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Mediating Humanism and Scholasticism in Longobardo's “Resposta breve” and Ricci's Reading of Confucianism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 June 2021

Daniel Canaris
Daniel Canaris*
Affiliation:
Sun Yat-sen University
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Abstract

The “Resposta breve” (Brief response, 1623–24) by Niccolò Longobardo was one of the most controversial documents ever penned in the Jesuit China mission. Longobardo criticized the use of indigenous Chinese vocabulary by Matteo Ricci to express Christian concepts as a perilous accommodation to diabolical monism. This article proposes a close reading of how Longobardo employed Scholastic, humanist, and Chinese sources to critique Ricci's disregard for the neo-Confucian interpreters in his reading of ancient Confucianism. It argues that Longobardo's polemic with Ricci was not theological in nature but reflected his distrust of philology in reconstructing the original meaning of ancient texts.

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Renaissance Quarterly , Volume 74 , Issue 2 , Summer 2021 , pp. 498 - 527
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Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by the Renaissance Society of America

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References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Archivio Storico “De Propaganda Fide” (APF), Scritture riferite nei congressi (SC), Indie Orientiali e Cina, vol. 1, fols. 170r–197v. Longobardo, Niccolò. “Responsio brevis super controversias de Xám Tí: hoc est, de altissimo domino; de tiēn xîn: id est, de spiritibus cælestibus; de lîm hoên: hoc est, de anima rationale.” Trans. Antonio Caballero de Santa Maria. 1661.Google Scholar
APF, SC, Indie Orientiali e Cina, vol. 1, fols. 145r–168r. Longobardo, Niccolò. “Resposta breve sobre as controversias do Xám tý, tien xîn, lîm hoên.” 1623–24.Google Scholar
Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF), Manuscript Espagnol 409, fols. 82r–101v. Longobardo, Niccolò. “Resposta breve sobre as controversias do Xám tý, tien xîn, lîm hoên.”Google Scholar
App, Urs. The Cult of Emptiness: The Western Discovery of Buddhist Thought and the Invention of Oriental Philosophy. Kyoto: University Media, 2012.Google Scholar
Aquinas, Thomas. Summa Theologiae. Trans. Gornall, Thomas. 60 vols. London: Blackfriars, 1964.Google Scholar
Bernard-Maître, Henri. “Un dossier bibliographique de la fin du XVIIe siècle sur la question des termes Chinois.” Recherches de science religieuse 36 (1949): 26–79.Google Scholar
Brockey, Liam Matthew. The Visitor: André Palmeiro and the Jesuits in Asia. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burson, Jeffrey D. “Introduction: The Culture of Jesuit Erudition in an Age of Enlightenment.” Journal of Jesuit Studies 6.3 (2019): 387–415. https://doi.org/10.1163/22141332-00603001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Celenza, Christopher S. “Pythagoras in the Renaissance: The Case of Marsilio Ficino.” Renaissance Quarterly 52.3 (1999): 667–711.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collani, Claudia von. “The Treatise on Chinese Religions (1623) of N. Longobardi, S.J.” Sino-Western Cultural Relations Journal 17 (1995): 29–37.Google Scholar
Commentarii Collegii Conimbricensis Societatis Iesu in Octo Libros Physicorum Aristotelis Stagiritae. Coimbra: Typis et expensis Antonii a Mariz Universitatis Typographi, 1592.Google Scholar
Cooper, Michael. Rodrigues the Interpreter: An Early Jesuit in Japan and China. New York: Weatherhill, 1974.Google Scholar
Cooper, Michael. “Rodrigues in China: The Letters of João Rodrigues, 1611–1633.” In Kokugoshi e no michi: Doi Sensei shōju kinen ronbunshū 国語史への道：土井先生頌寿記念論文集, ed. Doi, Tadao, 352–224. Tokyo: Sanseidō, 1981.Google Scholar
Cooper, Michael, ed. João Rodrigues's Account of Sixteenth-Century Japan. London: Hakluyt Society, 2001.Google Scholar
Criveller, Gianni. Preaching Christ in Late Ming China. Taipei: Ricci Institute, 1997.Google Scholar
