1 My work is based primarily on the manuscript bibliography of books published in Paris in the sixteenth century compiled by Philippe Renouard in the early 1900s, kept in the Reserve of the Bibliotheque Nationale, and on the notarial records in the Minutier Central, a section of the National Archives in Paris. The latter is a collection of contracts passed before notaries in Paris in the ancien regime. In all I was able to find over 25 contracts of Charlotte Guillard which dealt with her business operations or family matters and which in effect allowed me to reconstruct her life. There is no monograph which deals exclusively with women publishers collectively or singly. The following studies mention women publishers, but none of them devote even one chapter to this aspect of publishing. de la Caille, J., Histoire de Vimprimerie et de la Ubrairie oil Von voit son progresjusqu'en 1689 (Paris, 1680 Google Scholar;rpt. Geneva, 1971); Claudin, A., Histoire de Vimprimerie en France aux XVe et XVIe siecles, 5 vols. (Paris, 1900 Google Scholar-15); Mellotec, P., Histoire economique de Vimprimerie (Paris, 1905)Google Scholar; Chauvet, P., Les ouvriers du livre en France des origines a la Revolution de 1789 (Paris, 1959)Google Scholar; Parent, Annie, Les Metiers du livre a Paris au XVIe siecle !S3S-is6o) (Geneva, 1974)Google Scholar. There are three articles, all of which are very short and now outdated, which deal with French women publishers: Lepreux, Georges, “Les correcteurs d'Yolande Bonhomme en 1545,” in Revue des Bibliotheques, 20(1910), 11–13 Google Scholar; Dumoulin, Joseph, “Charlotte Guillard imprimeur au XVIe siecle,” in Bulletin du Bibliophile et du Bibliothecaire, 1896, 579–584 Google Scholar; Becker, Beatrice L., “Charlotte Guillard, printer of the Renaissance,” in The Inland Printer, Dec. 1923, pp. 438–440 Google Scholar. The two articles cited above which deal with Charlotte Guillard, as well as an unpublished Master's thesis submitted to Columbia University in 1934 by Rasmussen, Ruth A., Two Exemplary Women of the French Renaissance: Claude Bectoz and Charlotte Guillard, pp. 14–27 Google Scholar, are based on Chevillier, Andre, L'Origine de Vimprimerie de Paris (Paris, 1694), pp. 148–150 Google Scholar. Two articles which deal with women printers in other countries are Susan V. Lenkey, “Printers’ wives in the age of Humanism,” in the Gutenberg-Jahrbuch, 1975, pp. 33 T-336, and Dorothy Gies, “Some Early Ladies of the Book Trade,” in Publisher's Weekly, Oct. 5, 1940, pp. 1421-1424.

2 Assuming that she was between the ages of 16 and 20 at her marriage in 1502 she would have been born between 1482 and 1486. Any later date would have made her a child bride and any earlier date would make her over seventy-five at her death.

3 Minutier Central, hereafter cited as M.C.LXXIII-II, March 10, 1548, “par la succession de feu Jacques Guillart et Guillemye Sancy jadis pere et mere desd. Charlotte et Jehanne Guillart.“

4 M.C.LXXIII-I6, March XII, 1550, “Charlotte Guillard veulle et accorde que si lad. Marguerite Guillard sa soeur …“; M.C.LXXIII-i 1, March 10, 1548, and M.C. LXXIII-14, Aug. 22, 1549; Coyecque, Ernest, Recueil d'actes notaries relatifs a I'histoire de Paris el de ses environs au XVIe siecle (Paris, 1905-22)Google Scholar, no. 352. This is an index and resume of one etude prior to 1555 (hereafter cited as Coyecque plus the contract number). No. 352 (M.C. XXXIII-VI, fol. 329, Jan. 17, 1522), is a marriage contract between Marye Challembert, daughter of Mace Challembert, merchant in Ferte-le-Bernard, and Mathurin Bandeau, candlemaker, in Paris, in which Charlotte Guillard and Claude Chevallon were witnesses. The contract states that Claude Chevallon was the father of the first wife of Mathurin, but it does not specifically state that Charlotte was the sister of Christine Guillard, the deceased mother of Mathurin Bandeau. However, it can be deduced that there was some relationship, as Charlotte gave money to Mathurin for his contribution to the marriage, and the daughter of the future couple, Madeleine Bandeau, was always referred to as her niece by Charlotte. A.N. Y 94 fol. 334”, April 25, I549- M.C. LXX-III 50, fol-. VII«XIX, July 4, 1556, “feu Jehan Guillard frere icelle Charlotte Guillard.“

5 A.N. Y 99 fol. 148, June 9, 1553, “le bon amour quelle porte a Perrette Aubers son arriere niece depresent demourant avec elle, fille du Mtre Denes Aubers et de Renee Laferon demourant a Sainct Calais pres du Mans. Lad. Renee niepce de lad. Guillars.” In her last will and testament she names Marye and Symonne Handerstein as her nieces as well as Marye Challembert, M.C. LXXHI-50, fol. VI⁶XXXVII, Jan. 15, 1557.

