Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T02:53:07.821Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Rhetoric and Humanism in Quattrocento Venice

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Virginia Cox*
Affiliation:
New York University

Abstract

This essay examines the development of humanistic rhetoric in fifteenth-century Venice, taking as its starting point a remark of Ermolao Barbaro's on the inadequacy of academic rhetorical instruction as a preparation for the practical oratorical skills necessary to Venetian civic life. It is argued that the context of Barbaro's remark is a series of humanistic polemics on rhetoric that took place in Venice and Padua in the latter decades of the Quattrocento, culminating in the famous debate of the 1490s on the authenticity of the Rhetorica ad Herennium. As the essay shows, a consideration of these debates reveals the way in which local, contextual factors inflected the development of humanistic rhetorical culture in Italy, the key factor here being the continuing importance in republican Venice of a live tradition of deliberative debate.

Type
Studies
Copyright
Copyright © Renaissance Society of America 2003

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ad. C. Herennium libri IV. 1954. Ed. and trans. Harry Caplan. Repr. 1964, 1968. Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Allenspach, Joseph and Frasso, Giuseppe. 1980. “Vicende, cultura, e scritti di Gerolamo Squarzafico, Alessandrino.” Italia medioevale e umanistica 1-5:233-92.Google Scholar
Asconius Pedianus, Quintus et al. 1477. Q. Asconii Pediani in Ciceronis orationes Commentarii. Georgii Trapezuntii de artificio ciceronianae orationis Pro Q Ligario ad Victorinum Feltrensem. Antonii Lusci Vicentini super undecim Ciceronis orationes expositio. Xichonis Polentoni Patavini super decern Ciceronis orationes argumenta et super quattuor invectivas in Catilinam et super invectivas inter SalustiumetCiceronem.Vemce. [7(7/918]Google Scholar
Balduino, Armando. 1966. “Bembo, Bonifacio.” Dizionario biografico degli italiani 8:111-12. Rome.Google Scholar
Barbaro, Ermolao. 1943. Epistolae, orationes, et carmina. Ed. Vittore Branca. 2 vols. Florence.Google Scholar
Barbaro, Ermolao. 1969. De coelibatu. De officio legati. Ed. Vittore Branca. Florence.Google Scholar
Barbaro, Ermolao and Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni. 1998. Filosofia o eloquenza? Ed. Francesco Bausi. Naples.Google Scholar
Barzizza, Cristoforo. 1492. De fine oratoris pro Ciceronis et Quintilianis assertione. Brescia. [IGI1404]Google Scholar
Belloni, Annalisa. 1972. “Tristano Calco e gli scritti inediti di Giorgio Merula.” Italia medioevale e umanistica 15:283328.Google Scholar
Bembo, Bonifacio. 1487? Pro M. Fabio Quintiliano adversus Matthaei Siculi criminationem. Pavia?Google Scholar
Besta, Enrico. 1899. Ilsenato veneziano (origine, costituzione, attribuzioni e riti). Venice.Google Scholar
Branca, Vittore. 1973. “Ermolao Barbaro and Late Quattrocento Venetian Humanism,” in Renaissance Venice, ed. John R. Hale, 218-43. London.Google Scholar
Branca, Vittore. 1981. “L'umanesimo veneziano alia fine del Quattrocento: Ermolao Barbaro e il suo circolo,” in Storia della cultura veneta. 3/1. Dalprimo Quattrocento al Concilio di Trento, 123-75. Vicenza.Google Scholar