Cummins, J. S. A Question of Rites: Friar Domingo Navarrete and the Jesuits in China. Cambridge: Scolar Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Dehergne, Joseph. Répertoire des Jésuites de Chine de 1552 à 1800. Rome: Institutum Historicum S.I., 1973.Google Scholar
D'Elia, Pasquale M. Fonti Ricciane: Documenti originali concernenti Matteo Ricci e la storia delle prime relazioni tra l'Europa e la Cina (1579–1615). 3 vols. Rome: Libreria dello Stato, 1942.Google Scholar
Elman, Benjamin. “Early Modern or Late Imperial Philology? The Crisis of Classical Learning in Eighteenth Century China.” Frontiers of History in China 6.1 (2011): 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11462-011-0118-z.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farrell, Allan P. The Jesuit Ratio Studiorum of 1599. Washington, DC: Conference of Major Superiors of Jesuits, 1970.Google Scholar
Gernet, Jacques. China and the Christian Impact. Trans. Lloyd, Janet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Goodman, Howard L., and Grafton, Anthony. “Ricci, the Chinese, and the Toolkits of Textualists.” Asia Major 3.2 (1990): 95–148.Google Scholar
Grafton, Anthony. “Protestant versus Prophet: Isaac Casaubon on Hermes Trismegistus.” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 46 (1983): 78–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grafton, Anthony. “Renaissance Readers and Ancient Texts: Comments on Some Commentaries.” Renaissance Quarterly 38.4 (1985): 615–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grafton, Anthony. “Humanist Philologies: Texts, Antiquities, and Their Scholarly Transformations in the Early Modern West.” In World Philology (2015), 154–77.Google Scholar
Ivanhoe, Philip J. “Whose Confucius? Which Analects?” In Confucius and the “Analects”: New Essays, ed. van Norden, Bryan W., 119–33. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Kim, Sangkeun. Strange Names of God: The Missionary Translation of the Divine Name and the Chinese Responses in Late Ming China, 1583–1644. Oxford: Peter Lang, 2004.Google Scholar
Kraye, Jill. “Ficino in the Firing Line: A Renaissance Neoplatonist and His Critics.” In Marsilio Ficino: His Theology, His Philosophy, His Legacy, ed. Allen, Michael J. B., Rees, Valery, and Davies, Martin, 377–97. Leiden: Brill, 2002.Google Scholar
Lackner, Michael. “Reconciling the Classics: Two Case Studies in Song-Yuan Exegetical Approaches.” In World Philology (2015), 137–53.Google Scholar
Longobardo, Niccolò. “Exemplum Epistolae a P. Nicolao Longobardo, Anno 1598, ex China Conscriptae ad Reverendum P. Claudium Aquavivam Societatis Iesu Generalem.” In Recentissima de amplissimo regno Chinae, 1–8. Mainz: Typis Ioannis Albini, 1601.Google Scholar
Longobardo, Niccolò. Traité sur quelques points de la religion des Chinois. Paris: Guérin, 1701.Google Scholar
Longobardo, Niccolò. “A Short Answer Concerning the Controversies about Xang Ti, Tian Xin, and Ling Hoen (That Is, the King of the Upper Region, Spirits, and Rational Soul Assign'd by the Chineses) and Other Chinese Names and Terms; to Clear Which of Them May Be Us'd by the Christians of These Parts.” In A Collection of Voyages and Travels, ed. Churchill, Awnsham and Churchill, John, 1:183–224. London: H.C. at the Black-Swan in Pater-noster-Row, 1704.Google Scholar
López-Gay, Jesús. “Father Francesco Pasio (1554–1612) and His Ideas about the Sacerdotal Training of the Japanese.” Bulletin of Portuguese/Japanese Studies 3 (2001): 27–42.Google Scholar
Malone-Lee, Michael. “Cardinal Bessarion and the Introduction of Plato to the Latin West.” In Making and Rethinking the Renaissance: Between Greek and Latin in 15th–16th Century Europe, ed. Abbamonte, Giancarlo and Harrison, Stephen, 109–24. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meynard, Thierry. “Chinese Buddhism and the Threat of Atheism in Seventeenth-Century Europe.” Buddhist-Christian Studies 31 (2011): 3–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meynard, Thierry. “Aristotelian Works in Seventeenth-Century China.” Monumenta Serica 65.1 (2017): 61–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/02549948.2017.1309107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mori, Giuliano. “Natural Theology and Ancient Theology in the Jesuit China Mission.” Intellectual History Review 30.2 (2020): 187–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mungello, David. “Malebranche and Chinese Philosophy.” Journal of the History of Ideas 42.4 (1980): 551–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Navarrete, Domingo. Tratados históricos, políticos, éticos y religiosos de la monarchia de China. Madrid: En la Imprenta Real, por Iuan Garcia Infançon, a costa de Florian Anisson, 1676.Google Scholar
