Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T18:49:06.808Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Actors, Orators, and the Boundaries of Drama in Elizabethan Universities

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Daniel Blank*
Affiliation:
Princeton University

Abstract

This article discusses the debates over drama that took place in the English universities during the late sixteenth century. It reconsiders the career of the Oxford academic and theologian John Rainolds, whose objections to student performance are usually conflated with attacks upon professional drama. This article argues instead that his opposition arose largely from two related institutional concerns: the equation of drama with rhetorical exercises and the increasing use of spectacle in university plays. The controversy over theatrical performance is thus cast in a new light as an inquiry into the place and purpose of drama within university culture.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © 2017 Renaissance Society of America

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bibliography

Archival and Manuscript Sources

Bodleian Library, Oxford, MS Cherry 33, fols. 1–33. Rainolds, John. Tract against Nicholas Sanders.Google Scholar
Bodleian Library, Oxford, MS Wood D. 10, pp. 1–111. Book list of John Rainolds.Google Scholar
Corpus Christi College (CCC), Oxford, MS 257, fols. 104–123. Windsor, Miles. Account of Queen Elizabeth’s 1566 visit to Oxford.Google Scholar
CCC, Oxford, MS 352, pp. 11–307. Correspondence between John Rainolds and William Gager, followed by correspondence between John Rainolds and Alberico Gentili.Google Scholar
Magdalen College Archive, Oxford, MS 655a, pp. 319–24. “A list of College abuses laid before the Chancellor by Edward Gellibrand.”Google Scholar
Queen’s College (QC), Oxford, MS 352, fols. 1–127. Notebook of John Rainolds.Google Scholar

