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David, Bathsheba, and the Penitential Psalms*
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 November 2018
Abstract
This essay examines the illustrations that accompanied the seven Penitential Psalms in medieval and Renaissance Books of Hours. Until the end of the fifteenth century, the Penitential Psalms were glossed visually by a wide range of subjects, including the Last Judgment, Christ enthroned, David playing a musical instrument, and (most commonly) David repenting for his sins. But from the beginning of the sixteenth century it became customary to represent the Penitential Psalms with an image of David observing Bathsheba as she bathes. Moreover, the subject of David and Bathsheba rapidly migrated from Books of Hours into a variety of devotional, catechetical, and educational texts. It even crossed the Atlantic to colonial America, where, in The New England Primer, it was used to teach young children how to read. These facts not only suggest a shift in attitudes towards penance and sin at the end of the Middle Ages, but also challenge modern assumptions about the historical relationship between sexuality, catechesis, and literacy.
- Type
- Studies
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © Renaissance Society of America 2004
Footnotes
*
I am enormously indebted to Peter Stallybrass, whose comments on earlier versions of this essay helped considerably to shape its final form. My interlocutors at the Barnard College Medieval and Renaissance Conference (December 2002), the University of Pennsylvania Medieval and Renaissance Seminar (January 2003), the University of Pennsylvania Graduate Humanities Forum Conference (April 2003), and the Princeton University Graduate Student Book History Conference (February 2004), offered provocative feedback. I am thankful for additional input and support from Alan E. Costley, Erika Crawford, Margreta de Grazia, Genelle Gertz-Robinson, Stephanie Gibbs, Marissa Greenberg, Emily Greenwood, Paul F. Grendler, Rayna Kalas, Michelle Karnes, Tim Krause, Anne Lake Prescott, Michael Reeve, Jeffrey Chipps Smith, David Wallace, and an anonymous RQ reader. I have benefited greatly from the patience and kindness of many librarians and curators, including Colum P. Hourihane, Joanne Kennedy, Cornelia King, John Pollack, Joël Sartorius, and Don C. Skemer. My research was facilitated by a Harvey Fellowship and a University of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences Dissertation Fellowship.
References
Bibliography
Rare Book Department, The Free Library of Philadelphia
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Antwerp: M. Crom, 1542.Google Scholar
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Princeton, 1987. ‘ Crain, Patricia. The Story of A: The Alphabetization of America from The New England Primer to The Scarlet Letter. Stanford, 2000.Google Scholar
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Erler, Mary C.
“Devotional Literature.” In The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain, Volume III: 1400-1557, ed. Hellinga, Lotte and J. B. Trapp, 495–525. Cambridge and New York, 1999.Google Scholar
Foster, Frances, ed. The Northern Passion: Four Parallel Texts and the French Original, with Specimens of Additional Manuscripts.
2 vols. London, 1913
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Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
34 (1971): 229-45.Google Scholar
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79 (1887): 465-69.Google Scholar
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Kuczynski, M. P.
Prophetic Song: The Psalms as Moral Discourse in Late Medieval England.
Philadelphia, 1995.Google Scholar
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Essen, 1962.Google Scholar
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Paris, 1930.Google Scholar
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16 (1882): 101-66.Google Scholar
Mirk, John. Instructions for Parish Priests. Ed. Peacock, Edward. Rev. ed. London, 1902.Google Scholar
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Princeton, 1985.Google Scholar
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London, 1871. The New England Primer. Worcester, MA, n.d., ca. 1820.Google Scholar
Owens, Margareth Boyer. “The Image of King David in Prayer in Fifteenth- Century Books of Hours.” Imago Musicae
6 (1989): 23–38.Google Scholar
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32 (1969): 200- 27.Google Scholar
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21 (1991): 163-86.Google Scholar
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Chicago, 1962. Rembrandt's Bathsheba Reading King David's Letter. Ed. Ann Jensen Adams. Cambridge, 1998.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, A. J., ed. and trans. Psalms: A New English Translation.
3 vols. New York, 1991.Google Scholar
Sluijter, Eric Jan. “Rembrandt's Bathsheba and the Conventions of a Seductive Theme.” In Rembrandt's Bathsheba Reading King David's Letter (1998), 48-99.Google Scholar
Smith, Susan L.
The Power of Women: A Topos in Medieval Art and Literature.
Philadelphia, 1995.Google Scholar
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Philadelphia, 2001.Google Scholar
Wieck, Roger S.
Painted Prayers: The Book of Hours in Medieval and Renaissance Art.