O'Malley, John W. “Renaissance Humanism and the Religious Culture of the First Jesuits.” Heythrop Journal 31 (1990): 471–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oort, Johannes van. “Augustine and Hermes Trismegistus: An Inquiry into the Spirituality of Augustine's ‘Hidden Years.’” Journal of Early Christian History 6.2 (2016): 55–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/2222582X.2016.1218998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Overfield, James H. Humanism and Scholasticism in Late Medieval Germany. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984.Google Scholar
Pan Fengjuan 潘鳳娟, . “Long Huamin ‘Lun Zhongguo zongjiao de ji dian wenti’ fanyi chutan: yi kaozheng bian lan Zhongwen he bidui zhushi wei zhongxin 龍華民《論中國宗教的幾點問題》翻譯初探：以考證邊欄中文和比對註釋為中心.” Zhexue yu wenhua 哲學與文化 44.11 (2017): 23–44.Google Scholar
Perkins, Franklin. Leibniz and China: A Commerce of Light. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Pina, Isabel. “João Rodrigues Tçuzu and the Controversy over Christian Terminology in China: The Perspective of a Jesuit from the Japanese Mission.” Bulletin of Portuguese/Japanese Studies 6 (2003): 47–71.Google Scholar
Pomplun, Robert Trent. “Thomism and the Study of Asian Languages during the Italian Renaissance.” Divus Thomas 120.2 (2017): 106–31.Google Scholar
Possevino, Antonio. Bibliotheca Selecta de Ratione Studiorum, ad Disciplinas, & ad Salutem Omnium Gentium Procurandam. 2 vols. 2nd ed. Venice: Apud Altobellum Salicatium, 1603.Google Scholar
Ricci, Matteo. Lettere (1580–1609). Ed. D'Arelli, Francesco. Macerata: Quodlibet, 2001.Google Scholar
Ricci, Matteo. On Friendship: One Hundred Maxims for a Chinese Prince. Trans. Billings, Timothy James. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ricci, Matteo. The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven. Ed. Meynard, Thierry. Trans. Lancashire, Douglas and Guozhen, Hu. Chestnut Hill, MA: Institute of Jesuit Sources Boston College, 2016.Google Scholar
Rodrigues, João. Arte da lingoa de Iapam. Nagasaki: Collegio de Iapâo da Companhia de Iesu, 1604.Google Scholar
Rosso, Antonio Sisto. Apostolic Legations to China of the Eighteenth Century. South Pasadena, CA: P. D. and Ione Perkins, 1948.Google Scholar
Ruiz-de-Medina, Juan, ed. Documentos del Japon: 1547–1557. Rome: Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu, 1990.Google Scholar
Rummel, Erika. The Humanist-Scholastic Debate in the Renaissance and Reformation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Rummel, Erika, ed. Biblical Humanism and Scholasticism in the Age of Erasmus. Leiden: Brill, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spalatin, Christopher A. Matteo Ricci's Use of Epictetus. Waegwan, Korea: Pontifical Gregorian University, 1975.Google Scholar
Standaert, Nicolas. Yang Tingyun, Confucian and Christian in Late Ming China. Leiden: Brill, 1988.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Standaert, Nicolas. “The Transmission of Renaissance Culture in Seventeenth-Century China.” Renaissance Studies 17.3 (2003): 367–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-4658.t01-1-00028.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trigault, Nicolas, and Ricci, Matteo. China in the Sixteenth Century: The Journals of Matteo Ricci. Trans. Gallagher, Louis J.. New York: Random House, 1953.Google Scholar
Üçerler, M. Antoni J. “Jesuit Humanist Education in Sixteenth-Century Japan: The Latin and Japanese MSS of Pedro Gómez's ‘Compendia’ on Astronomy, Philosophy, and Theology (1593–95).” In Compendium Catholicae Veritatis, by Pedro Gómez, ed. Library, Kirishitan Bunko, University, Sophia, 11–60. Tokyo: Ōzorasha, 1997.Google Scholar