Printed Sources

Aristotle, . The Politics. Ed. and trans. Everson, Stephen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Aristotle, . Poetics. Ed. and trans. Halliwell, Stephen. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Barish, Jonas A. The Antitheatrical Prejudice. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981.Google Scholar
Bayer, Mark Theater, Community, and Civic Engagement in Jacobean London. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2011.10.2307/j.ctt20q225rCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beard, Thomas The theatre of Gods iudgements. London, 1597.Google Scholar
Binns, J. W.Alberico Gentili in Defense of Poetry and Acting.Studies in the Renaissance 19 (1972): 224–72.Google Scholar
Binns, J. W.Women or Transvestites on the Elizabethan Stage?: An Oxford Controversy.” Sixteenth Century Journal 5.2 (1974): 95120.10.2307/2539824CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blank, DanielPerforming Exile: John Foxe’s Christus Triumphans at Magdalen College, Oxford.” Renaissance Studies 30.4 (2016): 584601.10.1111/rest.12243CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boas, Frederick S. University Drama in the Tudor Age. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1914.Google Scholar
Boas, Frederick S. Shakespeare and the Universities, and Other Studies in Elizabethan Drama. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1923.Google Scholar
Brooke, C. F. Tucker. “The Life and Times of William Gager (1555–1622).” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 95.4 (1951): 401–31.Google Scholar
Case, John Speculum Moralium Quaestionum in Universam Ethicen Aristotelis. Oxford, 1585.Google Scholar
Chambers, E. K. The Elizabethan Stage. 4 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1923.Google Scholar
Cicero, . On the Orator. Trans. Rackham, H.. 2 vols. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1948.Google Scholar
Clark, Andrew Register of the University of Oxford. 2 vols. Oxford, 1885–89.Google Scholar
The Collegiate University. Ed. McConica, James. Vol. 3 of The History of the University of Oxford. General ed. Aston, T. H.. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Collinson, Patrick From Iconoclasm to Iconophobia: The Cultural Impact of the Second English Reformation. Reading: University of Reading, 1986.Google Scholar
Collinson, Patrick The Birthpangs of Protestant England: Religious and Cultural Change in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. London: Macmillan Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Connolly, Joy The State of Speech: Rhetoric and Political Thought in Ancient Rome. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Cressy, DavidGender Trouble and Cross-Dressing in Early Modern England.” Journal of British Studies 35.4 (1996): 438–65.10.1086/386118CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curtis, Mark H. Oxford and Cambridge in Transition, 1558–1642. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959.Google Scholar
Dent, C. M. Protestant Reformers in Elizabethan Oxford. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983.Google Scholar
di Simone, Maria Rosa. “Alberico Gentili e la controversia sul teatro nell’Inghilterra elisabettiana.” In Alberico Gentili: Atti dei Convegni, Nel Quarto Centenario Della Morte. 377410. Milan: Giuffrè, 2010.Google Scholar
Eden, Kathy Poetic and Legal Fiction in the Aristotelian Tradition. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986.10.1515/9781400858323CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edwards, Catharine The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.10.1017/CBO9780511518553CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellinghausen, LaurieUniversity of Vice: Drink, Gentility, and Masculinity in Oxford, Cambridge, and London.” In Masculinity and the Metropolis of Vice, 1550–1650. ed. Bailey, Amanda and Hentschell, Roze, 4565. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.10.1057/9780230106147_3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliott, John R. Jr.Queen Elizabeth at Oxford: New Light on the Royal Plays of 1566.” English Literary Renaissance 18.2 (1988): 218–29.10.1111/j.1475-6757.1988.tb00953.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliott, John R. Jr. “Drama.” In Seventeenth-Century Oxford (1997), 641–58.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199510146.003.0013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliott, John R. Jr., Nelson, Alan H., Johnston, Alexandra F., and Wyatt, Diana, eds. Records of Early English Drama: Oxford. 2 vols. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Enterline, Lynn Shakespeare’s Schoolroom: Rhetoric, Discipline, Emotion. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.10.9783/9780812207132CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fantham, ElaineOrator and/et Actor.” In Greek and Roman Actors: Aspects of an Ancient Profession. ed. Easterling, Pat and Hall, Edith, 362–76. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Feingold, Mordechai “The Humanities.” In Seventeenth-Century Oxford (1997), 211358.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199510146.003.0006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feingold, MordechaiGiordano Bruno in England, Revisited.” Huntington Library Quarterly 67.3 (2004a): 329–46.10.1525/hlq.2004.67.3.329CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feingold, MordechaiRainolds, John (1549–1607).” In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford, 2004b. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/23029.Google Scholar