Branca, Vittore. 1983. Poliziano e l'umanesimo della parola. Turin.Google Scholar
Carruthers, Mary. 1998. The Craft of Thought: Meditation, Rhetoric and the Making of Images, 400-1200. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Cereta, Laura. 1997. Collected Letters of a Renaissance Feminist. Ed. Diana Robin. Chicago.10.7208/chicago/9780226721583.001.0001Google Scholar
Chavasse, Ruth. 1988. “Humanism Commemorated: the Venetian Memorials to Benedetto Brugnolo and Marcantonio Sabellico,” in Florence and Italy: Renaissance Studies in Honor of Nicolai Rubinstein, eds. Peter Denley and Caroline Elam, 455-61. London.Google Scholar
Cian, Vittorio. 1910. “Un umanista bergamasco del Rinasciamento: Giovanni Calfurnio.” Archivo storico lombardo 14:221-48.Google Scholar
Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1976. De inventione, De Optimo genere oratorum, Topica. Ed. and trans. H.M. Hubbell. Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Classen, C. Joachim. 1993. “The Rhetorical Works of George of Trebizond and their Debt to Cicero.” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 56:7584.10.2307/751365Google Scholar
Collazio, Matteo. 1477. De fine oratoris. Venice. [IGI 3049] Google Scholar
Collazio, Matteo. 1478. Responsio de fine oratoris. Padua. [/G73051]Google Scholar
Collazio, Matteo. 1486a. De rhetoricaefine. In Opuscula. Venice. [/G/3050]Google Scholar
Collazio, Matteo. 1486b. De verbo civilitate et de generis artis rhetoricae in magnos rhetores Victorinum et Quintilianum. In Opuscula. Venice.Google Scholar
Consulte epratiche, 1505-1512. 1988. Ed. Denis Fachard. Geneva.Google Scholar
Consulte epratiche della repubblica fiorentina nel Quattrocento. 1981. Ed. Elio Conti. Pisa.Google Scholar
Consulte epratiche della repubblica fiorentina (1404). 1991. Ed. RenzoNinci. Rome.Google Scholar
Consulte e pratiche della repubblica fiorentina, 1498-1505. 1993. Ed. Denis Fachard. 2 vols. Geneva.Google Scholar
Cooper, John M. 1994. “Erhical-Political Theory in Aristotle's Rhetoric,” in Ariostotle's Rhetoric: Philosophical Essays, ed. David J. Furley and Alexander Nehamas, 193210. Princeton.Google Scholar
Cox, Virginia. 1997. “Machiavelli and the Rhetorica ad Herennium: Deliberative Rhetoric in The Prince.” The Sixteenth Century Journal 28:1109–41.10.2307/2543571Google Scholar
Cox, Virginia. 1999. “Ciceronian Rhetoric in Italy, 1260-1350.” Rhetorica 17:239-88.10.1525/rh.1999.17.3.239Google Scholar
Cozzi, Gaetano. 1970. “Domenico Morosini e il De bene instituta republica.” Studi veneziani 12:405-58.Google Scholar
D'Amico, John F. 1984. “The Progress of Renaissance Latin Prose: The Case of Apuleianism.” Renaissance Quarterly 37:351-92.10.2307/2860955Google Scholar
Da Rimini, Filippo. 1451. Invectiva in vanissimos oratores. Padua, Biblioteca Capitolare. Ms. B.62.Google Scholar
De Peppo, Paola. 1991. “Dona, Antonio.” Dizionario biografico degli italiani 40:709-11. Rome.Google Scholar
Fera, Vincenzo. 1991. “Tra Poliziano e Beroaldo: l'ultimo scritto filologico di Giorgio Merula.” Studi umanistici 2:788.Google Scholar
Figliuolo, Bruno. 1998. II diplomatico e il trattatista: Ermolao Barbaro ambasciatore della Serenissima. Naples.Google Scholar
