Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T02:39:42.951Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Business of Prostitution in Early Renaissance Venice*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Paula C. Clarke
Paula C. Clarke*
Affiliation:
McGill University
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Between 1360 and 1460 the Venetian government established a system of legalized prostitution under the supervision of government officials and confined, in theory, to a limited area of the city. The authorities also attempted to concentrate the management of licit brothels in the hands of women, who thereby emerged as the effective entrepreneurs of the sex trade. This article describes the organization of Venetian prostitution in the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries and the relations among government officials, brothel-keepers, and prostitutes. It illustrates the mechanisms of debt and credit used in the sex trade, which often kept the prostitutes subservient to the brothel-keepers and to their other creditors. An effort is made to assess the degree to which sex workers might become integrated into local society and to suggest the general trends in Venetian policy toward prostitution into the sixteenth century.

Type
Studies
Information
Renaissance Quarterly , Volume 68 , Issue 2 , Summer 2015 , pp. 419 - 464
Copyright
Copyright © Renaissance Society of America 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Thanks are due to Elisabetta Barile and Edoardo Giuffrida for their assistance at various stages of this article.

References

Bibliography

Archivio di Stato di Venezia (ASV), Avogaria di Comun, registri 3644–3647. Cited as ASV, AC, with the number of the register.Google Scholar
ASV, Cancelleria inferiore, Notai, buste 6, 22, 36, 170, 193, 227. Cited as ASV, CI, Notai, with the bundle number and the name of the relevant notary in parentheses.Google Scholar
ASV, Capisestieri, Capitolare.Google Scholar
ASV, Collegio, Notatorio, registri 10, 11. Cited as ASV, CN with the number of the register.Google Scholar
ASV, Consiglio di Dieci, Deliberazioni, Comuni, registro 15.Google Scholar
ASV, Consiglio di Dieci, Deliberazioni, Miste, registri 12, 15. Cited as ASV, Dieci, Miste, with the number of the register.Google Scholar
ASV, Maggior Consiglio, Deliberazioni, registri 10, 19, 22. Cited as ASV, MC, Delib., with the number of the register.Google Scholar
ASV, Notarile, Testamenti, buste 54, 336, 570, 571, 1233. Cited as ASV, NT, with the bundle number and the name of the relevant notary in parentheses.Google Scholar
ASV, Provveditori e Sopraprovveditori alla Sanità, registro 729.Google Scholar
ASV, Quattro Ministeriali, Stride e Clamori, registro 78.Google Scholar
ASV, Senato, Deliberazioni, Misti, registri 52, 53, 58. Cited as ASV, Sen., Misti, with the number of the register.Google Scholar
ASV, Senato, Deliberazioni, Terra, registro 32. Cited as ASV, Sen., Terra, reg. 32.Google Scholar
ASV, Signori di notte al civil, busta 1 (Capitolare). Cited as ASV, SN al civil, b. 1.Google Scholar
ASV, Signori di notte al criminal, Processi penali, registri 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13. Cited as ASV, SN al criminal, with the number of the register.Google Scholar
Biblioteca del Museo Correr di Venezia, Mariegole, 195: Capitulary of the used-clothes dealers.Google Scholar
Allerston, Patricia. “Reconstructing the Second-Hand Clothes Trade in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Venice.” Costume: The Journal of the Costume Society 33 (1999): 46–56.10.1179/cos.1999.33.1.46CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bertanza, Enrico, and Giuseppe Dalla Santa. Maestri, scuole e scolari in Venezia fino al 1500. Venice, 1993. First published, 1907.Google Scholar
Brackett, John. “The Florentine Onestà and the Control of Prostitution, 1403–1680.” The Sixteenth Century Journal 24 (1993): 273–300.10.2307/2541951CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brundage, James. Law, Sex, and Christian Society in Medieval Europe. Chicago, 1987.10.7208/chicago/9780226077895.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caggese, Romolo, ed. Statuti della Repubblica fiorentina. 2 vols. Florence, 1910, 1921.Google Scholar
Calza, Carlo. Documenti inediti sulla prostituzione tratti dagli archivi della Repubblica veneta. Milan, 1869.Google Scholar
Canosa, Romano, and Isabella Colonnello. Storia della prostituzione in Italia dal Quattrocento alla fine del Settecento. Rome, 1989.Google Scholar
Cessi, Roberto. Storia della Repubblica di Venezia. Florence, 1981.Google Scholar
Cessi, Roberto, and Annibale Alberti. Rialto. L’isola — il ponte — il mercato. Bologna, 1934.Google Scholar
Chambers, David, and Brian Pullan, eds. Venice: A Documentary History. Toronto, 2001.Google Scholar
Cohen, Elizabeth. “‘Courtesans’ and ‘Whores’: Words and Behaviour in Roman Streets.” Women’s Studies 19 (1991): 201–08.10.1080/00497878.1991.9978866CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, Elizabeth. “Seen and Known: Prostitutes in the Cityscape of Late Sixteenth-Century Rome.” Renaissance Studies 12 (1998): 392–409.10.1111/j.1477-4658.1998.tb00050.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, Sherrill. The Evolution of Women’s Asylums since 1500: From Refuges for Ex-Prostitutes to Shelters for Battered Women. Oxford, 1992.Google Scholar
Comba, Rinaldo. “‘Apetitus libidinis coherceatur.’ Strutture demografiche, reati sessuali e disciplina dei comportamenti nel Piemonte tardomedievale.” Studi Storici 27 (1986): 529–76.Google Scholar
Comboni, Andrea. “Rarità metriche nelle antologie di Felice Feliciano.” Studi di filologia italiana 52 (1994): 65–92.Google Scholar
Crouzet Pavan, Elisabeth. “Police des moeurs, société et politique à Venise à la fin du Moyen Age.” Revue historique 264.536 (1980): 241–88.Google Scholar
Ellero, Giuseppe. “I luoghi della redenzione.” In Il gioco dell’amore (1990), 57–61.Google Scholar
Ferrante, Lucia. “Il valore del corpo, ovvero la gestione economica della sessualità femminile.” In Il lavoro delle donne. ed. A. Groppi, 206–28. Bari, 1996.Google Scholar
Gardani, Dante Luigi. L’Opera pia Zuanne Contarini 1380–1980. Venice, 1980.Google Scholar
Ghirardo, Diane. “The Topography of Prostitution in Renaissance Ferrara.” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 60 (2001): 402–31.10.2307/991728CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Il gioco dell’amore. Le cortigiane di Venezia dal Trecento al Settecento. Milan, 1990.Google Scholar
Gottardo, Vittorio. Osti e tavernieri. Il vino nella Venezia medioevale. Venice, 1996.Google Scholar
Henderson, Tony. Disorderly Women in Eighteenth-Century London: Prostitution and Control in the Metropolis, 1730–1830. London, 1999.Google Scholar
Hughes, Diane Owen. “Distinguishing Signs: Ear-rings, Jews and Franciscan Rhetoric in the Italian Renaissance City.” Past and Present 112 (1986): 3–59.10.1093/past/112.1.3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurlburt, Holly. The Dogaressa of Venice: Wife and Icon. New York, 2006.Google Scholar
Karras, Ruth. Common Women: Prostitution and Sexuality in Medieval England. Oxford, 1996.Google Scholar
Karras, Ruth. Unmarriages: Women, Men, and Sexual Unions in the Middle Ages. Philadelphia, 2012.10.9783/9780812206418CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lacarra Lanz, Eukene. “Legal and Clandestine Prostitution in Medieval Spain.” Bulletin of Hispanic Studies 79 (2002): 265–85.Google Scholar
Lane, Frederick C. Venetian Ships and Shipbuilders of the Renaissance. Baltimore, 1934. Reprint, 1992.Google Scholar
Leggi e memorie venete sulla prostituzione fino alla caduta della Repubblica. Venice, 1870–72.Google Scholar
Mazzi, Maria Serena. Prostitute e lenoni nella Firenze del Quattrocento. Milan, 1991.Google Scholar
Menjot, Denis. “Prostitution et ruffianage dans les villes de Castille à la fin du Moyen Age.” International Journal for the History of Crime and Criminal Justice, Bulletin 19 (1994): 21–38.Google Scholar
Monticolo, Giovanni, ed. I Capitolari delle arti veneziane sottoposte alla Giustizia vecchia dalle origini al 1330. 3 vols. Rome, 1896, 1905, 1914.Google Scholar
Mueller, Reinhold C. “Aspetti sociali ed economici della peste a Venezia nel Medioevo.” In Venezia e la peste 1348–1797, 71–76. Venice, 1979.Google Scholar
Murray, James M. Bruges, Cradle of Capitalism, 1280–1390. Cambridge, 2005.Google Scholar
Ortalli, Francesca. “Per la salute delle anime e delli corpi.” Scuole piccole a Venezia nel tardo medioevo. Venice, 2001.Google Scholar
Otis, Leah Lydia. Prostitution in Medieval Society: The History of an Urban Institution in Languedoc. Chicago, 1985.10.7208/chicago/9780226640341.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perry, Mary. “Deviant Insiders: Legalized Prostitution and a Consciousness of Women in Early Modern Seville.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 27 (1985): 138–58.10.1017/S0010417500013724CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piasentini, Stefano. “Alla luce della luna.” I furti a Venezia (1270–1403). Venice, 1992.Google Scholar
Pol, Lotte van de. The Burgher and the Whore: Prostitution in Early Modern Amsterdam. Oxford, 2011.Google Scholar
Pullan, Brian. Rich and Poor in Renaissance Venice: The Social Institutions of a Catholic State, to 1620. Cambridge, MA, 1971.Google Scholar
Romano, Dennis. Housecraft and Statecraft: Domestic Service in Renaissance Venice, 1400–1600. Baltimore, 1996.Google Scholar
Roper, Lyndal. “Discipline and Respectability: Prostitution and the Reformation in Augsburg.” History Workshop 19 (1985): 3–28.10.1093/hwj/19.1.3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roper, Lyndal. The Holy Household: Women and Morals in Reformation Augsburg. Oxford, 1989.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, Margaret. The Honest Courtesan: Veronica Franco, Citizen and Writer in Sixteenth-Century Venice. Chicago, 1992.10.7208/chicago/9780226027494.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rossiaud, Jacques. La prostituzione nel medioevo. 3rd ed. Bari, 1995.Google Scholar
Ruggiero, Guido. Violence in Early Renaissance Venice. New Brunswick, 1980.Google Scholar
Ruggiero, Guido. The Boundaries of Eros: Sex Crime and Sexuality in Renaissance Venice. Oxford, 1985.Google Scholar
Sanuto, Marino. I Diarii di Marino Sanuto. Vol. 19 of 58. Bologna, 1969–70.Google Scholar
Sanuto, Marino. Venice. Cità Excelentissima. Selections from the Renaissance Diaries of Marin Sanudo. Ed. P. H. Labalme, L. Sanguineti White. Trans. L. L. Carroll. Baltimore, 2008.Google Scholar
Scarabello, Giovanni. “Per una storia della prostituzione a Venezia tra il XIII e il XVIII secolo.” Studi veneziani 47 (2004): 15–101.Google Scholar
Scarabello, Giovanni. Meretrices. Storia della prostituzione a Venezia tra il XIII e il XVIII secolo. Venice, 2006.Google Scholar
Schiaparelli, Attilio. La casa fiorentina e i suoi arredi nei secoli XIV e XV. Florence, 1908.Google Scholar
Storey, Tessa. Carnal Commerce in Counter-Reformation Rome. Cambridge, 2008a.Google Scholar
Storey, Tessa. “Prostitution and the Circulation of Second-Hand Goods in Early Modern Rome.” In Alternative Exchanges: Second-hand Circulations from the Sixteenth Century to the Present, ed. Fontaine, Laurence, 61–75. New York, 2008b.Google Scholar
Tamba, Giorgio, ed. Bernardo de Rodulfis, notaio in Venezia (1392–1399). Venice, 1974.Google Scholar
Thornton, Peter. The Italian Renaissance Interior, 1400–1600. New York, 1991.Google Scholar
Trexler, Richard. “La Prostitution florentine au XVe siècle: patronages et clientèles.” Annales, E.S.C. 36 (1981): 983–1015.Google Scholar
Varholy, Cristine. “‘Rich like a lady’: Cross-Class Dressing in the Brothels and Theatres of Early Modern London.” Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies 8 (2008): 4–34.10.2979/JEM.2008.8.1.4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vecellio, Cesare. The Clothing of the Renaissance World. Trans. M. F. Rosenthal and A. R. Jones. London, 2008.Google Scholar
Vianello, Andrea. “Storia sociale della calzatura.” In Storia d’Italia. Annali 19, La moda. ed. C. M. Belfanti and F. Giusberti, 627–66. Turin, 2003.Google Scholar
Archivio di Stato di Venezia (ASV), Avogaria di Comun, registri 3644–3647. Cited as ASV, AC, with the number of the register.Google Scholar
ASV, Cancelleria inferiore, Notai, buste 6, 22, 36, 170, 193, 227. Cited as ASV, CI, Notai, with the bundle number and the name of the relevant notary in parentheses.Google Scholar
ASV, Capisestieri, Capitolare.Google Scholar
ASV, Collegio, Notatorio, registri 10, 11. Cited as ASV, CN with the number of the register.Google Scholar
ASV, Consiglio di Dieci, Deliberazioni, Comuni, registro 15.Google Scholar
ASV, Consiglio di Dieci, Deliberazioni, Miste, registri 12, 15. Cited as ASV, Dieci, Miste, with the number of the register.Google Scholar
ASV, Maggior Consiglio, Deliberazioni, registri 10, 19, 22. Cited as ASV, MC, Delib., with the number of the register.Google Scholar
ASV, Notarile, Testamenti, buste 54, 336, 570, 571, 1233. Cited as ASV, NT, with the bundle number and the name of the relevant notary in parentheses.Google Scholar
ASV, Provveditori e Sopraprovveditori alla Sanità, registro 729.Google Scholar
ASV, Quattro Ministeriali, Stride e Clamori, registro 78.Google Scholar
ASV, Senato, Deliberazioni, Misti, registri 52, 53, 58. Cited as ASV, Sen., Misti, with the number of the register.Google Scholar
ASV, Senato, Deliberazioni, Terra, registro 32. Cited as ASV, Sen., Terra, reg. 32.Google Scholar
ASV, Signori di notte al civil, busta 1 (Capitolare). Cited as ASV, SN al civil, b. 1.Google Scholar
ASV, Signori di notte al criminal, Processi penali, registri 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13. Cited as ASV, SN al criminal, with the number of the register.Google Scholar
Biblioteca del Museo Correr di Venezia, Mariegole, 195: Capitulary of the used-clothes dealers.Google Scholar
Allerston, Patricia. “Reconstructing the Second-Hand Clothes Trade in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Venice.” Costume: The Journal of the Costume Society 33 (1999): 46–56.10.1179/cos.1999.33.1.46CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bertanza, Enrico, and Giuseppe Dalla Santa. Maestri, scuole e scolari in Venezia fino al 1500. Venice, 1993. First published, 1907.Google Scholar
Brackett, John. “The Florentine Onestà and the Control of Prostitution, 1403–1680.” The Sixteenth Century Journal 24 (1993): 273–300.10.2307/2541951CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brundage, James. Law, Sex, and Christian Society in Medieval Europe. Chicago, 1987.10.7208/chicago/9780226077895.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caggese, Romolo, ed. Statuti della Repubblica fiorentina. 2 vols. Florence, 1910, 1921.Google Scholar
Calza, Carlo. Documenti inediti sulla prostituzione tratti dagli archivi della Repubblica veneta. Milan, 1869.Google Scholar
Canosa, Romano, and Isabella Colonnello. Storia della prostituzione in Italia dal Quattrocento alla fine del Settecento. Rome, 1989.Google Scholar
Cessi, Roberto. Storia della Repubblica di Venezia. Florence, 1981.Google Scholar
Cessi, Roberto, and Annibale Alberti. Rialto. L’isola — il ponte — il mercato. Bologna, 1934.Google Scholar
Chambers, David, and Brian Pullan, eds. Venice: A Documentary History. Toronto, 2001.Google Scholar
Cohen, Elizabeth. “‘Courtesans’ and ‘Whores’: Words and Behaviour in Roman Streets.” Women’s Studies 19 (1991): 201–08.10.1080/00497878.1991.9978866CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, Elizabeth. “Seen and Known: Prostitutes in the Cityscape of Late Sixteenth-Century Rome.” Renaissance Studies 12 (1998): 392–409.10.1111/j.1477-4658.1998.tb00050.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, Sherrill. The Evolution of Women’s Asylums since 1500: From Refuges for Ex-Prostitutes to Shelters for Battered Women. Oxford, 1992.Google Scholar
Comba, Rinaldo. “‘Apetitus libidinis coherceatur.’ Strutture demografiche, reati sessuali e disciplina dei comportamenti nel Piemonte tardomedievale.” Studi Storici 27 (1986): 529–76.Google Scholar
Comboni, Andrea. “Rarità metriche nelle antologie di Felice Feliciano.” Studi di filologia italiana 52 (1994): 65–92.Google Scholar
Crouzet Pavan, Elisabeth. “Police des moeurs, société et politique à Venise à la fin du Moyen Age.” Revue historique 264.536 (1980): 241–88.Google Scholar
Ellero, Giuseppe. “I luoghi della redenzione.” In Il gioco dell’amore (1990), 57–61.Google Scholar
Ferrante, Lucia. “Il valore del corpo, ovvero la gestione economica della sessualità femminile.” In Il lavoro delle donne. ed. A. Groppi, 206–28. Bari, 1996.Google Scholar
Gardani, Dante Luigi. L’Opera pia Zuanne Contarini 1380–1980. Venice, 1980.Google Scholar
Ghirardo, Diane. “The Topography of Prostitution in Renaissance Ferrara.” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 60 (2001): 402–31.10.2307/991728CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Il gioco dell’amore. Le cortigiane di Venezia dal Trecento al Settecento. Milan, 1990.Google Scholar
Gottardo, Vittorio. Osti e tavernieri. Il vino nella Venezia medioevale. Venice, 1996.Google Scholar
Henderson, Tony. Disorderly Women in Eighteenth-Century London: Prostitution and Control in the Metropolis, 1730–1830. London, 1999.Google Scholar
Hughes, Diane Owen. “Distinguishing Signs: Ear-rings, Jews and Franciscan Rhetoric in the Italian Renaissance City.” Past and Present 112 (1986): 3–59.10.1093/past/112.1.3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurlburt, Holly. The Dogaressa of Venice: Wife and Icon. New York, 2006.Google Scholar
Karras, Ruth. Common Women: Prostitution and Sexuality in Medieval England. Oxford, 1996.Google Scholar
Karras, Ruth. Unmarriages: Women, Men, and Sexual Unions in the Middle Ages. Philadelphia, 2012.10.9783/9780812206418CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lacarra Lanz, Eukene. “Legal and Clandestine Prostitution in Medieval Spain.” Bulletin of Hispanic Studies 79 (2002): 265–85.Google Scholar
Lane, Frederick C. Venetian Ships and Shipbuilders of the Renaissance. Baltimore, 1934. Reprint, 1992.Google Scholar
Leggi e memorie venete sulla prostituzione fino alla caduta della Repubblica. Venice, 1870–72.Google Scholar
Mazzi, Maria Serena. Prostitute e lenoni nella Firenze del Quattrocento. Milan, 1991.Google Scholar
Menjot, Denis. “Prostitution et ruffianage dans les villes de Castille à la fin du Moyen Age.” International Journal for the History of Crime and Criminal Justice, Bulletin 19 (1994): 21–38.Google Scholar
Monticolo, Giovanni, ed. I Capitolari delle arti veneziane sottoposte alla Giustizia vecchia dalle origini al 1330. 3 vols. Rome, 1896, 1905, 1914.Google Scholar
Mueller, Reinhold C. “Aspetti sociali ed economici della peste a Venezia nel Medioevo.” In Venezia e la peste 1348–1797, 71–76. Venice, 1979.Google Scholar
Murray, James M. Bruges, Cradle of Capitalism, 1280–1390. Cambridge, 2005.Google Scholar