Valeriano (Bolzani), Pierio. Hieroglyphica seu de Sacris Aegyptiorum Aliarumque Gentium Literis Commentarii. Basel: [Michael Isengrin], 1556.Google Scholar
Vasoli, Cesare. “La critica di Francesco Patrizi ai ‘Principia’ aristotelici.” Rivista di Storia della Filosofia 51.4 (1996): 713–87.Google Scholar
Walker, D. P. The Ancient Theology: Studies in Christian Platonism from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1972.Google Scholar
World Philology. Ed. Pollock, Sheldon, Elman, Benjamin A., and Kevin Chang, Ku-ming. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Archivio Storico “De Propaganda Fide” (APF), Scritture riferite nei congressi (SC), Indie Orientiali e Cina, vol. 1, fols. 170r–197v. Longobardo, Niccolò. “Responsio brevis super controversias de Xám Tí: hoc est, de altissimo domino; de tiēn xîn: id est, de spiritibus cælestibus; de lîm hoên: hoc est, de anima rationale.” Trans. Antonio Caballero de Santa Maria. 1661.Google Scholar
APF, SC, Indie Orientiali e Cina, vol. 1, fols. 145r–168r. Longobardo, Niccolò. “Resposta breve sobre as controversias do Xám tý, tien xîn, lîm hoên.” 1623–24.Google Scholar
Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF), Manuscript Espagnol 409, fols. 82r–101v. Longobardo, Niccolò. “Resposta breve sobre as controversias do Xám tý, tien xîn, lîm hoên.”Google Scholar
App, Urs. The Cult of Emptiness: The Western Discovery of Buddhist Thought and the Invention of Oriental Philosophy. Kyoto: University Media, 2012.Google Scholar
Aquinas, Thomas. Summa Theologiae. Trans. Gornall, Thomas. 60 vols. London: Blackfriars, 1964.Google Scholar
Bernard-Maître, Henri. “Un dossier bibliographique de la fin du XVIIe siècle sur la question des termes Chinois.” Recherches de science religieuse 36 (1949): 26–79.Google Scholar
Brockey, Liam Matthew. The Visitor: André Palmeiro and the Jesuits in Asia. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burson, Jeffrey D. “Introduction: The Culture of Jesuit Erudition in an Age of Enlightenment.” Journal of Jesuit Studies 6.3 (2019): 387–415. https://doi.org/10.1163/22141332-00603001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Celenza, Christopher S. “Pythagoras in the Renaissance: The Case of Marsilio Ficino.” Renaissance Quarterly 52.3 (1999): 667–711.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collani, Claudia von. “The Treatise on Chinese Religions (1623) of N. Longobardi, S.J.” Sino-Western Cultural Relations Journal 17 (1995): 29–37.Google Scholar
Commentarii Collegii Conimbricensis Societatis Iesu in Octo Libros Physicorum Aristotelis Stagiritae. Coimbra: Typis et expensis Antonii a Mariz Universitatis Typographi, 1592.Google Scholar
Cooper, Michael. Rodrigues the Interpreter: An Early Jesuit in Japan and China. New York: Weatherhill, 1974.Google Scholar
Cooper, Michael. “Rodrigues in China: The Letters of João Rodrigues, 1611–1633.” In Kokugoshi e no michi: Doi Sensei shōju kinen ronbunshū 国語史への道：土井先生頌寿記念論文集, ed. Doi, Tadao, 352–224. Tokyo: Sanseidō, 1981.Google Scholar
Cooper, Michael, ed. João Rodrigues's Account of Sixteenth-Century Japan. London: Hakluyt Society, 2001.Google Scholar
Criveller, Gianni. Preaching Christ in Late Ming China. Taipei: Ricci Institute, 1997.Google Scholar
Cummins, J. S. A Question of Rites: Friar Domingo Navarrete and the Jesuits in China. Cambridge: Scolar Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Dehergne, Joseph. Répertoire des Jésuites de Chine de 1552 à 1800. Rome: Institutum Historicum S.I., 1973.Google Scholar
D'Elia, Pasquale M. Fonti Ricciane: Documenti originali concernenti Matteo Ricci e la storia delle prime relazioni tra l'Europa e la Cina (1579–1615). 3 vols. Rome: Libreria dello Stato, 1942.Google Scholar
Elman, Benjamin. “Early Modern or Late Imperial Philology? The Crisis of Classical Learning in Eighteenth Century China.” Frontiers of History in China 6.1 (2011): 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11462-011-0118-z.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farrell, Allan P. The Jesuit Ratio Studiorum of 1599. Washington, DC: Conference of Major Superiors of Jesuits, 1970.Google Scholar