6 M.C. LXXIII-16, March XII, 1550, “Stipulant en ceste partie pour Marye Baugard sa niepce et fille de feu Jehan Baugard en son vivant demeurant a Connerre et de Marguerite Guillard.” Her other sister Jehanne Guillard lived in “Salaire paroisse de Vaularron payes du Maine’ (M.C. LXXIII-14, Aug. 22, 1549). Her brother “Jehan Guillard l'aisne demeurant a present la paroisse de Boulmcrie et auparavant en la paroisse du Pin” (M.C. LXXIII-21, July 19, 1555). However, in another contract he is called a bourgeois of Paris living on the Rue St. Jacques, so he must have moved around (M.C.LXXIII-2, Jan. 25, 1542). Her nephew Jehan Guillard lejeune lived in “Mennerie diocese du Mans” (M.C. LXXIII-21, July 19, 1555). Another niece lived in St. Calais; see footnote 5. M.C.XXXIII-VII, fol. 329, Jan. 17, 1522, Coyecque no. 352, “furent present en leur personnes Mace Challembert marchand drappier demeurant a la Ferte le Bernard en diocese du Maine.” M.C.LXXIII-i 1, March 10, 1548, and M.C. LXXIII-14, Aug. 22, 1549, “lad. Charlotte Guillart—apartient tant au fief dud. Vaularron que autres fiefs ct lieux assise au payes de Mans.”

7 M.C. LXXIII-n, March 10, 1548 and M.C. LXXIII-14, Aug. 22, 1549.

8 Renouard, Philippe, Repertoire des imprimeurs Parisiens, libraries, fondeurs de caractéres et correcteurs d'imprimerie depuis V introduction de l'imprimerie à Paris (1470) jusqu' à la fin du seizieme siecle (Paris, 1898 Google Scholar:rpt. Paris, 1965), pp. 189, 367: hereafter cited as Renouard, Repertoire. Renouard gave as her date of marriage 1502, but did not say what it was based on except the article by Dumoulin. Dumoulin-himself, however, did not give any documentation, and in another work by him, Vie et Oeuvres de Federic Morel (Paris, 1901), p. 14, he gave the date of her marriage as 1491, again without any documentation. I am inclined to accept the date of 1502 because that is when she said she began her printing career, and she could not have started before her marriage.

9 Renouard, Répertoire, pp. 366-367. Claudin thinks that Rembolt was the son of Renbolt d'Ehenheim who was a witness in the first civil suit of Gutenberg in Strasbourg in 1439. Claudin, Histoire, vol, 2, p. 553, footnote 2.

10 Gréard, Octave, Nos adieux a la vieille Sorbonne (Paris, 1893), p. 67 Google Scholar, “Et Ulrichus Guarinus, Celebris typographus Academiae Parisiensis.“

11 Renouard, Philippe, Documents sur les imprimcurs, libraires, … (Paris, 1901 Google Scholar; rpt. Geneva, 1969), p. 235, A.N. MM 281 fol.98^v, “Seront tenuz et promectent y faire bastir et construyre a leurs propres coustz et despens dedans deux ans prochain venans deux corps d'hostel de neuf, de bonnes et suffisantes matiercs, tant de maçonneric, charpenterie que couverture, jusques à la somme de six cents livres tournoys et plus, au dit d'ouvriers et gens ad ce congnoissans.“

12 'The works of St. Gregory published by Berthold Rembolt has the date in the colophon of December 10, 1518, but a copy of their edition of the Justinian code in the British Museum dated 1519 lists Vidua Berthold Rembolt as publisher. Consequently he must have died very late in 1518 or early 1519.

13 Renouard, Philippe, Imprimeurs etlibraires Parisiens du XVIe siàcle. Vol. 1, ABADA-Avril (Paris, 1964)Google Scholar; Vol. 2, BAALEU-BANVILLE (Paris, 1969). Renouard left his manuscript list of books published in the sixteenth century in Paris to the Bibliothéque Nationale. One can consult his manuscript in the Reserve at the B.N. for the rest of the alphabet.

14 Renouard, Repertoire, p. 184.

15 Coyecque, no. 228.

16 Renouard, Repertoire, p. 82.

17 Coyecque, no. 378; M.C. XXXIII-VI1, fol. 408, March 3, 1522. “Par devant luy personellment Claude Chevallon marchand libraire, bourgeois de Pans et Charlotte Guillard sa femme demeurant a Paris en la rue St. Jacques et Pierre Morengc marchand en Clermont en Auvergne … la quantite de douze cens cinquantc livres appellez les Euvrez Sainct Gregoire, qu'ilz ont faict imprimer en leur maison, au proufit d'eux et led. Morenge, lesquelz livres lesd. mariez seront tenux … debiter en leurd. maison au prouffit d'eux et dud. Morenge, au prix de XXX s.t. chascune piece, de la ventc desquelz iceulx mariez seront tenuz … rendre compte … aud. Morengc … et lui en bailler sa juste moitie, et pour tous lesquelz livres, papier et la facon desquelz livres lesd. mariez confessent avoir eu et receu dud. Morenge la sommc dc VIIII“huit livres … et ne pourront lesd. mariez en faire faire d'autrcs pareilz et semblables jusques à ce que lesd. XII^cL soient venduz… . “

18 The book referred to was probably the works of Gregory the Great, which the Bibliotheque Nationale catalogue listed as having been sold by Claude Chevallon (Apud C. Chevallon) with the mark of Berthold Rembolt at the end of the book. Murjanoff, Michael, “Zur Entstehungsgeschichte der Ausgaben Gregorii Magni Opera, 1518-1533,”in Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance, vol. 26 (1964), pp. 365–371.Google Scholar

19 Corroborative evidence that she continued to work in the publishing field after her marriage to Claude Chevallon is the statement by her corrector in 1538 that he had worked for her for many years. [Dionysius, the Areopagite. ] Georgii Pachymerae, … Paraphrasis in decern epistolas B. Dionysii Areopagitae . . . nunc … primum latio donata per Godejridum Tilmannum … Praefatio interpretis … quae esse possit vice apologiae pro libris B. Dionysii Areopagitae … (Paris, In aedibus viduae Claudii Chevallonii, 1538) “Adlectorem epistola,” p. 103-105.