New York, 1997.Google Scholar
Wieck, Roger S. “The Book of Hours.” In The Liturgy of the Medieval Church, ed. Heffernan, Thomas J. and Ann Matter, E., 473-513. Kalamazoo, 2001.Google Scholar
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MS Lewis E 97: Horae, Use of Paris. France (Paris), early sixteenth century.Google Scholar
MS Lewis E 104: Horae, Use of Rome. Flanders, ca. 1460.Google Scholar
MS Lewis E 108: Horae, Use of Rome. Flanders (Bruges), late fifteenth century.Google Scholar
MS Lewis E 112: Horae, Use of Rome. Southern France, ca. 1530.Google Scholar
MS Lewis E 118: Horae, Dominican Use. Italy (Siena), ca. 1470.Google Scholar
MS Lewis E 212: Horae. France, ca. 1480.Google Scholar
MS Lewis E 214: Horae, Use of Rome. France (Tours), ca. 1525.Google Scholar
MS Lewis M11.10a: Leaf from Horae. France (Rouen), [early?] sixteenth century.Google Scholar
MS Widener 4: Horae, Use of Dole and Rennes. France (Paris), ca. 1405.Google Scholar
MS Widener 6: Horae, Use of Paris. France (Paris), ca. 1415.Google Scholar
MS Widener 9: Psalter-Hours. Northeastern France ([Amiens?]), ca. 1270.Google Scholar
The Library Company of Philadelphia. MS 5: Horae, Use of Rouen. France (Rouen), ca. 1470.Google Scholar
MS 24: Horae, Use of Therouanne. Northern France, first quarter of sixteenth century. Princeton University LibraryGoogle Scholar
MS Taylor 7: Horae, Use of Paris. France, [early sixteenth century?].Google Scholar
2063: Biblia die Bible, diat is, die holy Scripture … translated out of Douche and Latyn in to Englishe. M. D.XXXV. [Cologne?: E. Cervicornus and J. Sorer?], 1535. [Coverdale Bible]Google Scholar
2068: The byble in Englyshe, that is to saye the content of all the holy scrypture.
Paris: F. Regnault; London: R Grafton and E. Whitchurch, 1539. [Great Bible]Google Scholar
2070-2076: The byble in Englyshe, … with a prologe by Thomas [Cranmer] archbysshop of Cantorbury. This is the byble apoynted to the vse of the churches.
London: R. Grafton or E. Whitchurch, 1540, 1541. [Later editions and versions of the Great Bible; some variations in tide]Google Scholar
2077: The byble, that is to say all the holy scripture: nowe lately recognised.
London: S. Mierdman for J. Daye and W. Seres, 1549. [A revision of the “Matthew“ Bible]Google Scholar
2207: The holie Bible faithfully translated into English, out of the authentical Latin.
Douai: L. Kellam, 1609. [Douai Bible]Google Scholar
2368: The psalter or booke of psalmes both in Latyn and Englyshe, with a kalendar, & a table. Trans. Miles Coverdale. London: R. Grafton, 1540.Google Scholar
2374: The psalter of Dauid in english translated [by G. joye.] Wherunto is annexed certayne godly prayers thoroweoute the whole yere, commenly called collettes.
London: E. Whitchurch, [1544?].Google Scholar
5175: [A necessary doctrine and erudition for any christen man.]
London: J. Mayler, 1543. [The King's Book]Google Scholar
10902: Fisher, John. This treatise concernynge the fruytfull saynges of Dauyd in the seuen penytencyall psalmes. Deuided in seuen sermons was made by J. fyssher.
London: W. de Worde, 1508.Google Scholar
15880: Hore intemerate beatissime virginis secundum vsum Sarum.
Paris: [P. Pigouchet?], 1495.Google Scholar
15885: Hore beate Marie virginis secundum vsum Sarum.
Paris: J. Philippe for T. Kerver and for J. Richard in Rouen, 1497.Google Scholar
15888: Hore beate marie virginis secundum vsum Sarum.
Paris: J. Jehannot for N. Lecomte in England, 1498.Google Scholar
15909: Hore beatissime virginis Marie ad vsum Sarisburiensis ecclesie.
Paris: T. Kerver for W. Bretton in London, 1510.Google Scholar
15912: Hore beatissime virginis Marie.
Paris: T. Kerver for F. Byrckman in London, 1511.Google Scholar
15954: Hore beatissime virginis Marie ad legitimum Sarisburiensis ecclesie ritum.
Paris: F. Regnault, 1527.Google Scholar
15978: This prymer of Salysbury vse [etc.].
