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Bullfighting, the Basque Clergy, and Tridentine Reform

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2020

Amanda L. Scott
Amanda L. Scott*
Affiliation:
Pennsylvania State University
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Abstract

The post–Council of Trent court records for the diocese of Pamplona (northern Iberia) record numerous and ongoing incidents of clergy accused of running with and fighting bulls. Placed within the context of efforts to implement Tridentine and Catholic reform in the diocese, contemporaneous lay legal actions, and conflicting ideas of appropriate gendered behavior and professionalism of the clergy, these episodes illuminate how parishioners effectively used the court system and crafted accusations to promote local interests and punish unpopular priests.

Type
Articles
Information
Renaissance Quarterly , Volume 73 , Issue 2 , Summer 2020 , pp. 489 - 526
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Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2020. Published by the Renaissance Society of America

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Footnotes

Thank you to Tamar Herzig for inviting me to present an earlier version of this paper at the 2017 RSA Annual Meeting in Chicago. Thanks as well to Javier Corcín for pointing me toward several of these cases, and to Celeste McNamara, Charles Keenan, Daniel Bornstein, Lu Ann Homza, Richard Abels, Molly Lester, Kelcy Sagstetter, Jeffrey Hobbs, Joe Slaughter, Mary DeCredico, and many others. A special gratitude to Teresa de Alzugaray of the Archivo Diocesano de Pamplona.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Monteano, Peio. El iceberg Navarro: Euskera y castellano en la Navarra del siglo XVI. Arre, Navarre: Pamiera, 2017.Google Scholar
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Nalle, Sara T. God in La Mancha: The People of Cuenca and the Council of Trent. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
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Ortiz, Andrés, and Mayr, Franz Karl. El matriarcalismo vasco: Reinterpretación de la cultura vasca. Bilbao: Universidad de Deusto, 1980.Google Scholar
Pereda, Julian. Los toros ante la iglesia y la moral. Bilbao: Ediciones Vita, 1945.Google Scholar
Pescador, Juan Javier. The New World inside a Basque Village. Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Pius, V.De Salute Gregis Dominici. Rome, 1567.Google Scholar
Poska, Allyson M. Regulating the People: The Catholic Reformation in Seventeenth-Century Spain. Leiden: Brill, 1998.Google Scholar
Poska, Allyson M. “A Married Man Is a Woman: Negotiating Masculinity in Early Modern Northwestern Spain.” In Masculinity in the Reformation Era (2008), 3–19.Google Scholar
Rojas y Sandoval, Bernardo. Constituciones sinodales. Pamplona, 1591. http://www.memoriadigitalvasca.es/handle/10357/262?mode=full.Google Scholar
Sales, José Luis, ed. Catálogo del Archivo Diocesano de Pamplona. Pamplona: Gobierno de Navarra, 1988–.Google Scholar
Schroeder, H. J., ed. and trans. The Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent. Rockford, IL: TAN Books, 1978.Google Scholar
Scott, Amanda L. “The Wayward Priest of Atondo: Clerical Misbehavior, Local Community, and the Limits of Tridentine Reform.” Sixteenth Century Journal 64.1 (2016): 75–98.Google Scholar
Scott, Amanda L. The Basque Seroras: Local Religion, Gender, and Power in Northern Iberia, 1550–1800. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2020.10.7591/9781501747519CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shepard, Alexandra. “Manhood, Credit and Patriarchy in Early Modern England, c.1580–1640.” Past and Present 167.1 (2000): 75–106.10.1093/past/167.1.75CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shepard, Alexandra. Meanings of Manhood in Early Modern England. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Shepard, Alexandra. “From Anxious Patriarchs to Refined Gentlemen? Manhood in Britain, circa 1500–1700.” Journal of British Studies 44.2 (2005): 281–95.10.1086/427128CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shubert, Adrian. Death and Money in the Afternoon: A History of the Spanish Bullfight. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Singer, Peter. Animal Liberation: The Definitive Classic of the Animal Movement. New York: Harper Collins, 1975.Google Scholar
Smail, Daniel Lord. The Consumption of Justice: Emotions, Publicity, and Legal Culture in Marseille, 1264–1423. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Strasser, Ulrike. “‘The First in Form and Grace’: Ignatius of Loyola and the Reformation of Masculinity.” In Masculinity in the Reformation Era (2008), 45–69.Google Scholar
Taylor, Scott K. Honor and Violence in Golden Age Spain. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008.10.12987/yale/9780300126853.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thibodeaux, Jennifer D. The Manly Priest: Clerical Celibacy, Masculinity, and Reform in England and Normandy, 1066–1300. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Usunáriz, Jesús M. “Cuando la convivencia es imposible: Los pleitos de discordia entre padres e hijos (Navarra, siglos XVI–XVII).” In Padres e hijos en España y el mundo hispánico: Siglos XVI y XVIII, ed. Usunáriz, Jesús M. and García, Rocío, 207–43. Madrid: Visor Libros, 2008.Google Scholar
Archivo Diocesano de Pamplona (ADP), Tribunal Episcopal, C/2 N.6. Cited as ADP with the box number and item number.Google Scholar
ADP, C/61 N.20.Google Scholar
ADP, C/87 N.18.Google Scholar
ADP, C/109 N.10.Google Scholar
ADP, C/124 N.8.Google Scholar
ADP, C/144 N.3.Google Scholar
ADP, C/228 N.2.Google Scholar
ADP, C/284 N.27.Google Scholar
ADP, C/342 N.17.Google Scholar
ADP, C/344 N.10.Google Scholar
ADP, C/367 N.31.Google Scholar
ADP, C/466 N.25.Google Scholar
ADP, C/473 N.16.Google Scholar
ADP, C/518 N.19.Google Scholar
ADP, C/547 N.9.Google Scholar
ADP, C/557 N.16.Google Scholar
ADP, C/562 N.6.Google Scholar
ADP, C/676 N.28.Google Scholar
ADP, C/682 N.3.Google Scholar
ADP, C/699 N.3.Google Scholar
ADP, C/699 N.8.Google Scholar
ADP, C/702 N.9.Google Scholar
ADP, C/718 N.25.Google Scholar
ADP, C/725 N.28.Google Scholar
ADP, C/1021 N.16.Google Scholar
Archivo Histórico Diocesano de Zaragoza. Libro de Registros Comunes, Tomo 71, parts 2–3.Google Scholar
Aramburu, José Miguel. Vida y fortuna del emigrante navarro a Indias (siglos XVI y XVII). Pamplona: Gobierno de Navarra, Departamento de Educación y Cultura, 1999.Google Scholar
Armstrong-Partida, Michelle. Defiant Priests, Domestic Unions, Violence, and Clerical Masculinity in Fourteenth-Century Catalonia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Azcona, José Manuel. Possible Paradises: Basque Emigration to Latin America. Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Barahona, Renato. Sex Crimes, Honour, and the Law in Early Modern Spain: Vizcaya, 1528–1735. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003.10.3138/9781442679825CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Behrend-Martínez, Edward. “‘Taming Don Juan’: Limiting Masculine Sexuality in Counter-Reformation Spain.” Gender and History 24.2 (2012): 333–52.10.1111/j.1468-0424.2012.01685.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, Judith. “Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory.” Theatre Journal 40.4 (1988): 519–31.10.2307/3207893CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christian, William A. Jr.Local Religion in Sixteenth-Century Spain. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981.Google Scholar
Cossar, Roisin. “Clerical ‘Concubines’ in Northern Italy.” Journal of Women's History 23.1 (2011): 111–32.10.1353/jowh.2011.0003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cullum, P. H., and Lewis, Katherine J., eds. Holiness and Masculinity in the Middle Ages. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2004.Google Scholar
del Valle, Teresa. Mujer vasca: Imagen y realidad. Barcelona: Anthropos, 1985.Google Scholar
Dialeti, Androniki. “Defending Women, Negotiating Masculinity in Early Modern Italy.” Historical Journal 54.1 (2011): 1–23.10.1017/S0018246X10000543CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dialeti, Androniki. “Patriarchy as a Category of Historical Analysis and the Dynamics of Power: The Example of Early Modern Italy.” Gender and History 30.2 (2018): 331–42.10.1111/1468-0424.12366CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Douglass, William A., and Bilbao, Jon. Amerikanuak: Basques in the New World. Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1975.Google Scholar
Falcón, María Isabel, and Motis, Miguel Ángel, eds. Procesos criminales del Arzobispado de Zaragoza. Zaragoza: Departamento de Cultura y Turismo, 2000.Google Scholar
Fuchs, Barbara. Exotic Nation: Maurophilia and the Construction of Early Modern Spain. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.10.9783/9780812207354CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goñi Gaztambide, José. Los navarros en el Concilio de Trento y la reforma tridentina en la diócesis de Pamplona. Pamplona: Imprenta Diocesana, 1947.Google Scholar
Hornilla, Txema. Laginecocracia vasca: Contribución a los estudios sobre el eusko-matriarcado. Bilbao: Editorial Geu Argitaldaria, 1981.Google Scholar
Ilundáin, Javier, and Orduna, Pablo. Festejar (siglos XIII–XVI). Pamplona: Gobierno de Navarra, 2012.Google Scholar
Kagan, Richard. Lawsuits and Litigants in Castile, 1500–1700. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1981.Google Scholar
Kamen, Henry. The Phoenix and the Flame: Catalonia and the Counter Reformation. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Lorca, Antonio. “Spain's Constitutional Court Overturns Catalan Ban on Bullfighting.” El País, 20 October 2016.Google Scholar