20 Joannes Chrysostomus. Praesenti libro insunt haec: Sancti patris nostri Joannis Chrysostomi, … Enarratio in psalmum centesimum … Homilia habita quo tempore extra ecclesiam deprehensus est Eutropius, dequeparadiso, sive horto, et Scripturis; in illud item: Adstitit regina a dextris tuis (In Greek) (Paris, Apud Carolam Guillard, 1555). NUC, BN, Cambridge

21 Labarre, Albert, Le livre dans la pie amienoise du seizième siècle (Paris, 1971), pp. 319–321 Google Scholar. In an inventory of belongings after death of Jean Mouret were listed two books published by Charlotte. Mouret received a doctorate of theology from the University of Paris in 1536.

22 Parent, Les Metiers, pp. 229-230. The inventory of stock after the death of Galliot du Pre, bookseller, lists two works published by Charlotte Guillard. Some general studies which treat of Parisian reading tastes in the sixteenth century are: Doucet, Roger, Les Bibliotheques Parisiennes au XVIe Siècle (Paris, 1965)Google Scholar; Schutz, A.H., Vernacular books in Parisian Private libraries of the Sixteenth Century (Chapel Hill, 1955)Google Scholar; Martin, H.-J., “Ce qu'on lisait a Paris au XVIe siecle,” in Bibliotheque d'Humanisme et Renaissance, 21 (1959), pp. 222–230.Google Scholar

23 Biblia sacra iuxta vulgatam editionem. Secunda ed. J. Benedictus, ed. (Paris, Prostant apud (excud.) Carolam Guillard, et Gulielmum Desboys, 1549). Cambridge, BM

Biblia sacra iuxta vulgatam quam dicunt editionem, a mendis … repurgata ... loannis Benedicti industria … Annorumque a mundo creato ad Christum usque natum supputatione illustrata. 2 ed. (Paris, Prostant apud Carolam Guillard, et Gulielmum Desboys, Excud. Benedictus Prevotius, 1552) Cambridge, BM,NUC Novum Testamentum draece et Latine … ab Erasmo Roterod. Recognitum, emendatum ac translatum (Paris, Vencunt apud Iacobum Bogardum, excud. Carola Guillard, 1543) Cambridge, U. of P.

Novum Testamentum. Ed. I. Benedictus. Secunda editio (Paris, Apud Carolam Guillard, et Gulielmum desbois, excud. Florentius Yuernellus, 1551). Cambridge Enarrationes Evangeliorum dominicalium et quadragesimalium per S. Thomam de Aquino selecte. Ed. J. Gymnicus (Paris, Apud viduam C. Chevallon, I. Lodoicus pr., 1538). BM In quatuor Evangelia, necnon in Actus Apostolicos Scholia. Of J. Gagnaeisu, with the Latin text (Paris, Apud Carolam Guillard, et G. Desboys, excud. Philippus Rithauueus, 1552). Cambridge, BN

Psalterium Davidicum. Greek and Latin (Paris, Carola Guillard, 1545). BM, Psalterium davidicum, cum aliquot canticis ecclesiasticis. Litanie. Hymni ecclesiastici (Paris, Apud Carolam Guillard et G. Desboys, 1553)Google Scholar. Cambridge.

24 le Chartreux, Denis. In quatuor evangelistas enarrationes (Paris, In aed. Carolae Guillardae, excusae a Ioanne Lodovico Tiletano, 1539)Google Scholar. Cambridge D. Dionysii Carthusiani insigne commentariorum opus in psalmos omnes Davidicos … (Paris, In aedibus C. Guillardac, 1539). BN D. Dionysii Carthusiani in VII epistolas canonicas: Iacobi I. Petri II.loannis III. Iudae I. Eiusdem (in) Acta Apostolorum, in Apocalypsim, hymnos ecclesiast. Omnia suae integritati restituta, accuratiorique diligentia emendata (Paris, Apud Ioanncm de Roigny, excud. Carola Guillard, 1541). NUC, BM, Cambridge D. Dionysii Carthusiani in omnes heati Pauli Epistolas commentaria (Paris, Apud Ioannem Roigny, excud. Carola Guillard, 1542). Cambridge D. Dionysii Carthusiani liber utilissimus de Quatuor hominis novissimis, nempe I. morte, II. judicio, III. inferni poenis, IV. gaudiis coeli (Paris, Apud C. Guillard, 1543). BN In omnes beati Pauli epistolas commentaria … (Paris, Guillard, 1545). Cartusiana p. 73. D^Dionysii Carthusiani insigne commentariorum opus, in psalmos omnes Davidicos … (Paris, Apud Carolam Guillard, excud. Robcrtus Massellin, 1553). Author's own c°py.