Paris: T. Kerver for J. Growte in London, 1532.Google Scholar
15979: Thys prymer off salysburye vse [etc.].
Paris: T. Kerver for J. Growte in London, 1533.Google Scholar
15987: Hore beatissime virginis Marie ad legitimum Sarisburiensis ecclesie ritum.
Paris: F. Regnault, 1535.Google Scholar
15992: This prymer of Salysbery vse, bothe in Englyshe and in Laten [etc.].
Antwerp: Widow of C. Ruremond for J. Gowghe in London, 1536.Google Scholar
16010: The manuall of prayers, or the prymer in Englyshe, … Set forth by John [Hibey] late bysshope of Rochester.
London: J. Mayler for J. Wayland, 1539.Google Scholar
16011: The primer in Englishe moste necessary for the educacyon of chyldren abstracted oute of the Manuall of prayers or primer in Englishe and laten, set forth by Jhon, laet byshop of Rochester.
London: J. Mayler for J. Wayland, [1539?].Google Scholar
16023: Hore beate Marie virginis secundum verum vsum insignis ecclesie Sarisburiensis.
Antwerp: M. Crom, 1542.Google Scholar
16034: The primer, let foorth by the kynges maiestie and his clergie, to be taught lerned, & read: and none other to be vsed throughout all his dominions.
London: R. Grafton, 1545.Google Scholar
16042: Orarium seu libellusprecationum per Regiam maiestatem & clerum latine aeditus.
London: R. Grafton, 1546.Google Scholar
16104: Hore heatissime virginis Marie ad legitimum Eboracensis ecclesie ritum.
Rouen: For G. Bernard and J. Cousin, 1517.Google Scholar
24873: Voragine, Jacobus de. (Thus endeth the legende named in latyn legenda aurea.) Trans. William Caxton. London: W. Caxton, 1483.Google Scholar
Avril, François, and Reynaud, Nicole. Les Manuscrits à Peintures en France, 1440-1520. Rev. ed. Paris, 1995.Google Scholar
Bal, Mieke. “Reading Bathsheba: From Mastercodes to Misfits.” In Rembrandt's Bathsheba Reading King David's Letter (1998), 119-46.Google Scholar
Biblia sacra iuxta vulgatam versionem. Ed. Robert Weber. 4,h ed. Stuttgart, 1994. [Vulgate Bible]Google Scholar
Butterworth, Charles C.
The English Primers (1529-1545): Their Publication and Connection With the English Bible and the Reformation in England.
Philadelphia, 1953.Google Scholar
Courtenay, William J.
Schools and Scholars in Fourteenth-Century England.
Princeton, 1987. ‘ Crain, Patricia. The Story of A: The Alphabetization of America from The New England Primer to The Scarlet Letter. Stanford, 2000.Google Scholar
Cummings, Brian. “Iconodasm and Bibliophobia in die English Reformations, 1521-1558.” In Images, Idolatry, and Iconoclasm in Late Medieval England: Textuality and the Visual Image, ed. Jeremy Dimmick, James Simpson, and Nicolette Zeeman, 185–206. Oxford, 2002.Google Scholar
The David Myth in Western Literature. Ed. Frontain, Raymond-Jean and Wojcik, Jan. West Lafayette, 1980.Google Scholar
Donovan, Claire. The de Brailes Hours: Shaping the Book of Hours in Thirteenth-Century Oxford.
Toronto and Buffalo, 1991.Google Scholar
Duffy, Eamon. The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England, C.1400-C.1580.
New Haven and London, 1992.Google Scholar
Engammare, Max. “La Morale ou la Beaute? Illustrations des Amours de David et Bedisabee (II Samuel 11-12. dans les Bibles des XVe-XVIIe Siecles.” In La Bible Imprimee dans I'Europe Modeme, ed. Schwarzbach, Eugene, 447-76. Paris, 1999.Google Scholar
Erasmus, Desiderius. Desiderii Erasmi Roterodami Opera Omnia. Ed. Clericus, Johannes. 10 vols. 1703-06. Facsimile reprint, Hildesheim, 1961-62.Google Scholar
Erler, Mary C.
“Devotional Literature.” In The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain, Volume III: 1400-1557, ed. Hellinga, Lotte and J. B. Trapp, 495–525. Cambridge and New York, 1999.Google Scholar
Foster, Frances, ed. The Northern Passion: Four Parallel Texts and the French Original, with Specimens of Additional Manuscripts.
2 vols. London, 1913
Google Scholar
Foster, Frances 16. Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality: Volume I: An Introduction. Trans. Hurley, Robert. New York, 1990.Google Scholar
Fox, Everett, trans. Give Us A King! Samuel, Saul, and David: A New Translation of Samuel I and II.
New York, 1999.Google Scholar
Freedberg, David. “Johannes Molanus on Provocative Paintings.”
Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
34 (1971): 229-45.Google Scholar
Harvard College Library Department of Printing and Graphic Arts. Catalogue of Books and Manuscripts. Part I: French 16th Century Books. Comp. Ruth Mortimer. 2 vols. Cambridge, MA, 1964.Google Scholar
Horstmann, C, ed. “De ligno see crucis.” Archiv fur das Studium der neueren Sprachen
79 (1887): 465-69.Google Scholar
Huttar, Charles A. “Frail Grass and Firm Tree: David as a Model of Repentance in the Middle Ages and Early Renaissance.” In The David Myth in Western Literature (1980), 38-54.Google Scholar
Kuczynski, M. P.
Prophetic Song: The Psalms as Moral Discourse in Late Medieval England.
Philadelphia, 1995.Google Scholar
Kunoth-Leifels, Elisabeth. Uber die Darstellungen der “Bathseba im Bade“: Studien zur Geschichte des Bildthemas 4. bis 17- Jahrhundert.
Essen, 1962.Google Scholar
Luborsky, , Samson, Ruth, and Ingram, Elizabeth Morley. A Guide to English Illustrated Books, 1536-1603. 2 vols. Tempe, 1998.Google Scholar
Male, Emile. Religious Art in France: The Late Middle Ages: A Study of Medieval Iconography and its Sources. Ed. Bober, Harry. Trans. Marthiel Mathews. Princeton, 1986.Google Scholar
Meurgey, Jacques. Les Principaux Manuscrits a Peintures du Musee Conde a Chantilly.
Paris, 1930.Google Scholar
Meyer, Wilhelm. “Die Geschichte des Kreuzholzes vor Christus.” Abhandlungen der Philosophisch-Philologischen Classe der Kbniglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
16 (1882): 101-66.Google Scholar
Mirk, John. Instructions for Parish Priests. Ed. Peacock, Edward. Rev. ed. London, 1902.Google Scholar
Moran, Jo Ann Hoeppner. The Growth of English Schooling, 1340-1548. Learning, Literacy and Laicization in Pre-Reformation York Diocese.
Princeton, 1985.Google Scholar
Morris, Richard, ed. Legends of the Holy Rood: Symbols of the Passion and Cross-Poems. In Old English of the Eleventh, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Centuries.
London, 1871. The New England Primer. Worcester, MA, n.d., ca. 1820.Google Scholar
Owens, Margareth Boyer. “The Image of King David in Prayer in Fifteenth- Century Books of Hours.” Imago Musicae
6 (1989): 23–38.Google Scholar
Panofsky, Erwin. “Erasmus and the Visual Arts.” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
32 (1969): 200- 27.Google Scholar
Pollard, A. W. et al., eds. A Short-Title Catalogue of Books Printed in England, Scotland, and Ireland, and of English Books Printed Abroad, 1475-1640. 2“d ed. 3 vols. London, 1976-91.Google Scholar
Prescott, Anne Lake. “King David as 'Right Poet': Sidney and the Psalmist.“ English Literary Renaissance
19 (1989): 131-51.Google Scholar
Prescott, Anne Lake. “Evil Tongues at the Court of Saul: The Renaissance David as a Slandered Courtier.” Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies
21 (1991): 163-86.Google Scholar
Quinn, Esther Casier. The Quest of Sethfor the Oil of Life.
Chicago, 1962. Rembrandt's Bathsheba Reading King David's Letter. Ed. Ann Jensen Adams. Cambridge, 1998.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, A. J., ed. and trans. Psalms: A New English Translation.
3 vols. New York, 1991.Google Scholar
Sluijter, Eric Jan. “Rembrandt's Bathsheba and the Conventions of a Seductive Theme.” In Rembrandt's Bathsheba Reading King David's Letter (1998), 48-99.Google Scholar
Smith, Susan L.
The Power of Women: A Topos in Medieval Art and Literature.
Philadelphia, 1995.Google Scholar
Suchier, Hermann, ed. Denkmdler Provenzalischer Literatur und Spracher. Vol. 1. Halle, 1883.Google Scholar
Tanis, James R., ed. Leaves of Gold: Manuscript Illumination from Philadelphia Collections.
Philadelphia, 2001.Google Scholar
Wieck, Roger S.
Painted Prayers: The Book of Hours in Medieval and Renaissance Art.
New York, 1997.Google Scholar
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