Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T02:21:10.315Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Stradano’s Allegorical Invention of the Americas in Late Sixteenth-Century Florence*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Lia Markey
Lia Markey*
Affiliation:
Princeton University
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This essay situates Giovanni Stradano’s engravings of the discovery of the Americas from the Americae Retectio and Nova Reperta series within the context of their design in late sixteenth-century Florence, where the artist worked at the Medici court and collaborated with the dedicatee of the prints, Luigi Alamanni. Through an analysis of the images in relation to contemporary texts about the navigators who traveled to the Americas, as well as classical sources, emblems, and works of art in diverse media — tapestry, print, ephemera, and fresco — the study argues that Stradano’s allegorical representations of the Americas were produced in order to make clear Florence’s role in the invention of the New World.

Type
Studies
Information
Renaissance Quarterly , Volume 65 , Issue 2 , Summer 2012 , pp. 385 - 442
Copyright
Copyright © 2012 Renaissance Society of America

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

This article began as a paper given at The Renaissance Society of America’s conference in Cambridge in 2005, and developed out of the final chapter of my 2008 dissertation. I am especially grateful to my dissertation advisors, Charles Cohen, Rebecca Zorach, and Clara Bargellini, and to fellow session participants at that RSA conference, Michael Gaudio and Michael Schreffler, who first provided feedback on this study. Thanks also go to past and current members of the Medici Archive Project, Lee Behnke, Surekha Davies, Sara Matthews-Grieco, Liz Horodowich, Constance Markey, Jonathan Nelson, and Susanna Rudofsky, who helped me to find, decipher, or translate sources related to the prints discussed here. At various points in its development, this study benefited substantially from the comments and suggestions of numerous readers, including Timothy Krause, Colin Macdonald, and Erika Suffern of RQ, the anonymous RQ readers, Alessandra Baroni Vannucci, Déborah Blocker, Suzanne Karr Schmidt, Jessica Keating, Alexandra Korey, Daniel Margócsy, Lisa Neal Tice, Meredith Ray, and Larry Silver. I also thank in particular Blocker for sharing her knowledge of the Alterati with me, and Manfred Sellink and Vanessa Paumen for providing me with proofs of the publication, Stradanus (1523–1605), Court Artist of the Medici.

References

Achilles, Katrin. Johannes Stradanus: Venationes Avium Zur Darstellung der Vogeljagd in der Graphik des 16. Jahrhunderts. Berlin, 1980.Google Scholar
Achilles, Katrin. “Indianer auf der Jagd, Der neue Kontinent in den Venationes des Johannes Stradanus.” In Mythen der Neuen Welt, Zur Entdeckungsgeschichte Lateinamerikas, ed. , Kohl, Karl-Heinz, 161–72. Berlin, 1982.Google Scholar
Alamanni, Luigi. “Delle lodi di Filippo Sassetti, detto nell’Accademia degli Alterati l'Assetato.” Prose fiorentine raccolte dallo smarrito accademico della crusca, tomo secondo, parte prima, volume quarto, 4:43–51. Venice, 1730.Google Scholar
Alciati, Andrea. Diverse imprese. Lyon, 1551.Google Scholar
Alciati, Andrea. Emblemata. Paris, 1584.Google Scholar
Alighieri, Dante. La Divina Commedia, Purgatorio. Ed. , Pietrobono, L. Turin, 1959.Google Scholar
Allen, Don Cameron. Mysteriously Meant: The Rediscovery of Pagan Symbolism and Allegorical Interpretation in the Renaissance. Baltimore, 1970.Google Scholar