Finnis, John, and Martin, Patrick H.. “An Oxford Play Festival in February 1582.” Notes and Queries 50.4 (2003): 391–94.10.1093/nq/500391CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fletcher, J. M. “The Faculty of Arts.” In The Collegiate University (1986), 157–99.Google Scholar
Gager, William The Complete Works. Ed. and trans. Sutton, Dana F.. 4 vols. New York: Garland Publishing, 1994.Google Scholar
Garber, Marjorie Vested Interests: Cross-Dressing and Cultural Anxiety. New York: Routledge, 1992.Google Scholar
Goclenius, Rudolph Exercitationes Ethicae, in Usum Studiosorum Philosophiae Academiae Marpurgensis. Marburg, 1592.Google Scholar
Elizabeth, Goldring, Eales, Faith, Clarke, Elizabeth, and Archer, Jayne Elisabeth, eds. John Nichols’s “The Progresses and Public Processions of Queen Elizabeth I”: A New Edition of the Early Modern Sources. 5 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Gosson, Stephen The schoole of abuse. London, 1579.Google Scholar
Gosson, Stephen Playes confuted in fiue actions. London, 1582.Google Scholar
Graf, FritzThe Gestures of Roman Actors and Orators.” In A Cultural History of Gesture: From Antiquity to the Present Day. ed. Bremmer, Jan and Roodenburg, Herman, 3658. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Gray, Floyd Gender, Rhetoric, and Print Culture in French Renaissance Writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.10.1017/CBO9780511485770CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, Lawrence D. John Rainolds’s Oxford Lectures on Aristotle’s “Rhetoric.” Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Gunderson, Erik Staging Masculinity: The Rhetoric of Performance in the Roman World. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000.10.3998/mpub.23054CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gurr, Andrew The Shakespearian Playing Companies. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198129776.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heise, Ursula K.Transvestism and the Stage Controversy in Spain and England, 1580–1680.” Theatre Journal 44.3 (1992): 357–74.10.2307/3208553CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heywood, Thomas An apology for actors. London, 1612.Google Scholar
Holinshed, Raphaell The Third volume of Chronicles… Now newlie recognised, augmented, and continued… to the yeare 1586. London, 1587.Google Scholar
Jardine, Lisa Still Harping on Daughters. Brighton: Harvester Press, 1983.Google Scholar
Keenan, Siobhan Travelling Players in Shakespeare’s England. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.10.1057/9780230597549CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keenan, SiobhanSpectator and Spectacle: Royal Entertainments at the Universities in the 1560s.” In The Progresses, Pageants, and Entertainments of Queen Elizabeth I. ed. Archer, Jayne Elisabeth, Goldring, Elizabeth, and Knight, Sarah, 86103. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Lake, Peter, with Questier, Michael. The Antichrist’s Lewd Hat: Protestants, Papists, and Players in Post-Reformation England. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Levine, Laura Men in Women’s Clothing: Anti-Theatricality and Effeminization, 1579–1642. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Liddell, Henry George, and Scott, Robert. A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966.Google Scholar
Mack, Peter Elizabethan Rhetoric: Theory and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.10.1017/CBO9780511490620CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macrobius, . Saturnalia. Ed. and trans. Kaster, Robert A.. 3 vols. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Markowicz, Leon, ed. and trans. Latin Correspondence by Alberico Gentili and John Rainolds on Academic Drama. Salzburg: Universität Salzburg, 1977.Google Scholar
Marlow, Christopher Performing Masculinity in English University Drama, 1598–1636. Farnham: Ashgate, 2013.Google Scholar
Mazzarino, Santo The End of the Ancient World. Trans. Holmes, George. London: Faber and Faber, 1966.Google Scholar
McConaughy, James L. The School Drama, Including Palsgrave’s Introduction to Acolastus. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University, 1913.Google Scholar
McConica, JamesHumanism and Aristotle in Tudor Oxford.English Historical Review 94 (1979): 291317.Google Scholar
McConica, James “Elizabethan Oxford: The Collegiate Society.” In The Collegiate University (1986), 645732.Google Scholar
Munday, Anthony A second and third blast of retrait from plaies and Theaters. London, 1580.Google Scholar
Northbrooke, John A Treatise wherein Dicing, Dauncing, Vaine playes or Enterluds with other idle pastimes… are reproued. London, 1577.Google Scholar