25 Basilius. Operum … prior (secundus) tomus, cuius pars multo melior nunc demum solerti industria … partim restituta est synceriori quam hactenus lectioni, partim versa per Godefridum Tilmannum. (II): Nunc postremo accurata collatione … restitutus. (Paris, Ex officina C. Guillard, 1547). IA, Cambridge

Enarratio in Esaiam prophetam, abusqueprincipio adfinem sexti ac decimi capitis, nuncprimum e Graeco in latinam tralata Coloniam, ad archetypum regiae ac Belloaquensis bibliothecae Godefrido Tilmanno iuterprete. (Paris, C. Guillard et Desboys, 1556). IA

26 Aurelius Augustinus. Divi Aurelii Augustini Hipponensis Episcopi, de consensu evangelistarum, libri quatuor (Paris, In aedibus Carolac Guillardae, 1538). IA, U. of P. D. Aurelii Augustini Hipponensis Episcopi omnium operum primus (-decimus) tomus, … (cum praefatione D. Erasmi), … cui additus est index (Florentii Bourgoini) multo quam Basiliensisfuerat auctior (Paris, In aedibus Y. Bonhomme/C. Guillard, 1541). 10 v. IA, IEA De civitate Dei libri 22. Ad priscae venerandaeque vetustatis exemplaria denuo coll. eruditissimisque insuper commentariis per doctiss. virum Joan. Ludovicum Vivem illustr. et recogn. Ace. index multo quam Basiliensis juerat, copiosior (Paris, Guillard, 1544). IA, IEA Tomus primus (-decimus) omnium operum D. Aurelii Augustini Hipponensis episcopi, ad fidem vetustorum exemplarium summa vigilantia repurgatorum a mendis innumeris … Cui accesserunt libri, epistolae, sermones, et fragmenta aliquot, hactenus nunquam impressa (Paris, Apud C. Guillard, et G. Desboys, 1555). NUC, IA, IEA

27 Gregorius I, the Great, Saint, pope. Divi Gregorii papae … omnia quae extant opera, nunc recens ad fidem veterum exemplariorum [sic], accuratiore diligentia à mendis repurgata, et elegantioribus formulis quam unquam antehac excusa; quorum omnium elenchum pagina versa exhibebit … (Paris, In aedibus Carolae Guillard, 1542). NUC Divi Gregorii … omnia quae extant, opera nunc iterum accuratiore diligentia à mendis multis repurgata. Quorum omnium elenchum in calce vitae ipsius authoris habes … (Paris, Apud Carolam Guillard et G. Desboys, 1551). NUC

28 Chrysostomus, Joannes. D. Ioan. Chrysostomi episcopi Constantinopolitani in sanctum lesu Christi Evangelium secundum Ioannem commentarii, diligenter ab Arrianorum faecibus purgati, et in lucem in sacrae paginae tyronum gratiam modo recens sub minori forma aediti (Paris, Apud Carolam Guillard, 1543)Google Scholar. U. of P.

Opera. (Paris, In aedibus C. Guillard, 1543)Google Scholar, 5 v. BN

Passio Domini nostri lesu Christi secundum Matthaeum in decern Homilias divisa, per D. Ioannem Chrysostomum (Paris, Apud Carolam Guillard, 1543). U.of P.

Divi Ioannis Chrysostomi … in … Evangelium secundum Matthaeum commentarii … (Paris, Ex officina Carolae Guillard, 1548). BM

D. loan. Chrysostomi in sanctum … Evangelium secundum Matthaeum (secundum Marcum et Lucam) commentarii, … (Paris, C. Guillard, 1553). 2 pt. BM In hoc libro insunt haec: Beati Nectarii, … oratio una. Beatijoannis Chrysostomi orationes sex, hae … diligentia Joachimi Perionii, … conversae … (Paris, Apud C. Guillard, 1554). BN (Greek text only.)

D. Ioannis Chrysostomi archiepiscopi constantinopolitani enarratio in Esaiam prophctam abusqueprincipio ad medium octavi capitis, nuncprimum e Graeco in Latinam traducta … Gode- Jrido Tilmanno cartusiaeparisiensis monacho interprete (Paris, Apud Carolam Guillard et G. Desboys, 1555). NUC Praesenti libro insunt haec: Sancti patris nostri Joannis Chrysostomi, . . . Enarratio in psalmum centesimum … Homilia habita quo tempore extra ecclesiam deprehensus est Eutropius, dequeparadiso, sive horto, et Scripturis; in illud item: Adstitit regina a dextris tuis (Paris, ApudC. Guillard, 1555). NUC, BN, Cambridge (Greek text.) Tomus primus (-quintus) omnium operum Divi Ioannis Chrysostomi … quatenus in hum diem latio donata noscuntur … (Paris, Apud Audoenum Parvum, excud. Carola Guillard torn. 1-4, 1556) sv. NUC, BM ApudC.G., BN v.3. ApudC. Guillard ctG. Desboys.

29 Fisquet, H., “Mouchy, Antoine de,” Nouvelle Biographie Generate, 36 (1861), cols. 758–759.Google Scholar

30 Gratianus, the Canonist. Decretum Gratiani iam recens innumeris pene mendis, Usque foedissimis, quibus passim scatebat: non sine laboregravissimo repurgatum (Paris, Ex officina vidua Claudii Chevallonii, 1538). NUC

Decretorum collectanea ex varia copiosaque scriptorum ecclesiasticorum turn vetustate, cum eruditione vitaeque sanctimonia maxime insignium, receptorum videlicet, Pontificum item Romanorum, Conciliorum oecumenicorum denique supellectileper D.N. Gratianum ingratiam rei ecctesiasticae concinnata, ac suis classibus distincta. Praefixa sunt ab Antonio Demochare Sorbonicae academiae collega, … (Paris, Apud Carolam Guillard et G. Desbois, 1547). NUC, U.of P.

Decretorum collectanea … with introductory materials by Antonius Demochares… . (Paris, Apud C. Guillard, et G. Desboys, 1542). NUC

31 de Castro, Alphonsus. Fratris Alfonsi de castro, zamorensis ordinis minorum, adversus omnes haereses. Libri XIIII. Postremúm summa cura audi et recogniti. (Paris, Apud Carolam Guillard, 1543). Cambridge, U. of P.Google Scholar

32 Toussaint, C., “Alphonse de Castro,” Dictionnaire de Theologie Catholique, 1, pt. 1 (1923), cols. 905–906.Google Scholar

33 Pighius, Albertus. Controversiarum Praecipuarum in comitiis Ratisponensibus tractatarum et quibus nunc potissimum exagitatur Christi fides et religio, diligens et luculenta explicatio, per Albertum Pighium, … (Paris, Ex officina C. Guillard, IS42). NUC, BN Controversiarum Praecipuarum in comitiis Ratisponensibus, tractatarum, et quibus nunc potissimum exagitatur Christi fides et religio, diligens, et luculenta explicatio. Per Albertum Pighium … (Paris, Apud Carolam Guillard, 1549). CambridgeGoogle Scholar

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35 Fisher, John. Assertionis Lutheranae confutatio, iuxta verum ac etiam originalem archetypum, nunc ad unguem diligentissime recognita, per Reverendissimum Patrem Ioannem Roffensem Episcopum, … (Paris, Apud Carolam Guillard, 1545). CambridgeGoogle Scholar

36 Mullinger, James Bass, “Fisher, John (1459—1535),” DNB, 7 (1938), 58–63.Google Scholar

37 Corpus juris civilis. Corpusjuris, ad exemplar Gregorii Haloandri qua licuit fide castigatum (Paris, Apud Carolam Guillardam, 1540). 11 vols, in 8⁰. Cited in Hendrik Brenkman, … Historia Pandectarum x . . (Utrecht, 1722), p. 267.

Digesta seu Pandectae Juris civilis, libri L nunc primum ad fidem Pandectarum Florentinarum sexcentis locis emendati supra Gregorii Haloandri editionem, curante Jacobo Vintimillio Rhodio. item Codex et Novellae etc. (Paris, Apud eandem Carolam Guillard et G. Desbois, 1548-1550) 9 vols, in 8”. Brenkman, Historia, p. 269. Corpusjuris Civilis, ex emendatione Antonii Augustini. (Paris, Apud Carolam Guillard et G. Des Bois, 1548-1500). 5 vols, in 4”. Brenkman, Historia, p. 268. Corpusjuris Civilis, cura Haloandri (Paris, Apud Carolum [sic] Guillard et G. Desboys, 1552-1553). 7 vols, in 8”. Brenkman, Historia, p. 270.

38 Catholic church, Pope, 1294-1303 (Bonifacius VIII). Sextus Decretalium liber, per Bonifacium Octavumpontificem in concilio Lugdunensi aeditus: iam recens ex antiquissimis exemplaribus adamussim castigatus (Paris, Ex officina Carolae Guillard, 1541). NUC, BM Sextus decretalium liber, per Bonifacium octavum pontificem, in concilio Lugdunensi editus, … (Paris, Apud Carolam Guillard et G. Desboys, 1550). IA, Cambridge

Catholic church, Pope, 1227-1241 (Gregorius IX). Decretales epistolae Gregorii noni… qwis summa fide et accurata diligentia: iam recens ad vetemm codicum fidem repurgauimus et contulimus. Cum additionibus doctiss. virorum, longe probatissimis et utilissimis. (Paris, Ex officina Carolae Guillard, 1541). NUC, BM

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For Gratianus, the Canonist see footnote 30.