Baldini, Carlo. Gli Alamanni e il Castello di Sezzate, Memorie religiose e civili del commune di Greve in Chianti. Greve in Chianti, 1999.Google Scholar
Baldinucci, Filippo. Notizie de’ professori del disegno da Cimabue in qua, Volume II. Florence, 1974.Google Scholar
Barbi, A. S. Un accademico mecenate e poeta-Giovanni Battista Strozzi il Giovane. Florence, 1900.Google Scholar
Baroni Vannucci, Alessandra. “Per il percorso dello Stradano.” Paragone XLII.493–495 (1991): 3–21.Google Scholar
Baroni Vannucci, Alessandra. “Giovanni Stradano pittore e disegnatore. Note e appunti sull’attività del fiammingo dal 1574 all’anno di morte 1605.” In Giovanni Stradano e Dante, ed. , Gizzi, Corrado, 79–90. Milan, 1994.Google Scholar
Baroni Vannucci, Alessandra. Jan Van der Straet detto Giovanni Stradano: flandrus pictor et inventor. Milan, 1997.Google Scholar
Baroni Vannucci, Alessandra. “Ancora su Jan van der Straet: Uno Schizzo inedito alla Biblioteca Laurenziana.” In Aux Quatre Vents, A Festschrift for Bert W. Meijer, ed. , Edward Grasman, Anton W. A. Boschloo, and , Sman, Gert Jan Van der, 243–47. Florence, 2002.Google Scholar
Baroni Vannucci, Alessandra. “A Flemish Artist at the Medici Court in Florence in the Second Half of the Sixteenth Century: Life, Works and Modus Operandi of the Painter-Cartoonist Johannes Stradanus.” In Stradanus (1523–1605), Court Artist of the Medici, ed. , Sellink, Manfred, 53–97. Turnhout, 2011.Google Scholar
Baskins, Cristelle. “Shaping Civic Personifications: Pisa Sforzata, Pisa Salvata.” In Early Modern Visual Allegory: Embodying Meaning, ed. , Baskins, Cristelle and , Rosenthal, Lisa, 91–108. Aldershot, 2007.Google Scholar
Baskins, Cristelle, and , Rosenthal, Lisa. “Introduction.” In Early Modern Visual Allegory: Embodying Meaning, ed. , Baskins, Cristelle and , Rosenthal, Lisa, 1–10. Aldershot, 2007.Google Scholar
Benisovich, Michel N. “The Drawings of Stradanus (Jan Van der Straeten) in the Cooper Union Museum for the Arts of Decoration, New York.” The Art Bulletin 38 (1956): 249–51.Google Scholar
Benzoni, Girolamo. La historia del mondo nuovo. Venice, 1565.Google Scholar
Bettini, Alba. “Antico e non antico in una allegoria della scoperta dell’America.” Columbeis 2 (1987): 403–15.Google Scholar
Bettini, Alba. “‘Americae Retectio’: Ricostruzione di un processo creativo.” Columbeis 3 (1988): 191–201.Google Scholar
Guido, Biagi, ed. Dante: Illustrations to the Divine Comedy of Dante. Florence, 1892.Google Scholar
Blocker, Déborah. “Le lettré, ses pistole et l’académie: comment faire témoigner les lettres de Filippo Sassetti, accademico Alterato (Florence et Pise, 1570–1578)?” Littératures classiques 71 (2010): 31–66.Google Scholar
Bok–van Kammen, Welmoet. “Stradanus and the Hunt.” PhD diss., Johns Hopkins University, 1977.Google Scholar
Borghini, Raffaello. Il Riposo, Volume Terzo. Milan, 1807.Google Scholar
Bradner, Leicester. “Columbus in Sixteenth-Century Poetry.” In Essays Honoring Lawrence C. Wroth, ed. , Goff, Frederick R, 15–30. Portland, ME, 1951.Google Scholar
Brotton, Jerry. Trading Territories: Mapping the Early Modern World. Ithaca, 1998.Google Scholar
Brown, Alison. “Lucretius and the Epicureans in the Social and Political Context of Renaissance Florence.” I Tatti Studies: Essays in the Renaissance 9 (2001): 11–62.Google Scholar
Brown, Alison. The Return of Lucretius to Renaissance Florence. Cambridge, 2010.Google Scholar
Brunner, Michael. “Alcune note sulla commissione dei disegni danteschi di Giovanni Stradano.” In Giovanni Stradano e Dante, ed. , Gizzi, Corrado, 123–32. Milan, 1994.Google Scholar
Brunner, Michael. Die illustrierung von Dantes Divina Commedia in der Zeit der Dante-Debatte (1570–1600). Munich, 1999.Google Scholar