Gernet, Jacques. China and the Christian Impact. Trans. Lloyd, Janet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Goodman, Howard L., and Grafton, Anthony. “Ricci, the Chinese, and the Toolkits of Textualists.” Asia Major 3.2 (1990): 95–148.Google Scholar
Grafton, Anthony. “Protestant versus Prophet: Isaac Casaubon on Hermes Trismegistus.” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 46 (1983): 78–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grafton, Anthony. “Renaissance Readers and Ancient Texts: Comments on Some Commentaries.” Renaissance Quarterly 38.4 (1985): 615–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grafton, Anthony. “Humanist Philologies: Texts, Antiquities, and Their Scholarly Transformations in the Early Modern West.” In World Philology (2015), 154–77.Google Scholar
Ivanhoe, Philip J. “Whose Confucius? Which Analects?” In Confucius and the “Analects”: New Essays, ed. van Norden, Bryan W., 119–33. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Kim, Sangkeun. Strange Names of God: The Missionary Translation of the Divine Name and the Chinese Responses in Late Ming China, 1583–1644. Oxford: Peter Lang, 2004.Google Scholar
Kraye, Jill. “Ficino in the Firing Line: A Renaissance Neoplatonist and His Critics.” In Marsilio Ficino: His Theology, His Philosophy, His Legacy, ed. Allen, Michael J. B., Rees, Valery, and Davies, Martin, 377–97. Leiden: Brill, 2002.Google Scholar
Lackner, Michael. “Reconciling the Classics: Two Case Studies in Song-Yuan Exegetical Approaches.” In World Philology (2015), 137–53.Google Scholar
Longobardo, Niccolò. “Exemplum Epistolae a P. Nicolao Longobardo, Anno 1598, ex China Conscriptae ad Reverendum P. Claudium Aquavivam Societatis Iesu Generalem.” In Recentissima de amplissimo regno Chinae, 1–8. Mainz: Typis Ioannis Albini, 1601.Google Scholar
Longobardo, Niccolò. Traité sur quelques points de la religion des Chinois. Paris: Guérin, 1701.Google Scholar
Longobardo, Niccolò. “A Short Answer Concerning the Controversies about Xang Ti, Tian Xin, and Ling Hoen (That Is, the King of the Upper Region, Spirits, and Rational Soul Assign'd by the Chineses) and Other Chinese Names and Terms; to Clear Which of Them May Be Us'd by the Christians of These Parts.” In A Collection of Voyages and Travels, ed. Churchill, Awnsham and Churchill, John, 1:183–224. London: H.C. at the Black-Swan in Pater-noster-Row, 1704.Google Scholar
López-Gay, Jesús. “Father Francesco Pasio (1554–1612) and His Ideas about the Sacerdotal Training of the Japanese.” Bulletin of Portuguese/Japanese Studies 3 (2001): 27–42.Google Scholar
Malone-Lee, Michael. “Cardinal Bessarion and the Introduction of Plato to the Latin West.” In Making and Rethinking the Renaissance: Between Greek and Latin in 15th–16th Century Europe, ed. Abbamonte, Giancarlo and Harrison, Stephen, 109–24. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meynard, Thierry. “Chinese Buddhism and the Threat of Atheism in Seventeenth-Century Europe.” Buddhist-Christian Studies 31 (2011): 3–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meynard, Thierry. “Aristotelian Works in Seventeenth-Century China.” Monumenta Serica 65.1 (2017): 61–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/02549948.2017.1309107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mori, Giuliano. “Natural Theology and Ancient Theology in the Jesuit China Mission.” Intellectual History Review 30.2 (2020): 187–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mungello, David. “Malebranche and Chinese Philosophy.” Journal of the History of Ideas 42.4 (1980): 551–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Navarrete, Domingo. Tratados históricos, políticos, éticos y religiosos de la monarchia de China. Madrid: En la Imprenta Real, por Iuan Garcia Infançon, a costa de Florian Anisson, 1676.Google Scholar
