Jesuit Mathematical Practice in Portugal, 1540–1759.” In The New Science and Jesuit Science: Seventeenth Century Perspectives, ed. Feingold, Mordechai, 229–47. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leitão, Henrique. A Ciência na Aula da Esfera no Colégio de Santo Antão, 1590–1759. Lisbon: Comissariado Geral das Comemorações do V Centenário do Nascimento de São Francisco Xavier, 2007.Google Scholar
Long, Pamela. Openness, Secrecy, Authorship: Technical Arts and the Culture of Knowledge from Antiquity to the Renaissance. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Long, Pamela. Engineering the Eternal City: Infrastructure, Topography, and the Culture of Knowledge in Late Sixteenth-Century Rome. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loyola, Ignatius. The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius. Trans. Puhl, Louis. New York: Vintage Books, 2000.Google Scholar
Lyon, J. Vanessa. “Full of Grace: Lactation, Expression and ‘Colorito’ Painting in Some Early Works by Rubens.” In Medieval and Renaissance Lactations (2013), 255–77.Google Scholar
Macuglia, Daniele. “Newtonianism and Information Control in Rome at the Wake of the Eighteenth Century.Annals of Science 77.1 (2020): 108–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Magalhães, Pablo Antonio. “Equus Rusus: A Igreja Católica e as Guerras Neerlandesas na Bahia (1624–1654).” PhD diss., Universidade Federal da Bahia, 2010.Google Scholar
Mainz, Valerie, and Stafford, Emma. “Introduction: The Transmission of a Classical Tradition in Theory and Practice.” In The Exemplary Hercules from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment and Beyond, ed. Mainz, Valerie and Stafford, Emma, 121. Leiden: Brill, 2020Google Scholar
Marcaida, Jose, and Pimentel, Juan. “Dead Natures or Still Life? Science, Art and Collecting in the Spanish Baroque.” In Collecting across Cultures: Material Exchanges in the Early Modern Atlantic World, ed. Bleichmar, Daniela and Mancall, Peter C., 99–115, 304–07. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Martin, John. “Immagini della Virtù: The Paintings of the Camerino Farnese.” Art Bulletin 38. 2 (1956): 91–112.Google Scholar
Mártires, Bartolomeu dos. Catecismo ou Doutrina Cristã e Práticas Espirituais. Ed. da Cunha, Arlindo Ribeiro. Porto: Ed. do Movimento Bartolomeano, 1962.Google Scholar
McHugh, John A., and Callan, Charles J., trans. Catechism of the Council of Trent for Parish Priests: Issued by Order of Pope Pius V. Rockford, IL: Tan Books, 1982.Google Scholar
Medieval and Renaissance Lactations: Images, Rhetorics, Practices. Ed. Sperling, Jutta Gisela. Farnham: Ashgate, 2013.Google Scholar
Melion, Walter. The Meditative Art: Studies in the Northern Devotional Print, 1550–1625. Philadelphia, PA: St. Joseph's University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Mello, Magno, and Leitão, Henrique. “A Pintura Barroca e a Cultura Matemática dos Jesuítas: O Tratado de Prospectiva de Inácio Vieira, S.J. (1715).” Revista de História da Arte 1 (2005): 95142.Google Scholar
Montanari, Tomaso. La Libertà di Bernini: La sovranità dell'artista e le regole del potere. Turin: Giulio Einaudi Editore, 2016.Google Scholar
Norman, Larry, ed. The Theatrical Baroque. Chicago: David and Alfred Smart Museum of Art; University of Chicago Press, 2001.Google Scholar
O'Malley, John W. The First Jesuits. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
O'Malley, John W. Trent and All That: Renaming Catholicism in the Early Modern Era. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
O'Malley, John W.Trent, Sacred Images, and Catholics’ Senses of the Sensuous.” In The Sensuous in the Counter-Reformation Church (2013), 2848.Google Scholar
Paiva, José Pedro. “Spain and Portugal.” In A Companion to the Reformation World, ed. Po-Chia Hsia, R., 291310. Oxford: Blackwell, 2004.Google Scholar
Pereda, Felipe. Crime and Illusion: The Art of Truth in the Spanish Golden Age. Turnhout: Harvey Miller, 2018.Google Scholar
Pomata, Gianna. “A Christian Utopia of the Renaissance: Elena Duglioli's Spiritual and Physical Motherhood (ca. 1510–1520).” In Von der dargestellten Person zum erinnerten Ich: Europäische Selbstzeugnisse als historische Quellen (1500–1850), ed. Greyerz, Kaspar von, Medick, Hans, and Veit, Patrice, 323–53. Cologne: Böhlau Verlag, 2001.Google Scholar
Pomata, Gianna. “Malpighi and the Holy Body: Medical Experts and Miraculous Evidence in Seventeenth-Century Italy.” Rennaissance Studies 21.4 (2007): 568–86.10.1111/j.1477-4658.2007.00463.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pomata, Gianna. “The Devil's Advocate among the Physicians: What Prospero Lambertini Learned from Medical Sources.” In Benedict XIV and the Enlightenment: Art, Science and Spirituality, ed. Messbarger, Rebecca, Johns, Christopher M. S., and Gavitt, Philip, 120–50. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2016.10.3138/9781442624757-010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Portuondo, María. “Conclusion: Looking Behind the Curtain; Clues of Early Modern Spanish Science.” In Science on Stage in Early Modern Spain (2019a), 250–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Portuondo, María. The Spanish Disquiet: The Biblical Natural Philosophy of Benito Arias Montano. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019b.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Preti, Cesare, and Ercolino, Maria G.. Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, s.v. “Grassi, Orazio.” 2002. http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/.Google Scholar
Religion and the Senses in Early Modern Europe. Ed. Boer, Wietse de and Göttler, Christine. Leiden: Brill, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodrigues, Francisco. História da Companhia de Jesus na Assistência de Portugal. Tome 3, A Província Portuguesa no Século XVII 1615–1700, vol. 1, Nos Colégios—Nas Ciências e Letras—Na Côrte. Porto: Apostolado da Imprensa, 1944.Google Scholar
Roe, Jeremy. “Nature and Beauty in Velázquez's Representations of Christ.” In Imagery, Spirituality and Ideology in Baroque Spain and Latin America, ed. Roe, Jeremy and Bustillo, Marta, 8596. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2010.Google Scholar
Rowe, Erin. Saint and Nation: Santiago, Teresa of Avila, and Plural Identities in Early Modern Spain. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Sacred Spain: Art and Belief in the Spanish World. Ed. Kasl, Ronda. Indianapolis, IN: Indianapolis Museum of Art, 2010.Google Scholar
Saldanha, Sandra, and de Carvalho, Maria João V.. “O pai dos Cristos”: Esculturas de Manuel Dias (1688–1755). Lisbon: Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga, 2018.Google Scholar
Sanger, Alice, and Walker, Siv Tove, eds. Sense and the Senses in Early Modern Art and Cultural Practice. Farnham: Ashgate, 2012.Google Scholar
Santo-Tomás, Enrique García. “Introduction: Great Theaters of the World.Science on Stage in Early Modern Spain (2019), 321.Google Scholar
Schmitz, Leonhard. “Heracles (‘Ηρακλής), and in Latin Hercules.” In A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, ed. Smith, William, 2:393401. London, 1880.Google Scholar
Science on Stage in Early Modern Spain. Ed. Santo-Tomás, Enrique García. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2019.10.3138/9781487519346CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sempilius, Hugo. De Mathematicis Disciplinis Libri Duodecim. Antwerp, 1635.Google Scholar
The Sensuous in the Counter-Reformation Church. Ed. Hall, Marcia and Cooper, Tracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Shore, Paul. “Counter-Reformation Drama.” In The Ashgate Research Companion (2013), 355–72.Google Scholar
Siraisi, Nancy. “Signs and Evidence: Autopsy and Sanctity in Late Sixteenth-Century Italy.” In Medicine and the Italian Universities, 1250–1600, ed. Siraisi, Nancy, 356–80. Leiden: Brill, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sollier, Joseph. “Precious Blood.” In The Catholic Encyclopedia, 12:372–73. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911.Google Scholar
Sousa Viterbo, Francisco. Diccionario Historico e Documental dos Architectos, Engenheiros e Constructores Portugueses. 3 vols. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 18991922.Google Scholar
Sperling, Jutta Gisela. “Introduction.” In Medieval and Renaissance Lactations (2013), 120.Google Scholar
Sperling, Jutta Gisela. “Squeezing, Squirting, Spilling Milk: The Lactation of Saint Bernard and the Flemish Madonna Lactans (ca. 1430–1530).” Renaissance Quarterly 71.3 (2018): 868918.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stafford, Ignace. Elementos Mathematicos por el Padre Ignacio Stafford de la Compañia de IHS. Lisbon, 1634.Google Scholar
Tarrant, Neil. “Giambattista Della Porta and the Roman Inquisition: Censorship and the Definition of Nature's Limits in Sixteenth-Century Italy.British Journal for the History of Science 46.4 (2013): 601–25.10.1017/S0007087412000684CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tertullian. De resurrectione mortuorum. Trans Evans, Ernest. London: SPCK, 1960.Google Scholar
Touber, Jetze. Law, Medicine and Engineering in the Cult of the Saints in Counter-Reformation Rome: The Hagiographical Works of Antonio Gallonio, 1556–1605. Leiden: Brill, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valleriani, Matteo. Galileo Engineer. Dordrecht: Springer, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Leeuwen, Joyce. The Aristotelian “Mechanics”: Text and Diagrams. London: Springer, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vasconcelos, Antonio de. Evolução do Culto de Dona Isabel de Aragão. 2 vols. Coimbra, 1894.Google Scholar
Waddell, Mark. Jesuit Science and the End of Nature's Secrets. Farnham: Ashgate, 2015.Google Scholar
Wandel, Lee. The Eucharist in the Reformation: Incarnation and Liturgy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Warwick, Genevieve. Bernini: Art as Theater. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Waterworth, James, trans. Canons and Decrees of the Sacred and Ecumenical Council of Trent. London, 1848.Google Scholar
Wunder, Amanda. Baroque Seville: Sacred Art in a Century of Crisis. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Zampelli, Michael. “Lascivi Spettacoli’: Jesuits and Theater (from the Underside).” In The Jesuits II: Cultures, Sciences, and the Arts, 1540–1773, ed. O'Malley, John, Bailey, Gauvin A., Harris, Steven J., et al., 550–71. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Ziegler, Joseph. “Practitioners and Saints: Medical Men in Canonization Processes in the Thirteenth to Fifteenth CenturiesSocial History of Medicine 12.2 (1999): 191225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed