Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T08:45:39.638Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Witches of Dürer and Hans Baldung Grien*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Margaret A. Sullivan
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This study seeks to demonstrate that the timing, subject, and audience for the art of Dürer and Hans Baldung Grien all argue against the view that the witches in their prints and drawings were a reaction to actual witch-hunts, trials, or malevolent treatises such as the Malleus maleficiarum. The witch craze did not gain momentum until late in the sixteenth century while the witches of Dürer and Hans Baldung Grien belong to an earlier era. They are more plausible as a response to humanist interest in the poetry and satire of the classical world, and are better understood as poetic constructions created to serve artistic goals and satisfy a humanist audience.

Type
Studies
Information
Renaissance Quarterly , Volume 53 , Issue 2 , Summer 2000 , pp. 333 - 401
Copyright
Copyright © Renaissance Society of America 2000

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anglo, Sydney. 1976. “Melancholia and Witchcraft: The Debate between Wier, Bodin and Scott.” In Folie et déraison a la Renaissance: Colloque international tenu en novembre, 1973. Brussels, 209-28.Google Scholar
Anglo, Sydney. 1977. “Evident Authority and Authoritative Evidence: The Malleus maleficarum.” In Anglo, ed., 1-31.Google Scholar
Anglo, Sydney. ed. 1977. The Damned Art: Essays in the Literature of Witchcraft. London.Google Scholar
Ankarloo, Bengt and Gustav, Henningsen, eds. 1990. Early Modern European Witchcraft: Centres and Peripheries. New York.Google Scholar
Anzelewsky, Fedja. 1983. Dürer-Studien: Untersuchungen zu den ikonographischen und geistesgeschichtlichen Grundlagen seiner Werke zwischen den beiden Italienreisen. Berlin.Google Scholar
Anzelewsky, Fedja. 1980. Dürer, His Art and Life. Trans. Heide Grieve. New York.Google Scholar
Apuleius, . 1989. Metamorphoses. 2 vols. Trans. J. Arthur Hanson. (Loeb Classical Library.) Cambridge, MA and London.Google Scholar
Baroja Julio, Caro. 1982. “Magic and Religion in the Classical World.” In Witchcraft and Sorcery, ed. M. Marwick, 73-101. 2d ed. Harmondsworth, Middlesex.Google Scholar
Baroja Julio, Caro. 1990. “Witchcraft and Catholic Theology.” In Ankarloo and Henningsen, 19-43.Google Scholar
Barry, Jonathan, Hester, Marianne, and Roberts, Gareth, eds. 1996. Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe: Studies in Culture and Belief. Cambridge.10.1017/CBO9780511599538Google Scholar
Barstow Anne, Llewellyn. 1994. Witchcraze, A New History of the European Witch Hunts. San Francisco and London.Google Scholar
Behringer, Wolfgang. 1996. “Witchcraft studies in Austria, Germany and Switzerland.” In Barry, Hester, and Roberts, 64-95.Google Scholar
Belien, Herman. 1991. “Judicial Views on the Crime of Witchcraft.” In Gijswijt and Frijhoff, 1991, 53-65.Google Scholar
Best, Thomas W. 1969. The Humanist Ulrich von Hutten: A Reappraisal of his Humor. (University of North Carolina Studies in the Germanic Languages and Literature, 61.) Chapel Hill.Google Scholar
Best, Thomas W. 1971. Eccius dedolatus: a Reformation Satire. Lexington.Google Scholar