Ortalli, Francesca. “Per la salute delle anime e delli corpi.” Scuole piccole a Venezia nel tardo medioevo. Venice, 2001.Google Scholar
Otis, Leah Lydia. Prostitution in Medieval Society: The History of an Urban Institution in Languedoc. Chicago, 1985.10.7208/chicago/9780226640341.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perry, Mary. “Deviant Insiders: Legalized Prostitution and a Consciousness of Women in Early Modern Seville.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 27 (1985): 138–58.10.1017/S0010417500013724CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piasentini, Stefano. “Alla luce della luna.” I furti a Venezia (1270–1403). Venice, 1992.Google Scholar
Pol, Lotte van de. The Burgher and the Whore: Prostitution in Early Modern Amsterdam. Oxford, 2011.Google Scholar
Pullan, Brian. Rich and Poor in Renaissance Venice: The Social Institutions of a Catholic State, to 1620. Cambridge, MA, 1971.Google Scholar
Romano, Dennis. Housecraft and Statecraft: Domestic Service in Renaissance Venice, 1400–1600. Baltimore, 1996.Google Scholar
Roper, Lyndal. “Discipline and Respectability: Prostitution and the Reformation in Augsburg.” History Workshop 19 (1985): 3–28.10.1093/hwj/19.1.3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roper, Lyndal. The Holy Household: Women and Morals in Reformation Augsburg. Oxford, 1989.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, Margaret. The Honest Courtesan: Veronica Franco, Citizen and Writer in Sixteenth-Century Venice. Chicago, 1992.10.7208/chicago/9780226027494.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rossiaud, Jacques. La prostituzione nel medioevo. 3rd ed. Bari, 1995.Google Scholar
Ruggiero, Guido. Violence in Early Renaissance Venice. New Brunswick, 1980.Google Scholar
Ruggiero, Guido. The Boundaries of Eros: Sex Crime and Sexuality in Renaissance Venice. Oxford, 1985.Google Scholar
Sanuto, Marino. I Diarii di Marino Sanuto. Vol. 19 of 58. Bologna, 1969–70.Google Scholar
Sanuto, Marino. Venice. Cità Excelentissima. Selections from the Renaissance Diaries of Marin Sanudo. Ed. P. H. Labalme, L. Sanguineti White. Trans. L. L. Carroll. Baltimore, 2008.Google Scholar
Scarabello, Giovanni. “Per una storia della prostituzione a Venezia tra il XIII e il XVIII secolo.” Studi veneziani 47 (2004): 15–101.Google Scholar
Scarabello, Giovanni. Meretrices. Storia della prostituzione a Venezia tra il XIII e il XVIII secolo. Venice, 2006.Google Scholar
Schiaparelli, Attilio. La casa fiorentina e i suoi arredi nei secoli XIV e XV. Florence, 1908.Google Scholar
Storey, Tessa. Carnal Commerce in Counter-Reformation Rome. Cambridge, 2008a.Google Scholar
Storey, Tessa. “Prostitution and the Circulation of Second-Hand Goods in Early Modern Rome.” In Alternative Exchanges: Second-hand Circulations from the Sixteenth Century to the Present, ed. Fontaine, Laurence, 61–75. New York, 2008b.Google Scholar
Tamba, Giorgio, ed. Bernardo de Rodulfis, notaio in Venezia (1392–1399). Venice, 1974.Google Scholar
Thornton, Peter. The Italian Renaissance Interior, 1400–1600. New York, 1991.Google Scholar
Trexler, Richard. “La Prostitution florentine au XVe siècle: patronages et clientèles.” Annales, E.S.C. 36 (1981): 983–1015.Google Scholar
Varholy, Cristine. “‘Rich like a lady’: Cross-Class Dressing in the Brothels and Theatres of Early Modern London.” Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies 8 (2008): 4–34.10.2979/JEM.2008.8.1.4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vecellio, Cesare. The Clothing of the Renaissance World. Trans. M. F. Rosenthal and A. R. Jones. London, 2008.Google Scholar
Vianello, Andrea. “Storia sociale della calzatura.” In Storia d’Italia. Annali 19, La moda. ed. C. M. Belfanti and F. Giusberti, 627–66. Turin, 2003.Google Scholar