Cadogan, Jean K. Domenico Ghirlandaio, Artist and Artisan. New Haven, 2000.Google Scholar
Caldwell, Dorigen. “Studies in Sixteenth-century Italian Imprese.” Emblematica 11 (2001): 1–237.Google Scholar
Caldwell, Dorigen. The Sixteenth-Century Italian Impresa in Theory and Practice. New York, 2004.Google Scholar
Campbell, Stephen J. “Giorgione’s ‘Tempest,’ ‘Studiolo’ Culture, and the Renaissance Lucretius.” Renaissance Quarterly 56.2 (2003): 299–332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canizares-Esguerra, Jorge. Nature, Empire and Nation: Explorations of the History of Science in the Iberian World. Stanford, 2006.Google Scholar
Carretero, Concha Herrero. “Renaissance Tapestries from the Patrimonio Nacional.” In Resplendence of the Spanish Monarchy: Renaissance Tapestries and Armor from the Patrimonio Nacional, ed. , O’Neill, John P, 25–94. New York, 1991.Google Scholar
Carretero, Concha Herrero. “La Terre protégée par Jupiter et Junon.” In Carolus: Charles Quint 1500–1558, ed. , Soly, Hugo and , Wiele, Johan Van de, 284–85. Ghent, 1999.Google Scholar
Jesús, Carrillo, ed. Oviedo on Columbus, Repertorium Columbianum, Volume IX. Trans. Diane Avalle-Arce. Turnhout, 2000.Google Scholar
Cecchi, Alessandro, and , Paola, Pacetti, eds. La Sala delle Carte Geografiche in Palazzo Vecchio: “capriccio et invenzione nata dal Duca Cosimo.” Florence, 2008.Google Scholar
Christadler, Maike. “Giovanni Stradanos America-Allegorie als Ikone der Postcolonial Studies.” Kunst und Politik 4 (2002): 17–33.Google Scholar
Ciano, Cesare. I primi Medici e il mare. Florence, 1980.Google Scholar
Columbus, Ferdinand. The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus. Trans. Benjamin Keen. New Brunswick, 1959.Google Scholar
Conley, Tom. The Self-Made Map: Cartographic Writing in Early Modern France. Minneapolis, 1996.Google Scholar
Conti, Marco. “Amerigo e la sua famiglia.” I Navigatori Toscani, Quaderni Vespucciani 1 (2010): 158–63.Google Scholar
Susan, Dackerman, ed. Prints and the Pursuit of Knowledge in Early Modern Europe. New Haven, 2011.Google Scholar
Daston, Lorraine, and , Katharine, Park. Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150–1750. New York, 1998.Google Scholar
Davies, Surekha. “Representations of Amerindians on European Maps and the Construction of Ethnographic Knowledge, 1506–1624.” PhD diss., The Warburg Institute of Advanced Study, University of London, 2008.Google Scholar
De Acosta, José. Natural and Moral History of the Indies. Ed. , Mangan, Jane E. Trans. Frances López-Morillas. Durham, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dean, Carolyn. “Savage Breast/Salvage Breast: Allegory, Colonization, and Wet-Nursing in Peru, 1532–1825.” In Early Modern Visual Allegory: Embodying Meaning, ed. , Baskins, Cristelle and , Rosenthal, Lisa, 265–79. Aldershot, 2007.Google Scholar
de Certeau, Michel. The Writing of History. Trans. Tom Conley. New York, 1988.Google Scholar
Adele, Dei, ed. Filippo Sassetti, Lettere dall’India (1583–1588). Rome, 1995.Google Scholar
Della, Porta, , Battista, Giovanni. De humana physiognomonie. Hanover, 1593.Google Scholar
Delmarcel, Guy. “Patronage and Production in Northern Europe, 1520–60.” In Tapestry in the Renaissance: Art and Magnificence, ed. , Campbell, Thomas P, 262–339. New Haven, 2002.Google Scholar
DePasse, Crispin, and , Quad, Matthias. Effigies Regum et Principium quorum Vis ac Potentia in Re Nauticá seu Mariná, præ cæteris Spectabilis est. Cologne, 1598.Google Scholar
Depue Hadzsits, George. Lucretius and his Influence. New York, 1963. Dizionario biografico degli Italiani. Rome, 1960–.Google Scholar