Fortunatianus, Consultus. 1979. Ars rhetorica. Ed. Lucia Calboli Montefusco. Bologna.Google Scholar
Fournel, Jean-Louis. 1990. Les dialogues de Sperone Speroni: libertes de la parole et regies de Tecriture. Marburg.Google Scholar
Gabotto, Ferdinando and Confalonieri, Angelo Badini. 1893. Vita di Giorgio Merula. Alessandria.Google Scholar
Gaisser, Julia Haig. 1993. Catullus and his Renaissance Readers. Oxford.Google Scholar
Gardenal, Gianna. 1974. “Giorgio Merula.” in Dizionario critico della letteratura italiana, ed. Vittore Branca, 2:599601. Turin.Google Scholar
Giannetto, Nella. 1985. Bernardo Bembo, umanista epolitico veneziano. Florence.Google Scholar
Gilbert, Felix. 1957. “Florentine Political Assumptions in the Period of Savonarola and Soderini.” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 20:187214.10.2307/750781Google Scholar
Gilbert, Felix. 1971. “Biondo, Sabellico, and the Beginnings of Venetian Official Historiography,” in Florilegium Historiale: Essays Presented to Wallace K. Ferguson, ed. J.G. Rowe and W.H. Stockdale, 275-93. Toronto.Google Scholar
Grafton, Anthony. 1977. “On the Scholarship of Poliziano and its Context.” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 40:150-88.10.2307/750994Google Scholar
Grendler, Paul F. 2002. The Universities of the Italian Renaissance. Baltimore and London.Google Scholar
Gualdo, Germano. 1964. “Barbo, Marco.” Dizionario biografico degli italiani 6:249-52. Rome.Google Scholar
Gullino, Giuseppe. 1986. “Dandolo, Marco.” Dizionario biografico degli italiani 32:487-92. Rome.Google Scholar
Kennedy, George A. 1999. Classical Rhetoric in its Christian and Secular Traditions from Ancient to Modern Times, 2nd ed. Chapel Hill and London.Google Scholar
King, Margaret L. 1978. “A Study in Venetian Humanism at Mid-Quattrocento: Filippo Da Rimini and his Symposium depaupertate.” Studi veneziani, n.s. 2:7596.Google Scholar
King, Margaret L. 1986. Venetian Humanism in an Age of Patrician Dominance. Princeton.10.1515/9781400854349Google Scholar
King, Margaret L. 1988. “Humanism and Venice,” in Renaissance Humanism: Foundations, Forms, and Legacy, ed. Albert Rabil Jr., 1:109233. Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Labalme, Patricia H. 1969. Bernardo Giustiniani: A Venetian of the Quattrocento. Rome.Google Scholar
Labalme, Patricia H. 1976. “The Last Will of a Venetian Patrician (1489),” in Philosophy and Humanism: Renaissance Essays in Honor of Paul Oskar Kristeller, ed. Edward P. Mahoney, 483501. Leiden.Google Scholar
Labalme, Patricia H. 1996. “Secular and Sacred Heroes: Ermolao Barbaro on Worldly Honor,” in Unafamiglia veneziana nella storia: i Barbaro. Atti del Convegno di Studi in occasione del quinto centenario della morte dell'umanista Ermolao, ed. Michela Marangoni and Manlio Pastore Stocchi, 331-44. Venice.Google Scholar
Lausberg, Heinrich. 1998. Handbook of Literary Rhetoric: A Foundation for Literary Study, ed. David E. Orton and R. Dean Anderson, trans. Matthew T. Bliss, Annemiek Jansen, and David E. Orton, pref. George A. Kennedy. Leiden.Google Scholar
Lepori, Fernando. 1980. “La scuola di Rialto.” Storia della cultura veneta, 3/ii. Dalprimo Quattrocento al Concilio di Trento, 539-602. Vicenza.Google Scholar
Longo, Nicola. 1982. “Colacio, Matteo.” Dizionario Biografico degli Ltaliani 26:680-81. RomeGoogle Scholar
Lowry, Martin. 1979. The World of Aldus Manutius: Business and Scholarship in Renaissance Venice. Oxford.Google Scholar
Malta, Caterina. 1990. “Per Dione Cristostomo e gli umanisti. “ Studi umanistici 1:181201.Google Scholar
Capella, Martianus. 1983. De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii. Ed. James Willis. Leipzig.Google Scholar
McManamon, John M. S.J. 1989. Funeral oratory and the Cultural Ideals of Italian Humanism. Chapel Hill and London.Google Scholar
McManamon, John M. S.J. 1996. Pier Paolo Vergerio: The Humanist as Orator. Tempe.Google Scholar
Medin, Antonio. 1916-17. “Gli scritti umanistici di Marco Dandolo.” Atti della Reale Accademia Veneta di scienze, lettere, edarti 76:335414.Google Scholar
Medin, Antonio. 1922. “Raffaele Regio a Venezia: epigrammi per la sua morte.” Archivio Veneto Tridentino 4:237-44.Google Scholar
Merula, Giorgio. 1478. Annotationes in Ligarianum Ciceronis, in Ennarationes Satyrarum luvenalis. Adversus Domicii [Calderini] commentaries in Martialem. Epistola Petro Bembo. Annotationes in Ligarianum Ciceronis. Argumentum Epistolarum Ciceronis ad Lentulum. Treviso. [7676378]Google Scholar
Mioni, Elpidio. 1972. “Brugnoli, Benedetto.” Dizionario biografico degli italiani 14:501-03. Rome.Google Scholar
Monfasani, John. 1976. George of Trebizond: A Biography and a Study of his Rhetoric and Logic. Leiden.Google Scholar
Monfasani, John. 1984. Collectanea Trapezuntiana: Texts, Documents, and Bibliographies of George of Trebizond. Binghamton, NY.Google Scholar
Monfasani, John. 1988a. “Calfurnio's Identification of Pseudepigrapha of Ognibene, Fenestella, and Trebizond, and His Attack on Renaissance Commentaries.” Renaissance Quarterly 41:3243.10.2307/2862243Google Scholar
Monfasani, John. 1988b. “The First Call for Press Censorship: Niccolo Perotti, Giovanni Andrea Bussi, Antonio Moreto and the Editing of Pliny's Natural History'’ Renaissance Quarterly, 41:131.10.2307/2862242Google Scholar
Monfasani, John. 1992. “Episodes of anti-Quintilianism in the Italian Renaissance: Quarrels on the Orator as a Vir Bonus and Rhetoric as the Scientia Bene Dicendi.” Rhetorica 10:123-34.Google Scholar
Montefusco, Lucia Calboli. 2003. “Ductus and color: The Right Way to Compose a Suitable Speech.” Rhetorica 21:113-32.10.1525/rh.2003.21.2.113Google Scholar
Morosini, Domenico. 1969. De bene instituta republica. Ed. Claudio Finzi. Milan.Google Scholar
Murphy, James J. and Winterbottom, Michael. 1999. “Raffaele Regio's 1492 Quaestio doubting Cicero's authorship of the Rhetorica ad Herennium: Introduction and Text.” Rhetorica 17:7788.10.1525/rh.1999.17.1.77Google Scholar
Nardi, Bruno. 1971. Saggi sulla cultura veneta del Quattro e del Cinquecento. Ed. Paolo Mazzatini. Padua.Google Scholar
Oberdofer, Aldo. 1912. “Le Regulae artificialis memoriae di Leonardo Giustiniano.” Giornale storico della letteratura italiana 60:117127.Google Scholar
Panizza, Letizia. 1996. “Ermolao Barbara e Pico della Mirandola tra retorica e dia lettica : il De genere dicendi philosophorum del 1485,” in Una famiglia veneziana, eds. Marangoni and Pastore Stocchi, 277330. Venice.Google Scholar
Pastore Stocchi, Manlio. 1981. “Scuola e cultura umanistica fra due secoli,” in Storia della cultura veneta, 3/i. Dal primo Quattrocento al Concilio di Trento, 93121. Vicenza.Google Scholar