Bialostocki, Jan. 1986. Dürer and His Critics, 1500-1971: Chapters in the History of Ideas Including a Collection of Texts. Baden-Baden.Google Scholar
Bonney, Françoise. 1971. “Autour de Jean Gerson. Opinions de théoldgiens sur les superstitions et la sorcellerie au debut du XVe siècle.” Le Moyen Age 77:85–98.Google Scholar
Brady, Thomas A. Jr. 1975. “The Social Place of a Renaissance Artist: Hans Baldung Grien (1484/5-1545) at Strasbourg.” Central European History 8 (December): 295-315.Google Scholar
Brady, Thomas A. Jr. 1978. Ruling Class, Regime and Reformation at Strasbourg, 1520-1555. Leiden.Google Scholar
Brann, Noel L. 1988. “Humanism in Germany.” In Renaissance Humanism: Foundations and Legacies (Humanism beyond Italy, 2), ed. A. Rabil, Jr., 123–155. Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Brauner, Sigrid. 1995. Fearless Wives and Frightened Shrews: The Construction of the Witch in Early Modern Germany ed. R. H. Brown. Amherst, MA.Google Scholar
Briggs, Robin. 1996. “‘Many reasons why’: witchcraft and the problem of multiple explanation.” In Barry, Hester, and Roberts, 49-63.Google Scholar
Briggs, Robin. 1996. Witches and Neighbours: The Social and Cultural Context of European Witchcraft. London.Google Scholar
British Museum General Catalog of Printed Books. 1965-1966. London.Google Scholar
Brown, Virginia. 1980. “Varro, Marcus Terentius.” In Catalogus Translationum, 4:451–500.Google Scholar
Burke, Peter. 1977. “Witchcraft and Magic in Renaissance Italy: Gianfrancesco Pico and his Strix.” In Anglo, ed., 32-52.Google Scholar
Cast, David. 1981. The Calumny ofApelles: A Study in the Humanist Tradition. New Haven and London.Google Scholar
Catalogus Translationum et Commentariorum: Medieval and Renaissance Latin Translations and Commentaries. 1960-. 7 vols. Ed.-in-chief, Paul Oskar Kristeller. Washington.Google Scholar
Cèbe, Jean Pierre. 1972-1990. Varron, Satires Menippees, vols. 1-9. Rome.Google Scholar
Celtis, Conrad (Conradus Celtes). 1502. Quatuor libri amorum secundum quatuor latera Germanic. Nuremberg.Google Scholar
Cebe, Jean Pierre. 1966. Opuscula. Ed. K. Adal, Teubner.Google Scholar
Chrisman, Miriam Usher. 1967. Strasbourg and the Reform: a Study in the Process of Change. New Haven and London.Google Scholar
Chrisman, Miriam Usher. 1982a. Bibliography of Strasbourg Imprints, 1480-1599. New Haven and London.Google Scholar
Chrisman, Miriam Usher. 1982b. Lay Culture, Learned Culture: Books and Social Change in Strasbourg, 1480-1599. New Haven and London.10.2307/j.ctt211qxqqGoogle Scholar
Clark, Stuart. 1997. Thinking with Demons: The Idea of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe. Oxford.Google Scholar
Columella, Lucius Junius Moderatus. 1941. De re rustica. Trans. E. S. Forster and E. Heffner. (Loeb Classical Library.) Cambridge, MA and London.Google Scholar
Davidson, Jane P. 1987. The Witch in Northern European Art, 1470-1750. Freren.Google Scholar
Dwyer, Eugene J. 1971. “The Subject of Dürer's Four Witches.” Art Quarterly, 34 (Winter): 456-73.Google Scholar
Epistolae Obscurorum Virorum: The Latin Text with an English Rendering, Notes, and an Historical Introduction. 1909. Trans. F. G. Stokes. London.Google Scholar
Erasmus, Desiderius. 1974. Collected Works of Erasmus. Toronto and Buffalo.Google Scholar
Erasmus, Desiderius. 1941. The Praise of Folly by Desiderius Erasmus. Trans. Hoyt Hopewell Hudson. Princeton, NJ.Google Scholar
Flint, Valerie I. J. 1991. The Rise of Magic in Early Medieval Europe. Princeton, NJ.Google Scholar
Frijhoff, Willem. 1991. “Witchcraft and its Changing Representation in Eastern Gelderland, from the Sixteenth to Twentieth Centuries.” In Gijswijt and Frijhoff, 1991, 167-81.Google Scholar
Gaier, Ulrich. 1968. “Sebastian Brant's Narrenschiffand the Humanists.” PMLA, 83:266–70.10.2307/1261181Google Scholar
Geiler von Kaysersberg, Johannes. 1511. Die emeis … Und gibt underweisung von den unholden oder hexen. Strasbourg.Google Scholar
Gellius, Aulus. 1927. The Attic Nights of Aulus Gellius. Trans. J. C. Rolfe. 3 vols. (Loeb Classical Library.) London and New York.Google Scholar
Gijswijt-Hofstra, Marijke. 1991. “Six Centuries of Witchcraft in the Netherlands: Themes, Outlines and Interpretations.” In Gijswijt and Frijhoff, 1991, 1-36.Google Scholar
Gijswijt-Hofstra, Marijke and Willem, Frijhoff, eds. 1991. Witchcraft in the Netherlands from the fourteenth to the twentieth century. Trans. Rachel M. J. van der Wilden-Fall. Rotterdam.Google Scholar
Gordon, Richard. 1987. “Lucan's Erichto.” In Homo Viator: Classical Essays for John Bramble, eds. M. Whitby, P. Hardie, and M. Whitby, 231-41. Oak Park.Google Scholar
Gothic and Renaissance Art in Nuremberg, 1300-1550. 1986. Exhibition catalog, eds. Alfred Wenderhorst, Hermann Maue, Rainer Brand et al. New York and Munich.Google Scholar
Graf, Fritz. 1997. Magic in the Ancient World. Trans. Franklin Philip. Cambridge, MA and London.Google Scholar
Hain, Ludwig Friedrich Theodor. 1831. Repertorium bibliographicum in quo libri omnes ab arte typographica inventa usque ad annum MD. Paris and Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Harrison, Ann Tukey, ed. 1994. “Danse Macabre” of Women. Kent, OH and London.Google Scholar
Hartlaub, Gustav Friedrick F. 1961. Hans Baldung Grien-Hexenbilder. Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Henderson, Jeffrey. 1991. The Maculate Muse: Obscene Language in Attic Comedy. New York and Oxford.Google Scholar
Higman, Francis. 1997. “I Came Not to Send Peace, but a Sword.” In Calvinus sincerioris religionis vindex: Calvin as Protector of the Purer Religion (Sixteenth Century Essays & Studies, 36), eds. Wilhelm H. Neuser and Brian G. Armstrong, 123-37. Kirksville, MO.Google Scholar
Hillerbrand, Hans J. 1998. “The Other in the Age of the Reformation: Reflections on Social Control and Deviance in the Sixteenth Century.” In Infinite Boundaries: Order, Disorder and Reorder in Early Modern German Culture (Sixteenth Century Essays and Studies, 40), ed. Max Reinhart, 245-69. Kirksville, MO.Google Scholar
Hoak, Dale. 1981. “Witch-Hunting and Women in the Art of the Renaissance,” History Today 31 (February): 22-26.Google Scholar
Hoak, Dale. 1985. “Art, Culture and Mentality in Renaissance Society: the Meaning of Hans Baldung Grien's Bewitched Groom (1544).” Renaissance Quarterly 38.3 (Autumn): 488-510.Google Scholar
Holborn, Hajo. 1964. On the Eve of the Reformation: Letters of Obscure Men. New York and London.Google Scholar
Holzberg, Niklas. 1988. “Lucian and the Germans.” In The Uses of Greek and Latin: Historical Essays (Warburg Institute Studies, 16), eds. A. C. Dionisotti, A. Grafton, and J. Kraye, 199–209. London.Google Scholar
Horace, (Horatius Flaccus). 1978. Satires, Epistles and Ars Poetrica. Trans. H. Rushton Fairclough. (Loeb Classical Library.) Cambridge, MA and London.Google Scholar
Horace, (Horatius Flaccus). 1988. Odes and Epodes. Trans. C. E. Bennett. (Loeb Classical Library.) Cambridge, MA and London.Google Scholar
Hults, Linda. 1978. Hans Baldung Grien and Albrecht Durer: a Problem in Northern Mannerism. University of North Carolina, dissertation.Google Scholar
Hults, Linda. 1981. “Baldung and the Reformation.” In Marrow and Shestack, 38-59.Google Scholar
Hults, Linda. 1982. “Hans Baldung Grien's Weather Witches in Frankfurt.” Pantheon, 40 (April-June): 124-30.Google Scholar
Hults, Linda. 1984. “Baldung's Bewitched Groom Revisited: Artistic Temperament, Fantasy and the “Dream of Reason.” Sixteenth Century Journal 15:259–79.Google Scholar
Hults, Linda. 1987. “Baldung and the Witches of Freiburg: The Evidence of Images,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 182: 249-76.Google Scholar
Hutchison, Jane Campbell. 1990. Albrecht Dürer: A Biography. Princeton.Google Scholar
Karlsruhe, Staatliche Kunsthalle. 1959. Hans Baldung Grien. Exhibition catalog, July-September. Karlsruhe.Google Scholar
Kieckhefer, Richard. 1976. European Witch Trials: Their Foundations in Popular and Learned Culture, 1300-1500. Berkeley and Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Koch, Carl. 1941. Die Zeichnungen Hans Baldung Griens. Berlin.Google Scholar
Koerner, Joseph Leo. 1992. Hans Baldung Grien: Bucholzschnitte aus Augsburger Bestanden. Exhibition catalogue, 5-8. Instituts für Europaische Kulturgeschichte der Universitat Augsburg und der Staats-und Stadtbibliothek Augsburg, January-February, 1992. Augsburg.Google Scholar
Koerner, Joseph Leo. 1993. The Moment of Self-Portraiture in German Renaissance Art. Chicago and London.Google Scholar
Kramer, Heinrich (Institoris) and Jakob, Sprenger. 1928. Malleus maleficarum (1489). Ed. and trans. Montague Summers. London.Google Scholar
Kunstmann, H. H. 1970. Zauherwahn und Hexenprozess in der Reichsstadt Nurnberg. Nuremberg.Google Scholar
Landau, David and Peter, Parshall. 1994. The Renaissance Print, 1470-1550. New Haven and London.Google Scholar
Larner, Christina. 1981. “Witch Beliefs and Witch-hunting in England and Scotland.” History Today 31 (February): 32-36.Google Scholar
Larner, Christina. 1984. Witchcraft and Religion: the Politics of Popular Belief. Oxford.Google Scholar
Lee, Charles Marston. 1937. Varro's Menippean Satires. University of Pittsburgh, dissertation.Google Scholar
Levack, Brian P. 1996a. “State-building and witch hunting in early modern Europe.” In Barry, Hester, Roberts, 96-115.Google Scholar
Levack, Brian P. 1996b The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe. 2nd ed. London and New York.Google Scholar
Lorenz, Sonke and Schmidt, J. M., eds. 1994. Hexen und Hexenverfolung in deutschen Sudwesten. Exhibition catalog. 2 vols. Badischen Landesmuseum Karlsruhe im Schloss, September to December, 1994. Ostfildern.Google Scholar
Lowe, Joyce Egerton. 1929. Magic in Greek and Latin Literature. Oxford.Google Scholar
Lucan, (Lucanus, Marcus Annaeus). 1928. Lucan: The Civil War, Books 1-X. Trans. J. D. Duff. (Loeb Classical Library.) New York and London.Google Scholar
Lucian, . 1959. Vol. VI. Trans. K. Kilburn. (Loeb Classical Library.) Cambridge, MA and London.Google Scholar
Lucian, . 1961. Lucian. Vol. VII. Trans. M. D. Macleod. Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA and London.Google Scholar
Lucilius, Gaius. 1979. Remains of Old Latin. Vol. III, Trans. E. H. Warmington. (Loeb Classical Library.) Cambridge, MA and London.Google Scholar
Luck, Georg. 1985. Arcana Mundi: Magic and the Occult in the Greek and Roman Worlds. Baltimore, MD and London.Google Scholar
Luhrmann, Tanya M. 1989. Persuasion of the Witches’ Craft: Ritual Magic in Contemporary England. Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Marrow, James H. and Alan, Shestack eds. 1981. Hans Baldung Grien: Prints and Drawings. Exhibition catalogue with essays by Alan Shestack, Charles W. Talbot, and Linda C. Hults. New Haven.Google Scholar
Martial, Marcus Valerius. 1978. Epigrams. Trans. Walter C. A. Ker. (Loeb Classical Library.) Cambridge MA and London.Google Scholar
Mehl, James V. 1994. “Language, Class and Mimic Satire in the Characterizations of Correspondents in the Epistolae obscurorum virorum.” Sixteenth Century Journall'b (Summer): 289-305.Google Scholar
Mellinkoff, Ruth. 1973. “Riding Backwards: Theme of Humiliation and Symbol of Evil.” Viator: Medieval and Renaissance Studies 4:153–76.Google Scholar
Mesenzeva, Charmian A. 1981. “'Der Behexte Stallknecht’ des Hans Baldung Grien.” Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte 44:57–61.10.2307/1482107Google Scholar
Mesenzeva, Charmian A. 1983. “Zum Problem: Dürer und die Antike. Albrecht Dürer's Kupferstich Die Hexe .” Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte 46: 187–202.Google Scholar
Midelfort, H. C. Erik. 1972. Witch Hunting in Southwestern Germany, 1562-1684: The Social and Intellectural Foundations. Stanford.Google Scholar
Midelfort, H. C. Erik. 1981. “Heartland of the Witchcraze: Central and Northern Europe.” History Today 31 (February): 27–31.Google Scholar
Molitoris, Ulricus. 1489. De laniis et phito nicis mulieribus, Teutonice unholden vel heren. Reutlingen.Google Scholar
Monter, E. William, 1976. Witchcraft in France and Switzerland: The Borderlands During the Reformation. Ithaca and London.Google Scholar
Muchembled, Robert. 1987. Sorcières, justice et société aux 16e et 17e siècles. Paris.Google Scholar
Muchembled, Robert. 1990. “Satanic Myths and Cultural Reality.” In Ankarloo and Henningsen, 139-60.Google Scholar
Muchembled, Robert. 1991. La sorcière au village XV - XVIIIe siecle. Paris.Google Scholar
Oettinger, Karl and Knappe, Karl-Adolf. 1963. Hans Baldung Grien und Albrecht Durer in Nurnberg. Nuremberg.Google Scholar
Osten, Gert von der. 1973. Deutsche und niederlandische Kunst der Reformationszeit. Cologne.Google Scholar
Oettinger, Karl and Knappe, Karl-Adolf. 1983. Hans Baldung Grien: Gemaide und Dokumente. Berlin.Google Scholar
Overfield, James H. 1984. Humanism and Scholasticism in Late Medieval Germany, Princeton.Google Scholar
Ovidius, Naso. 1931. Ovid's Fasti. Trans. Sir James G. Frazer. (Loeb Classical Library.) London and New York.Google Scholar
Ovidius, Naso. 1977. Ovid Metamorphoses. Trans. Sir James G. Frazer. (Loeb Classical Library.) 2 vols. Cambridge, MA and London.Google Scholar
Panayotakis, Costas. 1995. Theatrum Arbitri: Theatrical Elements in the “Satyrica” of Petronius. Leiden and New York.Google Scholar
Panofsky, Erwin. 1971. The Life and Art of Albrecht D ürer. 5th ed. Princeton, NJ.Google Scholar
Peters, Edward. 1978. The Magician, the Witch and the Law. Brighton.Google Scholar
Petronius, . 1975. Satyricon. Trans. E. H. Warmington. In Petronius, Seneca Apocolocyntosis. (Loeb Classical Library.) Cambridge, MA and London.Google Scholar
Pfanner, J. 1971. “Geisteswissenschaftlicher Humanismus.” In Pfeiffer, 127-33.Google Scholar
Pfeiffer, Gerhard, ed. 1971. Nürnberg-Geschichte einer europäischen Stadt. Munich.Google Scholar
Pinson, Yona. 1998. “Witchcraft / Sorcery.” In Encyclopedia of Comparative Iconography: Themes Depicted in Works of Art, vol. 2, ed. Helene E. Roberts, 947–956. Chicago and London.Google Scholar
Pliny, . 1968. Natural History. Trans. H. Rackham. 10 vols. (Loeb Classical Library.) Cambridge, MA and London.Google Scholar
Poesch, Jessie. 1964. “Sources for Two Dürer Enigmas.” Art Bulletin 46 (March): 78–86.Google Scholar
Préaud, Maxime, ed. 1973. Les Sorcières. Exhibition catalog. Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.Google Scholar
Propertius, Sextus Aurelius. 1990. Propertius: Elegies. Trans. G. P. Goold. (Loeb Classical Library.) Cambridge, MA and London.Google Scholar
Purkiss, Diane. 1996. The Witch in Hitory, Early Modern and Twentieth-Century Representations. London.Google Scholar
Quaife, Geoffrey Robert. 1987. Godly Zeal and Furious Rage: The Witch in Early Modern Europe. Beckenham, Kent.Google Scholar
Rabelais, François. 1962. Oeuvres completes. Ed. P. Jourda. Paris.Google Scholar
Rabil, Albert, Jr., ed. 1988. Renaissance Humanism: Foundations, Forms, and Legacy. 3 vols. Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Radbruch, Gustav. 1950. “Hans Baldung's Hexenbilder.” In Elegantiae Juris Criminalis. Vierzehn Studien zur Geschichte des Strafrechts, 30–48. 2nd ed. Basel.Google Scholar
Rist, Anna. 1978. The Poems of Theocritus. Chapel Hill, NC.Google Scholar
Roberts, Gareth. 1996. “The Descendants of Circe: Witches and Renaissance Fictions.” In Barry, Hester, and Roberts, 183-206.Google Scholar
Roper, Lyndal. 1996. “ Witchcraft and Fantasy in Eatly Modern Germany.” In Barry, Hester, and Roberts, 207-36.Google Scholar
Rudd, Niall. 1986. Themes in Roman Satire. Norman, OK and London.Google Scholar
Rummel, Erika. 1995. The Humanist-Scholastic Debate in the Renaissance and Reformation. Cambridge, MA and London.Google Scholar
Rupprich, H. 1972. “Willibald Pirckheimer: A Study of his Personality as a Scholar.” In Pre-Reformation Germany, ed. G. Strauss, 380–435. New York.10.1007/978-1-349-01001-1_11Google Scholar
Russell, Jeffrey Burton. 1988. Witchcraft in the Middle Ages. 1972. Ithaca and London.Google Scholar
Scarre, Geoffrey G. 1988. Witchcraft and Magic in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth- Century Europe. Altantic Highlands, NJ.Google Scholar
Schedel, Hartmann. 1493. Liber chronicarum (Chronicle of the World). Nuremberg.Google Scholar
Schuster, Mauriz. 1929. “Der Werwolf und die Hexen. Zwei Schauermarchen bei Petronius.” Wiener Studien 47:149–78.Google Scholar
Scobie, Alex. 1983. Apuleius and Folklore. Folklore Society, London.Google Scholar
Scribner, Robert W. 1987. Popular Culture and Popular Movements in Reformation Germany. London and Ronceverte.Google Scholar