O'Malley, John W. “Renaissance Humanism and the Religious Culture of the First Jesuits.” Heythrop Journal 31 (1990): 471–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oort, Johannes van. “Augustine and Hermes Trismegistus: An Inquiry into the Spirituality of Augustine's ‘Hidden Years.’” Journal of Early Christian History 6.2 (2016): 55–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/2222582X.2016.1218998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Overfield, James H. Humanism and Scholasticism in Late Medieval Germany. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984.Google Scholar
Pan Fengjuan 潘鳳娟, . “Long Huamin ‘Lun Zhongguo zongjiao de ji dian wenti’ fanyi chutan: yi kaozheng bian lan Zhongwen he bidui zhushi wei zhongxin 龍華民《論中國宗教的幾點問題》翻譯初探：以考證邊欄中文和比對註釋為中心.” Zhexue yu wenhua 哲學與文化 44.11 (2017): 23–44.Google Scholar
Perkins, Franklin. Leibniz and China: A Commerce of Light. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Pina, Isabel. “João Rodrigues Tçuzu and the Controversy over Christian Terminology in China: The Perspective of a Jesuit from the Japanese Mission.” Bulletin of Portuguese/Japanese Studies 6 (2003): 47–71.Google Scholar
Pomplun, Robert Trent. “Thomism and the Study of Asian Languages during the Italian Renaissance.” Divus Thomas 120.2 (2017): 106–31.Google Scholar
Possevino, Antonio. Bibliotheca Selecta de Ratione Studiorum, ad Disciplinas, & ad Salutem Omnium Gentium Procurandam. 2 vols. 2nd ed. Venice: Apud Altobellum Salicatium, 1603.Google Scholar
Ricci, Matteo. Lettere (1580–1609). Ed. D'Arelli, Francesco. Macerata: Quodlibet, 2001.Google Scholar
Ricci, Matteo. On Friendship: One Hundred Maxims for a Chinese Prince. Trans. Billings, Timothy James. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ricci, Matteo. The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven. Ed. Meynard, Thierry. Trans. Lancashire, Douglas and Guozhen, Hu. Chestnut Hill, MA: Institute of Jesuit Sources Boston College, 2016.Google Scholar
Rodrigues, João. Arte da lingoa de Iapam. Nagasaki: Collegio de Iapâo da Companhia de Iesu, 1604.Google Scholar
Rosso, Antonio Sisto. Apostolic Legations to China of the Eighteenth Century. South Pasadena, CA: P. D. and Ione Perkins, 1948.Google Scholar
Ruiz-de-Medina, Juan, ed. Documentos del Japon: 1547–1557. Rome: Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu, 1990.Google Scholar
Rummel, Erika. The Humanist-Scholastic Debate in the Renaissance and Reformation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Rummel, Erika, ed. Biblical Humanism and Scholasticism in the Age of Erasmus. Leiden: Brill, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spalatin, Christopher A. Matteo Ricci's Use of Epictetus. Waegwan, Korea: Pontifical Gregorian University, 1975.Google Scholar
Standaert, Nicolas. Yang Tingyun, Confucian and Christian in Late Ming China. Leiden: Brill, 1988.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Standaert, Nicolas. “The Transmission of Renaissance Culture in Seventeenth-Century China.” Renaissance Studies 17.3 (2003): 367–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-4658.t01-1-00028.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trigault, Nicolas, and Ricci, Matteo. China in the Sixteenth Century: The Journals of Matteo Ricci. Trans. Gallagher, Louis J.. New York: Random House, 1953.Google Scholar
Üçerler, M. Antoni J. “Jesuit Humanist Education in Sixteenth-Century Japan: The Latin and Japanese MSS of Pedro Gómez's ‘Compendia’ on Astronomy, Philosophy, and Theology (1593–95).” In Compendium Catholicae Veritatis, by Pedro Gómez, ed. Library, Kirishitan Bunko, University, Sophia, 11–60. Tokyo: Ōzorasha, 1997.Google Scholar
Valeriano (Bolzani), Pierio. Hieroglyphica seu de Sacris Aegyptiorum Aliarumque Gentium Literis Commentarii. Basel: [Michael Isengrin], 1556.Google Scholar
Vasoli, Cesare. “La critica di Francesco Patrizi ai ‘Principia’ aristotelici.” Rivista di Storia della Filosofia 51.4 (1996): 713–87.Google Scholar
Walker, D. P. The Ancient Theology: Studies in Christian Platonism from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1972.Google Scholar
World Philology. Ed. Pollock, Sheldon, Elman, Benjamin A., and Kevin Chang, Ku-ming. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar