1 Phillips, J.R.S., The Medieval Expansion of Europe (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988)Google Scholar; and Bartlett, Robert, The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change, 950-1350 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993)Google Scholar.

2 Bentley, Jerry H., Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993)Google Scholar and Abu-Lughod, Janet, Before European Hegemony: The World System, A.D. 1250-1350 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989)Google Scholar.

3 Lockhart, James, ed. and trans., We People Here: Nahuatl Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993)Google Scholar; Nader, Helen, ed. and trans., Book of Privileges Issued to Christopher Columbus to King Fernando and Queen Isabel, 1492-1502 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996)Google Scholar; and Rusconi, Roberto, ed., The Book of Prophecies, Edited by Christopher Columbus (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997)Google Scholar.

4 Hemming, John, The Conquest of the Incas (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970)Google Scholar, is perhaps the most comprehensive modern account.

5 John E. Kicza, “Patterns in Early Spanish Overseas Expansion,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Series, 49: 2 (April 1992), 229-53, provides an overview of the organization and practices of Spanish expeditions in the Americas.

6 In this regard, notably missing from the bibliography are: Diffie, Bailey W. and Winius, George D., Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415-1580 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1977)Google Scholar; and Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe, Before Columbus: Exploration and Colonizations from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, 1229-1492 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1987)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.