39 Leonhart Fuchs. Methodus seu ratio compendiaria perveniendi ad veram solidamque medicinam, mirifice ad Galeni libros recte intelligendos utilis, nunc recens in lucem aedita, Leonharto Fuchsio … authore, Indice duplici, latino et graeco, … (Paris, Ex officina Carolae Guillard, et loannis de Roigny, 1541). NUC, Cambridge

De Sanandis tctius humani corporis eiusdemque partium tarn internis quám externis malis libri quinque, accurata diligentia conscripti, Leonharto Fuchsio medico autore … (Paris, Apud Carolam Guillard, 1543). NUC, NLM

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40 Antoine Mizauld. Antonii Mizaldi Monluciani Planetae, sive Planet arum collegium … (Paris, Apud Carolam Guillard, 1553). NUC, BM

Antonii Mizaldi Monluciani Asterismi: sive, Stellatarum octavi coeli imaginum officina … (Paris, Apud Carolam Guillard, 1553). NUC, BM

Antonii Mizaldi Monluciani Zodiacus, sive Duodecim signorum coeli hortulus: libellis tribus concinnatus … (Paris, Apud Carolam Guillard,1553). NUC, BM

41 Nicolas Plet. Compendium de victus ratione, pro anni et aetatis partibus, instituettda, ac de alimentorum facultatibus, quorum usus hodie est frequentior, authore Nicolao Pletio, … (Paris, Apud viduam C. Chevallonii, 1538). BM,BN

Compendium de victus ratione, pro anni et aetatis partibus, instituenda: ac de alimentorum facultatibus, quorum usus hodie est frequentior, Authore Nicolao Pletio … (Paris, Apud Carolam Guillart, 1539). NLM

42 Galenus. Claudii Galeni Pergameni methodi medendi, id est,de morhis curandis libri quatuordecim, denuo magna diligentia Martini Gregorii recogniti, Thoma Linacro Anglo interprete (Paris, In aedibus viduae Claudii Chevallonii, 1538). NLM

Galeni de sanitate tuenda, libri sex Thoma Linacro Anglo interprete (Paris, In aedibus viduae Claudii Chevallonii, 1538). NLM CI. Galeni de simplicium medicamentorum facultatibus libri undecim. Theodorico Gerardo Gaudano interprete … (Paris, Ex officina Carolae Guillardae, 1543). NLM

43 Hippocrates. Aphorismi Hippocratis graece et latine una cum Galeni commentariis: interprete Nicolao Leoniceno Vincentino: sexcentis locis immutato ac recognito per loannem Davionum … (Paris, Ex officina Carolae Guillardae, 1542). NUC

Prognosticorum Hippocratis Coi libri tres, cum Claudii Galeni tribus in eosdem commentariis, Laurentio Laurentiano interprete … (Paris, Apud Carolam Guillard, 1543). Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana

Hippocratis Coi medicorum omnium sine controversia principis Aphorismorum sectiones septem, recens e Graeco in Latinum sermonem conversae, et luculentissimis iisdemque brevissimis commentariis illustratae et expositae: adiectis annotationibus, in quibus quotquot sunt in Galeni Commentariis loci dijficiles, ad unguem explicantur: per Leonhartum Fuchsium … (Paris, Vaeneunt exemplaria apud Carolam Guillard, 1545). NLM Hippocratis Coi medicorum omnium longe principis, opera quae apud nos extant omnia. Per Ianum Cornarium … (Paris, Apud Carolam Guillard et G. Desbois, 1546). NLM

44 Conrad Gesner. Historia Plantarum … (Paris, Apud Carolam Guillard, excud. Joa. Lud. Tiletanus, 1541). Cited in Gracese, J.G.T., Trésor de livres rares et precieux ou Nouveau Dictionnaire Bibliographique … (New York, 1950), vol. 3, p. 69.Google Scholar

45 Reusch, Heinrich, Die Indices Librorum Prohibitorum des sechzehnten Jahrhunderts (Tübingen, 1886; rpt. Nieuwkoop, 1961), p. 101.Google Scholar

46 Nonetheless her edition of the first translation of Erasmus’ Apophéhegmes had a poem by Clément Marot in it.

47 Homorus, , Poctarum omnium st'culorum longe principis Homeri Ilias … iam recens latino carmine reddita, Helio Eobano Hesso interpret? (Paris, Apud Carolam Guillard, 1545)Google Scholar. NUC, BM

48 Lassere, Louis, La vie de Monseigneur Sainct Hiérosme … (Paris, Impr. de C. Guillard, 1541)Google Scholar, is the only exception I can find.

49 There are no letters between Erasmus and Claude Chevallon still extant, but the editor of the letters of Erasmus infers that the two men were in contact conerning the 1553 Chevallon edition of St. Jerome and the 1536 edition of St. Chrysostom. Desiderius Erasmus, Opus Epistolarum Des. Erasmi … edited by P.S. Allen (Oxford, 1965), IX, p. 4.

50 Renouard, Philippe, Bibliographic des Impressions et des Oeuvres de Badius Ascensius (Paris, 1908; rpt. New York, 1967), vol. I, p. 28.Google Scholar

51 See footnote 26.

52 See footnote 23.

53 Desiderius Erasmus. Les apophthègmes … (Paris, On les vend a Paris au Solcil Dor, 1539). NUC Les apophthègmes, … (Paris, Veuve Claude Chevallon, 1540). NUC Les apophthegmes … (Paris, On les vend a Paris au soleil dor, 1543). NUC

54 Hutton, James, “Erasmus and France: the propaganda for Peace,” in Studies in the Renaissance, 8 (1961), 105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

55 Tusanus, Jacobus. Lexicon graccolatinum, … (Paris, Apud Carolam Guillard, 1552). NUC Google Scholar

56 Luigi Lippomano. Catena in Genesim ex authoribus ecclesiasticis plus minus sexaginta Usque partim graccis, partim latinis, connexa, authore Aloisio Lippomano Metonensi episcopo, coadiutoreque veronensi … (Paris, Ex officina Carolae Guillard, 1546). NUC, Cambridge