Donahue-Wallace, Kelly. “Publishing Prints in Eighteenth-Century Mexico City.” Print Quarterly 23.2 (2006): 134–54.Google Scholar
Douglas, R. Lanton. “The Contemporary Portraits of Amerigo Vespucci.” The Burlington Magazine 84.491 (1944): 30–37.Google Scholar
Geoffrey, Eatough, ed. Fracastoro’s Syphilis: Introduction, Text, Translation and Notes with a Computer-Generated Word Index. Liverpool, 1984.Google Scholar
Fehl, Philipp. “Vasari e Stradano come Panegiristi dei Medici, Osservazioni sul rapporto tra verità storica e verità poetica nella pittura di fatti storici.” In Vasari Storiografo e Artista. 207–24. Florence, 1976.Google Scholar
Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, Gonzalo. Natural history of the West Indies. Ed. and trans. Sterling A. Stoudemire. Chapel Hill, 1959.Google Scholar
Ferro, Gaetano. “In Search of an Image.” In Columbian Iconography, Nuova Raccolta Colombiana, ed. , Eugenio Viola, Gianni, 8–27. Rome, 1992a.Google Scholar
Ferro, Gaetano. “The ‘True’ Face of Columbus.” In Imagining the New World, Colombian Iconography, ed. , Jaffe, Irma B, Gianni Eugenio Viola, and Franca Rovigatti, 73–88. New York, 1992b.Google Scholar
Fido, Franco. “L’America: Primo canto di un poema inedito di Giovan Battista Strozzi il Giovane.” Studi secenteschi 23 (1982): 277–310.Google Scholar
Fiorani, Francesca. The Marvel of Maps: Art, Cartography and Politics in Renaissance Italy. New Haven, 2005.Google Scholar
Fletcher, Angus. Allegory, The Theory of a Symbolic Mode. Ithaca, 1964.Google Scholar
Luciano, Formisano, ed. Letters from a New World: Amerigo Vespucci’s Discovery of America. New York, 1992.Google Scholar
Gambi, Lucio, and , Antonio, Pinelli. La Galleria delle Carte geografiche in Vaticano. 3 vols. Modena, 1994.Google Scholar
Gaudio, Michael. Engraving the Savage: The New World and Techniques of Civilization. Minneapolis, 2008.Google Scholar
Goldenberg Stoppato, Lisa. “Dei soggiorni napoletani di Jan Van der Straet e del figlio Scipione e degli inventari dei loro beni fiorentini.” Studi di storia dell’Arte 16 (2005): 227–37.Google Scholar
Gombrich, E. H. “Eastern Inventions and Western Response.” Daedalus 127.1 (1998): 193–205.Google Scholar
Grafton, Anthony. New Worlds, Ancient Texts: The Power of Tradition and the Shock of Discovery. Cambridge, MA, 1992.Google Scholar
Greenblatt, Stephen. The Swerve: How the World Became Modern. New York, 2011.Google Scholar
Gualterotti, Raffaello. Feste delle nozze del serenissimo Don Francesco Medici Duca di Toscana et della serenissima sua consorte Bianca Cappello. Florence, 1579.Google Scholar
Guarnieri, Giuseppe Gino. Un’audace impresa marittima di Ferdinando I dei Medici. Pisa, 1928.Google Scholar
Guarnieri, Giuseppe Gino. Il Principato Mediceo nella Scienza del Mare. Pisa, 1963.Google Scholar
Heikamp, Detlef. Mexico and the Medici. Florence, 1972.Google Scholar
Horace, . Odes with the Latin Text. Trans. James Michie. New York, 2002.Google Scholar
Hofmann, Heinz. “La scoperta del nuovo mondo nella poesia Latina: ‘Columbeidos libri priores duo’ di Giulio Cesare Stella.” Columbeis 3 (1988): 71–94.Google Scholar
Hofmann, Heinz. “La seconda edizione della ‘Columbeis’ di Giulio Cesare Stella: Una revisione teologica.” Columbeis 4 (1990): 195–218.Google Scholar
Hofmann, Heinz. “Adveniat tandem Tuphis qui detegat orbes COLUMBUS in Neo-Latin Epic Poetry (16th–18th Centuries).” In The Classical Tradition and the Americas, Volume I: European Images of the Americas and the Classical Tradition, Part 1, ed. , Haase, Wolfgang and , Reinhold, Meyer, 420–656. Berlin, 1994.Google Scholar
Hulme, Peter. “Polytropic Man: Tropes of Sexuality and Mobility in Early Colonial Discourse.” In Europe and its Others: Proceedings of the Essex Conference on the Sociology of Literature, July 1984, Vol. 2, ed. , Baker, Francis , et al. Colchester, 1985.Google Scholar