Pecoraro, Marco. 1966. “Bembo, Bernardo” Dizionario biografico degli italiani 8:103-09.Google Scholar
Perosa, Alessandro. 1981. “L'edizione veneta di Quintiliano coi commenti del Valla, di Pomponio Leto, e di Sulpizio da Veroli,” in Miscellanea Augusto Campana, 2:575610. Padua.Google Scholar
Quintilian, Marcus Fabius. 1921-22. Institutio oratoria. Ed and trans. H.E. Butler. New York.Google Scholar
Regio, Raffaele. 1490. De quattuor Quintiliani locis dialogus, in Ennarationes in Plinii Maioris epistolam ad Titum Vespasianum; Disputatio in errors Calphurnii de locis Persii, Valerii Maximi et Ciceronis; Dialogus cum Calphurnio de quattuor Quintiliani locis; Epistola Sigismundo Ungaro. Venice. [IGI8315]Google Scholar
Rigo, Paola. 1991. “Dona, Girolamo.” Dizionario biografico degli italiani 40:741-53. Rome.Google Scholar
Ross, James Bruce. 1976. “Venetian Schools and Teachers, Fourteenth to Early Sixteenth Century: A Survey and a Study of Giovanni Battista Egnazio.” Renaissance Quarterly 29:521-66.10.2307/2860032Google Scholar
Sabellico, Marcantonio. 1999. De latinae linguae reparatione. Ed. Guglielmo Bottari. Messina.Google Scholar
Sali, Laura Perotto. 1978. “L'opuscolo inedito di Giorgio Merula contro i Miscellanea di Angelo Poliziano.” Interpres 1:146-83.Google Scholar
Sambin, Paolo. 1965. “Barzizza, Cristoforo.” Dizionario biografico degli italiani 7:3234. Rome.Google Scholar
Segarizzi, Arnaldo. 1915-16. “Cenni sulle scuole pubbliche a Venezia.” Atti del Reale Istituto Veneto di scienze, lettere, ed arti 85:637-65.Google Scholar
Skinner, Quentin. 1996. Reason and Rhetoric in the Philosophy of Hobbes. Cambridge.10.1017/CBO9780511598579Google Scholar
Speroni, Sperone. 1989. Ed. Gianfranco Folena. Padua.Google Scholar
Speroni, Sperone. 1989. “Trattatello dell'arte oratoria,” in Opere. Venice, 1740; reprinted with an introduction by Mario Pozzi, 5:535-39. Manziana.Google Scholar
Tinkler, John F. 1987. “Renaissance Humanism and the genera eloquentiae.” Rhetorica 5:278309.Google Scholar
Tinkler, John F. 1988. “Praise and Advice: Rhetorical Approaches in More's Utopia and Machiavelli's Prince.” The Sixteenth Century Journal 19:187207.10.2307/2540406Google Scholar
Trebizond, George of. 1477. De artificio Ciceronianae orationis pro Q Ligario ad Victorinum Feltrensem. In Asconius Pedianus et al.Google Scholar
Trebizond, George of. 1523. Rhetoricorum libri quinque. Venice.Google Scholar
Trebizond, George of. 1976. De laudibus eloquentiae, in Monfasani, George of Trebizond, 365-69. Leiden.Google Scholar
Viroli, Maurizio. 1998. Machiavelli. Oxford.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198780885.001.0001Google Scholar
Ward, John O. 1995. “Quintilian and the Rhetorical Revolution of the Middle Ages.” Rhetorica 13:231-82.10.1525/rh.1995.13.3.231Google Scholar
Ward, John O. 2001. “Rhetorical Theory and the Rise and Decline of Dictamen in the Middle Ages and Early Renaissance.” Rhetorica 19:175224.10.1525/rh.2001.19.2.175Google Scholar
Wesseling, Ari. 1960. “Poliziano and Ancient Rhetorical Theory.” Rinascimento 30:191204.Google Scholar
Witt, Ronald G. 2000. “In the Footsteps of the Ancients“: The Origins of Humanism from Lovato to Bruni. Leiden.Google Scholar