Catena in Exodum ex auctoribus ecclesiasticis plus minus sexaginta, Usque partim Graecis, partim Latinis, conncxa, auctorc Aloysio Lippomano Metonensi episcopo, coadiutoreque Veronensi (Paris, Apud Carolam Guillard, et G. Desboys, 1550). Cambridge

57 Martyr, Saint Justinus. Justini, … Admonitoriusgentium liber, Joanne Francisco Pico, Mirandulae domino, interprete, nunc denuo ad exemplar graecum collatus et qua licuit fide recognitus. (Paris, In aedibus Carolae Guillardae, 1538)Google Scholar. BN

(Exhortation to the Greeks). (Paris, In aedibus Carolae Guillardae, excud. Ioannes Lodoicus, 1539.) BN, Cambridge

Proclus, Abp. of Constantinople. Prodi, constantinopolitani episcopi Ad venerabiles et sanctos episcopos, presbyteranos, [sicj archimandritas per Armeniam liber, Dionysio exiguo interprete (Paris, Ex officina C. Guillardae, 1538). BN

(Paris, In aed. Carolae Guillardae, 1539). Cambridge

58 Elizabeth Armstrong has already pointed this out in her book Robert Estienne Royal Printer (Cambridge, 1954), pp. 132-135.

59 See footnote 28.

60 Bunker, Ruth, A Bibliographical Study of the Greek Works and Translations Published in France during the Renaissance: The Decade 1540-1550 (New York, 1939), p. 227 Google Scholar; Tilley, Arthur, Studies in the French Renaissance (New York, 1922; rpt. New York, 1968). p. 144 Google Scholar.

61 Cartusiana, un instrument Heuristique, ed. Gruys, Albert (Paris, 1976). p. 167 Google Scholar; Armstrong, pp. 132-135.

62 Dionysius, the Areopagite, Georgii Pachymerae, … Paraphrasis in decern epistolas B. Dionysii Areopagitae …nunc…primum latio donata per Godefridum Tilmannum,… Praefatio interpretis … quae esse possit vice apologiaepro libris B. Dionysii Areopagitae … (Paris, In aedibus viduae Claudii Chevallonii, 1538). BN, Cambridge

63 Petreius, Theodoras, Bibliotheca Cartusiana (Cologne, 1609; rpt. Farnborough, 1968), pp. 106–107.Google Scholar

64 Godefridus Tilmannus. AUegoriae simul et tropologiae in locos utriusque testamenti selectiores depromptae et in ordinem digestae e monumentis 31 authorum. (Paris, Apud Carolam Guillard, 1550 m folio and in 8⁰ in 1551). Petreius p. 106, Cartusiana p. 167.

65 See footnote 25.

66 See footnote 28.

67 Simone, Franco, The French Renaissance: Medieval Tradition and Italian Influence in Shaping the Renaissance in France (London, 1969), pp. 102–103 Google Scholar: “The French, on Hie other hand, proposed to accomplish through Herculean efforts … a very definite task, by devoting the equipment by Humanist erudition to Holy Scripture and legal texts.”

68 M.C. LXXIII-16, Dec. 9, 1550: M.C. LXXIII-19, Aug 31,1553: M.C.LXXIII- 50, fol. VI^xxVII, June 23, 1556.

69 Both Renouard, Répertoire, pp. m , 190 and Parent, p. 137 identify Guillaume Desboys as the brother-in-law of Charlotte Guillard, but in the contract (M.C. LXXIII-50, fol. VII^xxXIX, July 4, 1556) Charlotte made a donation of her goods to the children of her dead brother Jehan Guillard, and Michelle is listed as one of his children. In another contract (M.C. LXXIII-21, July 19, 1555) Jehan Guillard le jeune, Guillaume Guillard Marchan libraire, and Guillaume Desboys brother-in-law because of his wife Michelle, all children of Jehan Guillard the elder, form an association to help the elder Guillard out of some financial difficulties.

70 M.C.LXXIII-50, fol. 638, Jan. 15, 1556.

71 M.C. XLIX-32, fol. IIII^cIIII^xxXVI^v, Nov. 27, 1546.

72 Parent, Metiers, pp. 137-138, makes the same point that they had a loss of nearly £1000.

73 I am also assuming that the amount given was the retail price, but it could have been the wholesale price. According to another clause in the contractGuillaume could in case of Charlotte's death force her heirs to pay him his share of one third of the books, either, “au pris dessus en argent ou en livres telz quilz vouldra choisir au pris de pappier et impression.”

74 Ambrosius, . Opera D. Amhrosii Mediolanensis episcopi quatenus in hunc usque diem ubi ubi extare noscuntur, omnia … (Paris, Apud Carolam Guillard, et G. Desboys, 1549). CambridgeGoogle Scholar

75 See footnote 56.

76 See footnote 27.

77 de Clairvaux, Bernard. Divi Bernardi Opera (Paris, Apud Carolam Guillard, et G. des Boys, 1551)Google Scholar. Cited in Janauschek, Leopold, Bibliographia bernardina … (Vienna, 1891), no. 527.Google Scholar

78 See footnote 43.

79 César Égasse du Boulay, Historia Universitatis Parisiensis … (Paris, 1673; rpt. Frankfurt, 1966), vol. 6, p. 322. Records of the Plantin printing house in Antwerp from 1564 to 1589 showed that the presses were normally manned by 3 to 5 men. Philip Gaskell, A New Introduction to Bibliography (New York, 1972). p. 165.

80 M.C. LXXIII-50, fol. 638^v, Jan. 15, 1556.

81 Pallier, Denis, Recherches sur l'imprimerie à Paris pendant la ligue, 1585-1593 (Geneva, 1975). p. 5 Google Scholar. Chauvet, p. 49, and Natalie Zemon Davis, “A trade union in 16th century France,” in Economic History Review, 2d series, 19 (April-Dec. 1966), 54.

82 A.N. Y 94 fol. 334^v.

83 M.C. LXXIII-16, March 12, 1550.

84 Dionysius, the Areopagite, pp. 103-105.

85 Tusanus, preface by Fédéric Morel.

86 M.C. LXXIII-50, fol. VI^cXXXVII^v, Jan. 15, 1556, “item donne aussi a Thomas Brumen et Maury Voyercore ses serviteurs … “ and fol. 638^v8, “les comptes que Brumen dessus mentionnez … en tant que de besoing est… . ”

87 Renouard, Répertoire, p. 59 has a Thomas Brumen working from 1559 until 1558. Perhaps he worked for Charlotte before he set up shop for himself.

88 This might be a Amaulry Warrencore listed in Renouard, Répertoire, p. 433, who was associated with Guillaume Guillard after 1559.

89 Duboulay, , Historia, vol. 6, p. 313.Google Scholar

90 See footnote 26.

91 See footnote 38.

92 Duboulay, , Historia, vol. 6, pp. 321–322.Google Scholar

93 Clair, Colin, Christopher Plantin (London, 1960) p. 223 Google Scholar. They weren't necessarily exaggerating the difficulties of a regular paper supply as Christopher Plantin the great Antwerp printer said the same thing.

94 Duboulay, , Historia, vol. 6, p. 322.Google Scholar

95 M.C. LXXIII-10, June 18, 1547.

96 M.C. LXXIII-12, April 16, 1548; M.C. LXXIII-12, Oct. 7, 1548; M.C.LXXIII- 50, fol. V^cLXX, Dec. 26, 1556.

97 M.C. LXXIII-19, Sept. 11,1553; M.C. LXXIII-14, May 4, 1549.

98 M.C. LXXIII-11, March 10, 1548, M.C. LXXIII-14, Aug. 22, 1549.

99 M.C. LXXIII-10, Sept. XVII, 1547; M.C.LXXIII-17, Jan. 4, 1551; M.C. LXXIII-18,Jan. 30, 1552.

100 M.C. LXXIII-10, Aug 5, 1547 contains two contracts. The third contract is M.C. LXXIII-10, Aug. 13, 1547.

101 See footnote 84.

102 Chevillier, p. 149, “Dum studio & diligentia Carola Guillard foemina illustris, ne quidquam ab officio discedat, aliquid, ut solet, Reipublicae & Literarum nomine moliretur, … “ Chevillier, quotes this from a 1555 edition of St. Chrystostom.

103 Most of the letter has been translated by Becker, pp. 438-440.

104 Curiously enough Jacques Toussaint, the author, was an uncle by marriage to Jacques Bogard the first printer. A contract dated April 22, 1552 explained that the dead Jacques Bogard's wife, Edmee Toussaint, was the niece of Jacques Toussaint, and thus one of his heirs. M.C. LXXIII-18, April 22, 1552. This would also explain why Bogard took over the direction of the printing house of Conrad Neobar, Edme Toussaint's first husband. Renouard, Répertoire, p. 40 has Bogard married to Anne Toussaint, and thus a brother-in-law of Neobar, but it was probably a mix up of names. Armstrong mentions in passing that the widow of Neobar married Bogard but she doesn't give any documentation, Armstrong, p. 124.

105 Becker, p. 439.

106 A.N. Y 94 fol. 334^v.

107 M.C. LXXIII-16, March 12, 1550.

108 A.N. Y 99 fol. 148. The contract states that she was the daughter of Reneé La-Faron, a niece of Charlotte.

109 M.C. LXXIII-50, Fol.VI^cXXXVII.Jan, 15,1556.

110 M.C. LXXIII-50, fol. VI^xxXIX, July 4, 1556.

111 Perhaps the Alexandre Guillard listed as a bookseller in 1567 by Renouard, Repértoire, p. 189.

112 M.C. LXXIII-50, fol. VI^cXXXVII, Jan. 15, 1556.

113 Chanu, Pierre, La mort à Paris, XVIe, XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles (Paris, 1978).Google Scholar

114 M.C. LXXIII-50, fol. VI^cXXXVII^v, Jan. 15, 1556.

115 Renouard, Documents, p. 68.

116 Eisenstein, Elizabeth, The Printing Press as an Agent of Change: Communications and Cultural Transformations in Early Modem Europe (Cambridge, 1979), vol. 1, p. 22.Google Scholar

117 Natalie Zemon Davis, “Women in the Arts Mécaniques in sixteenth-century Lyon” in Lyon et l'Europe, Hommes et Sociétés, mélanges d'histoire offerts à Richard Gascon (Lyon, 1980), pp. 139-167.