Mansi, Johannes Dominicus. Sacrorum Conciliorum: Nova et Amplissima Collectio, vol. 34. Reprint of the 1758 edition, Paris: Expensis Huberti Welter, 1902.Google Scholar
Masculinity in the Reformation Era. Ed. Scott H. Hendrix and Susan C. Karant-Nunn. Kirksville, MO: Truman State University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
McNamara, Celeste. “Challenges to Episcopal Authority in Seventeenth-Century Padua.” In Episcopal Reform and Politics in Early Modern Europe, ed. DeSilva, Jennifer Mara, 173–93. Kirksville, MO: Truman State University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
McNamara, Jo Ann. “The Herrenfrage: The Restructuring of the Gender System, 1050–1150.” In Medieval Masculinities: Regarding Men in the Middle Ages, ed. Lees, Clare A. with Fenster, Thelma and McNamara, Jo Ann, 3–29. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Miller, Maureen C. Clothing the Clergy: Virtue and Power in Medieval Europe, c. 800–1200. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Monteano, Peio. El iceberg Navarro: Euskera y castellano en la Navarra del siglo XVI. Arre, Navarre: Pamiera, 2017.Google Scholar
Monter, William. Frontiers of Heresy: The Spanish Inquisition from the Basque Lands to Sicily. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.10.1017/CBO9780511523434CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nalle, Sara T. God in La Mancha: The People of Cuenca and the Council of Trent. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Neal, Derek G. The Masculine Self in Late Medieval England. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.10.7208/chicago/9780226569598.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortiz, Andrés, and Mayr, Franz Karl. El matriarcalismo vasco: Reinterpretación de la cultura vasca. Bilbao: Universidad de Deusto, 1980.Google Scholar
Pereda, Julian. Los toros ante la iglesia y la moral. Bilbao: Ediciones Vita, 1945.Google Scholar
Pescador, Juan Javier. The New World inside a Basque Village. Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Pius, V.De Salute Gregis Dominici. Rome, 1567.Google Scholar
Poska, Allyson M. Regulating the People: The Catholic Reformation in Seventeenth-Century Spain. Leiden: Brill, 1998.Google Scholar
Poska, Allyson M. “A Married Man Is a Woman: Negotiating Masculinity in Early Modern Northwestern Spain.” In Masculinity in the Reformation Era (2008), 3–19.Google Scholar
Rojas y Sandoval, Bernardo. Constituciones sinodales. Pamplona, 1591. http://www.memoriadigitalvasca.es/handle/10357/262?mode=full.Google Scholar
Sales, José Luis, ed. Catálogo del Archivo Diocesano de Pamplona. Pamplona: Gobierno de Navarra, 1988–.Google Scholar
Schroeder, H. J., ed. and trans. The Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent. Rockford, IL: TAN Books, 1978.Google Scholar
Scott, Amanda L. “The Wayward Priest of Atondo: Clerical Misbehavior, Local Community, and the Limits of Tridentine Reform.” Sixteenth Century Journal 64.1 (2016): 75–98.Google Scholar
Scott, Amanda L. The Basque Seroras: Local Religion, Gender, and Power in Northern Iberia, 1550–1800. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2020.10.7591/9781501747519CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shepard, Alexandra. “Manhood, Credit and Patriarchy in Early Modern England, c.1580–1640.” Past and Present 167.1 (2000): 75–106.10.1093/past/167.1.75CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shepard, Alexandra. Meanings of Manhood in Early Modern England. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Shepard, Alexandra. “From Anxious Patriarchs to Refined Gentlemen? Manhood in Britain, circa 1500–1700.” Journal of British Studies 44.2 (2005): 281–95.10.1086/427128CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shubert, Adrian. Death and Money in the Afternoon: A History of the Spanish Bullfight. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Singer, Peter. Animal Liberation: The Definitive Classic of the Animal Movement. New York: Harper Collins, 1975.Google Scholar
Smail, Daniel Lord. The Consumption of Justice: Emotions, Publicity, and Legal Culture in Marseille, 1264–1423. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Strasser, Ulrike. “‘The First in Form and Grace’: Ignatius of Loyola and the Reformation of Masculinity.” In Masculinity in the Reformation Era (2008), 45–69.Google Scholar
Taylor, Scott K. Honor and Violence in Golden Age Spain. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008.10.12987/yale/9780300126853.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thibodeaux, Jennifer D. The Manly Priest: Clerical Celibacy, Masculinity, and Reform in England and Normandy, 1066–1300. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Usunáriz, Jesús M. “Cuando la convivencia es imposible: Los pleitos de discordia entre padres e hijos (Navarra, siglos XVI–XVII).” In Padres e hijos en España y el mundo hispánico: Siglos XVI y XVIII, ed. Usunáriz, Jesús M. and García, Rocío, 207–43. Madrid: Visor Libros, 2008.Google Scholar