Shestack, Alan. 1981. “An Introduction to Hans Baldung Grien.” In Marrow and Shestack, 2-18.Google Scholar
Sigsbee, David L. 1976. “The paradoxa Stoicorum in Varro's Menippeans.” Classical Philology 71 (July): 244-48.Google Scholar
Smith, Jeffrey Chipps. 1983. Nuremberg, a Renaissance City. Austin, TX.Google Scholar
Smith, Robert. 1974. “Natural versus Scientific Vision: The Foreshortened Figure in the Renaissance.” Gazette des Beaux-Arts 82 (October): 239-48.Google Scholar
Sochatoff, A. Fred. 1976. “Petronius Arbiter.” In Catalogus Translationum, 3:313-39.Google Scholar
Spitz, Lewis W. 1957. Conrad Celtis: The German Arch-Humanist. Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Stephanus, Robettus (Robert Estienne). 1543. Dictionarium seu Latine linguae thesaurus, Paris.Google Scholar
Stephens, Walter. 1996. “The Quest for Satan: Witch-Hunting and Religious Doubt, 1400-1700.” In Stregoneria e streghe nell’ Europa Moderna, eds. Giovanna Bosco and Patrizia Castelli, 49-71. Pisa.Google Scholar
Strauss, Gerald. 1966. Nuremberg in the Sixteenth Century. New York and London.Google Scholar
Sullivan, Margaret A. 1977. “Madness and Folly: Peter Bruegel the Elder's Dulle Griet .” The Art Bulletin, 59 (March): 55–66.Google Scholar
Strauss, Gerald. 1991. “Bruegel's Proverbs: Art and Audience in the Northern Renaissance.” Art Bulletin 73 (Sept.): 431–466.Google Scholar
Strauss, Gerald. 1994. Bruegel's Peasants: Art and Audience in the Northern Renaissance. Cambridge and New York.Google Scholar
Talbot, Charles W. 1981. “Baldung and the Female Nude.” In Marrow and Shesrack, 19-37.Google Scholar
Thompson, Craig R. 1974. Translations of Lucian. In The Complete Works of St. Thomas More, vol. 3, pt. 1. New Haven.Google Scholar
Tupet, Anne-Marie. 1976. La Magie dans la poesie latine: des origines à la fin du regne dAuguste. Paris.Google Scholar
Varro, Marcus Terentius. 1938. Varro on the Latin Language. Trans. Roland G. Kent. 2 vols. (Loeb Classical Library.) London and Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Virgil, . 1502. Publij Virgilij marois opera. Ed. and with a commentary by Sebastian Brant. Bibliothèque Nationale et Universitaire, R10024. Strasbourg.Google Scholar
Weyer, Johann. 1991. De praestigiis daemonum, et incantationibus, ac veneficiis. In Witches, Devils and Doctors in the Renaissance: Johann Weyer's “De praestigiis daemonum.” Trans. J. Shea. Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, 73. Binghamton, NY.Google Scholar
Willis, Deborah. 1995. Malevolent Nurture, Witch-Hunting and Maternal Power in Early Modern England. Ithaca and London.Google Scholar
Wilson, Adrian. 1976. The Making of the Nuremberg World Chronicle. Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Wind, Edgar. 1939. “ Hercules and Orpheus: Two Mock-Heroic Designs by Dürer.” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 2: 206–18.Google Scholar
Wind, Edgar. 1968. Pagan Mysteries in the Renaissance. New York and London.Google Scholar
Wuttke, Dieter. 1980. “ Dürer und Celtes: von der Beudeutung des Jahres 1500 fur den deutschen Humanismus: Jahrundertfeier als symbolische Form.” Journal of Medieval and Renaissance StudieslO (Spring): 73–129.Google Scholar
Zika, Charles. 1998. “ Dürer's Witch, Riding Women and the Moral Order.” In Dürer and His Culture, eds. Dagman Eichberger and Charles Zika, 118-40. Cambridge.Google Scholar