Hulme, Peter. Colonial Encounters, Europe and the Native Caribbean, 1492–1797. New York, 1986.Google Scholar
Joyner, Tim. Magellan. Camden, 1992.Google Scholar
Keazor, Henry. “Theodore De Bry’s Images for America.” Print Quarterly 15.2 (1998): 131–49.Google Scholar
Joy, Kenseth, ed. The Age of the Marvelous. Hanover, 1991.Google Scholar
Kish, George. “The Caprarola Portrait of Columbus.” The Geographical Journal 120.4 (1954): 483–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klinger, Linda Susan. “The Portrait Collection of Paolo Giovio.” 2 vols. PhD diss., Princeton University, 1991.Google Scholar
Lardicci, Francesca, ed. A Synoptic Edition of the Log of Columbus’s First Voyage. Turnhout, 1999.Google Scholar
Leesberg, Marjolein, and , Balis, Arnout, eds. The New Hollstein Dutch and Flemish Etchings, Engravings and Woodcuts, 1450–1700, The Collaert Dynasty. Rotterdam, 2005.Google Scholar
Leesberg, Marjolein, and , Huigen, Leeflang, eds. The New Hollstein Dutch and Flemish Etchings, Engravings and Woodcuts, 1450–1700, Johannes Stradanus. Amsterdam, 2008.Google Scholar
Llewellyn, Nancy E. “The Columbeis of Giulio Cesare Stella (1564–1624), The Roman Edition, 1589.” PhD diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 2006.Google Scholar
Lucretius, . The Way Things Are: The De Rerum Natura of Titus Lucretius Carus. Trans. Rolfe Humphries. Bloomington, 1969.Google Scholar
Luzzana Caraci, Ilaria. “Per lasciare di me qualche fama,” Vita e viaggi di Amerigo Vespucci. Rome, 2007.Google Scholar
MacCormack, Sabine. “Limits of Understanding: Perceptions of Greco-Roman and Amerindian Paganism in Early Modern Europe.” In America in European Consciousness, 1493–1750, ed. , Ordhal Kupperman, Karen, 79–129. Chapel Hill, 1995.Google Scholar
Maffei, Ioannis Petri. Historiarum Indicarum Libri XVI, Selectarum Item ex India, Epistolarum eodem interprete libri IV. Florence, 1588.Google Scholar
Mangiarotti, Anna. “La politica economica di Ferdinando I de’ Medici.” Merci e monete a Livorno in età granducale, ed. , Balbi De Caro, Silvana, 17–35. Milan, 1997.Google Scholar
Manni, Domenico Maria. Memorie della Fiorentina Famosa Accademia degli Alterati. Florence, 1748.Google Scholar
Manning, John. The Emblem. London, 2002.Google Scholar
Margócsy, Daniel. “Stradanus (Jan van der Straet) Netherlandish, 1523–1605.” In Prints and the Pursuit of Knowledge in Early Modern Europe, ed. , Dackerman, Susan, 37–45. New Haven, 2011.Google Scholar
Margolin, J. C. “La découverte de l’Amérique dans une vision maniériste de Fracastor et de Stradan.” In Renaissance, maniérisme, baroque. Actes du XI Stage International de Tours. 187–212. Paris, 1972.Google Scholar
Margolin, JC. “A propos des Nova Reperta de Stradan.” In Esthétiques de la nouveauté à la Renaissance, ed. , Laroque, Francois and , Lessay, Franck, 1–28. Paris, 2001.Google Scholar
Markey, Lia. “The New World in Renaissance Italy: A Vicarious Conquest of Art and Nature at the Medici Court.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2008.Google Scholar
Markey, Lia. “Istoria della terra chiamata la nuova spagna: The History and Reception of Sahagún’s Codex at the Medici Court.” In Colors Between Two Worlds: The Codice Fiorentino of Bernardino de Sahagún, ed. , Waldman, Lou, 198–218. Cambridge, 2011.Google Scholar
Marrani, Mauro. “Il disegno preparatorio e l’incisione a stampa della Americae Retectio di Giovanni Stradano.” I Navigatori Toscani, Quaderni Vespucciani 1 (2010): 176–78.Google Scholar
Mason, Peter. Deconstructing America: Representations of the Other. New York, 1990.Google Scholar
McClintock, Anne. Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Context. New York, 1995.Google Scholar
McGinty, Alice Bonner. “Stradanus (Jan Van der Straet): His Role in the Visual Communication of Renaissance Discoveries, Technologies and Values.” PhD diss., Tufts University, 1974.Google Scholar
Montrose, Louis. “The Work of Gender in the Discourse of Discovery.” Representations 33 (1991): 1–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagel, Alexander, and , Wood, Christopher S. Anachronic Renaissance. New York, 2010.Google Scholar
Charles E, Nowell., ed. Antonio Pigafetta, Maximilian of Transylvania, Gaspar Corréa: Magellan’s Voyage Around the World: Three Contemporary Accounts. Evanston, 1962.Google Scholar
Ovid. Fasti . Ed. and trans. Boyle, A. J and , Woodward, R. D. New York, 2002.Google Scholar
Pacetti, Paola, ed. La Sala delle Carte Geografiche in Palazzo Vecchio, Capriccio et invenzione nata dal Duca Cosimo. Florence, 2007.Google Scholar
Palm, Erwin Walter. “Dürer’s Ganda and a XVI Century Apotheosis of Hercules at Tunja.” Gazette des Beaux-Arts (1956): 65–74.Google Scholar
Palm, Erwin Walter. “Amerika oder die eingeholte Zeit. Zum Lob des Vespucci von Joannes Stradanus.” Indiana 10 Gedenkschrift Gerdt Kutscher Teil 2 (1984–85): 11–17.Google Scholar
Park, Katharine. “Allegories of Knowledge.” In Prints and the Pursuit of Knowledge in Early Modern Europe, ed. , Dackerman, Susan, 358–65. New Haven, 2011.Google Scholar
Pigafetta, Antonio. Relazione del primo viaggio attorno al mondo. Ed. , Canova, Andrea. Padua, 1999.Google Scholar
Plaisance, Michel. “L’Académie des Alterati au travail.” In L’Accademia e il suo Principe cultura e politica a Firenze al tempo di Cosimo I, ed. , Plaisance, Michel, 211–21. Rome, 2004.Google Scholar
Pliny, . Natural History, III, Books VIII–XI. Trans. H. Rackham. Cambridge, MA, 1997.Google Scholar
Rabasa, José. Inventing America: Spanish Historiography and the Formation of Eurocentrism. Norman, 1993.Google Scholar
Ridolfi, Roberto. “Pensieri medicei di colonizzare il Brasile.” Il Vetro (1962): 705–20.Google Scholar
Romero de Terreros, Don Manuel. Grabados y Grabadores en la Nueva España. Mexico City, 1948.Google Scholar
Rosen, Mark E. “The Cosmos in the Palace: The Palazzo Vecchio Guardaroba and the Culture of Cartography in Early Modern Florence, 1563–1589.” PhD diss., University of California, Berkeley, 2004.Google Scholar
Sassetti, Filippo. Lettere da vari paesi 1570–1588. Ed. , Bramanti, Vanni. Milan, 1970.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Benjamin. Innocence Abroad: The Dutch Imagination and the New World, 1570–1670. Cambridge, 2001.Google Scholar
Schreffler, Michael. “Vespucci Rediscovers America: The Pictorial Rhetoric of Cannibalism in Early Modern Culture.” Art History 28 (2005): 295–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manfred, Sellink, ed. The New Hollstein Dutch and Flemish Etchings, Engravings and Woodcuts, 1450–1700, Philips Galle. Rotterdam, 2001.Google Scholar
Manfred, Sellink, ed. Stradanus (1523–1605), Court Artist of the Medici. Turnhout, 2011a.Google Scholar
Manfred, Sellink. “Johannes Stradanus and Philips Galle: A Noteworthy Collaboration between Antwerp and Florence.” In Stradanus (1523–1605), Court Artist of the Medici, ed. , Sellink, Manfred, 125–49. Turnhout, 2011b.Google Scholar
Settle, T. B. “Experimental Sense in Galileo’s Early Works and its Likely Sources.” In Largo campo di filosofare: Eurosymposium Galileo 2001, ed. , Montesinos, Josè and , Santo, Carlos Solís, 831–50. La Orotava, 2001.Google Scholar
Seznec, Jean. The Survival of the Pagan Gods: The Mythological Tradition and Its Place in Renaissance Humanism and Art. Trans. Barbara F. Sessions. Princeton, 1981.Google Scholar
Soldani, Jacopo. “Orazione di Luigi Alamanni Accademico Alterato.” In Prose fiorentine raccolte dallo smarrito accademico della crusca, tomo secondo, parte prima, volume quarto, 52–58. Venice, 1730.Google Scholar
Soly, Hugo, and , Wiele, Johan van de. Carolus: Charles Quint 1500–1558. Ghent, 1999.Google Scholar
Symcox, Geoffrey, ed. Las Casas on Columbus: The Third Voyage. Turnhout, 2001.Google Scholar
Tapices y armaduras del Renacimiento: joyas de las colecciones reales. Barcelona, 1992.Google Scholar
Timberlake, Marie. “The Painted Colonial Image: Jesuit and Andean Fabrication of History in Matrimonio de García de Loyola con Nusta Beatriz.” Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 29.3 (1999): 563–98.Google Scholar
Uzielli, Gustavo. Cenni storici sulle imprese scientifiche maritime e coloniali di Ferdinando I Granduca di Toscana (1587–1608). Florence, 1901.Google Scholar
Valeriano, Giovanni Piero. Ieroglifice Overo Commentarii delle Oculte signifcationi de gl’Egitti & altre Nationi. Venice, 1602.Google Scholar
Van der Sman, Gert Jan. “Giovanni Stradano (Jan van der Straet), Raccolta di disegni.” In Cristoforo Colombo e l’apertura degli spazi, mostra storico-cartografica II, ed. , Cavallo, Guglielmo, 1001–03. Rome, 1992.Google Scholar
Van der Sman, Gert Jan. “A Fertile Imagination: Stradanus as an Inventor of Prints.” In Stradanus (1523–1605), Court Artist of the Medici, ed. , Sellink, Manfred, 99–123. Turnhout, 2011.Google Scholar
Van Mander, Karel. The Lives of the Illustrious Netherlandish and German Painters, Volume V. Ed. , Miedema, Hessel. Trans. Derry Cook-Radmore. Doornspijk, 1998.Google Scholar
Van Sasse van Ysselt, Dorine. “Johannes Stradanus: de decoraties voor intochten en uitvaarten aan het hof van de Medici te Florence.” Oud Holland 104 (1990): 149–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Sasse van Ysselt, Dorine. “Il Calcio Fiorentino disegnato da Giovanni Stradano.” Mitteilungen der Kunsthistorisches Instituts in Florenz 37 (1993): 481–87.Google Scholar
Van Sasse van Ysselt, Dorine. “Een jacht van Johannes Stradanus thuisgebracht: Indianen in Mexico roken wild uit.” Delineavit et Sculpsit 26 (2003): 1–9.Google Scholar
Van Veen, Henk Th. “The Accademia degli Alterati and Civic Virtue.” In The Reach of the Republic of Letters, Literary and Learned Societies in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe, Volume 2, ed. , Van Dixhoorn, Arjan and , Sutch, Susie Speakman, 285–308. Boston, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vasari, Giorgio. Le opere di Giorgio Vasari, con nuove annotazioni e commenti di Gaetano Milanesi. Florence, 1973.Google Scholar
Weinberg, Bernard. “The Accademia degli Alterati and Literary Taste from 1570 to 1600.” Italica 31.4 (1954a): 207–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinberg, Bernard. “Argomenti di discussion letteraria nell’ Accademia degli Alterati (1570–1600).” Giornale storico della letteratura italiana 131.394 (1954b): 175–94.Google Scholar
Wittkower, Rudolf. “‘Roc’: An Eastern Prodigy in a Dutch Engraving.” Journal of the Warburg Institute1.3 (1938): 255–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wittkower, Rudolf. “Marvels of the East: A Study in the History of Monsters.” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 5 (1942): 159–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zamora, Margarita. Reading Columbus. Berkeley, 1993.Google Scholar
Zorach, Rebecca. Blood, Milk, Ink, Gold: Abundance and Excess in the French Renaissance. Chicago, 2005.Google Scholar