O’Connell, Michael. The Idolatrous Eye: Iconoclasm and Theater in Early Modern England. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Orgel, StephenNobody’s Perfect: Or, Why Did the English Stage Take Boys for Women?South Atlantic Quarterly 88.1 (1989): 729.Google Scholar
Orgel, Stephen Impersonations: The Performance of Gender in Shakespeare’s England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Panizza, Diego Alberico Gentili, Giurista Ideologo Nell’Inghilterra Elisabettiana. Padua: Giuffrè, 1981.Google Scholar
Phillips, Henry The Theatre and Its Critics in Seventeenth-Century France. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980.Google Scholar
Postlewait, ThomasTheatricality and Antitheatricality in Renaissance London.” In Theatricality. ed. Davis, Tracy C. and Postlewait, Thomas, 90126. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Prynne, William Histrio-mastix. The players scourge, or, actors tragedie. London, 1633.Google Scholar
Quintilian. The Orator’s Education. Ed. and trans. Russell, Donald A.. 5 vols. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Rainolds, John Sex Theses de Sacra Scriptura et Ecclesia. London, 1580.Google Scholar
Rainolds, John Th’overthrow of stage-playes. Middleburg, 1599.Google Scholar
Rainolds, John A Letter of Dr. Reinolds to his friend, concerning his advice for the studie of Divinitie. London, 1613.Google Scholar
Rennert, Hugo Albert. The Spanish Stage in the Time of Lope de Vega. New York: n.p., 1909.Google Scholar
Rhodes, Neil The Power of Eloquence and English Renaissance Literature. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1992.Google Scholar
Rice, Colin Ungodly Delights: Puritan Opposition to the Theatre, 1576–1633. Alessandria: Edizioni dell’Orso, 1997.Google Scholar
Ringler, William, ed. Oratio in Laudem Artis Poeticae [Circa 1572] by John Rainolds. Trans. Allen, Walter Jr. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1940.Google Scholar
Ringler, William, ed. Stephen Gosson: A Biographical and Critical Study. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1942.Google Scholar
Schmitt, Charles B. John Case and Aristotelianism in Renaissance England. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1983.Google Scholar
Seventeenth-Century Oxford. Ed. Nicholas Tyacke. Vol. 4 of The History of the University of Oxford. General ed. Aston, T. H.. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Shenk, LindaGown before Crown: Scholarly Abjection and Academic Entertainment under Queen Elizabeth I.” In Early Modern Academic Drama. ed. Walker, Jonathan and Streufert, Paul D., 1944. Farnham: Ashgate, 2008.Google Scholar
Shuger, Debora Kuller. The Renaissance Bible: Scholarship, Sacrifice, and Subjectivity. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Shuger, Debora Kuller. “St. Mary the Virgin and the Birth of the Public Sphere.” Huntington Library Quarterly 72.3 (2009): 313–46.10.1525/hlq.2009.72.3.313CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Bruce R. Ancient Scripts and Modern Experience on the English Stage , 1500–1700. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988.10.1515/9781400859399CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steel, Catherine Roman Oratory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Streete, Adrian Protestantism and Drama in Early Modern England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.10.1017/CBO9780511642302CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stubbes, Philip The anatomie of abuses. London, 1583.Google Scholar
Suetonius, . Lives of the Caesars. Trans. Rolfe, J. C.. 2 vols. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Tertullian, . De Spectaculis. Trans. Glover, T. R.. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1931.10.4159/DLCL.tertullian-de_spectaculis.1931CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Traub, Valerie Desire and Anxiety: Circulations of Sexuality in Shakespearean Drama. London: Routledge, 1992.Google Scholar
Turner, Marion “Drama at Magdalen.” Magdalen College Record (2003): 8290.Google Scholar
Wesley, JohnRhetorical Delivery for Renaissance English: Voice, Gesture, Emotion, and the Sixteenth-Century Vernacular Turn.” Renaissance Quarterly 68.4 (2015): 1265–96.10.1086/685126CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, Paul Whitfield. Theatre and Reformation: Protestantism, Patronage, and Playing in Tudor England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
White, Paul Whitfield. “Theater and Religious Culture.” In A New History of Early English Drama. ed. Cox, John D. and Kastan, David Scott, 133–51. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
White, Paul Whitfield. “The Queen’s Men in Elizabethan Cambridge.” In Locating the Queen’s Men, 1583–1603: Material Practices and Conditions of Playing. ed. Ostovich, Helen, Syme, Holger Schott, and Griffin, Andrew, 4149. Farnham: Ashgate, 2009.Google Scholar
Williamson, Elizabeth The Materiality of Religion in Early Modern English Drama. Farnham: Ashgate, 2009.Google Scholar
Wood, Anthony The History and Antiquities of the University of Oxford. Ed. Gutch, John. 2 vols. Oxford, 1792–96.Google Scholar
Wood, Anthony Athenae Oxonienses. An Exact History of All the Writers and Bishops Who Have Had Their Education in the University of Oxford. Ed. Bliss, Philip. 5 vols. London, 1813–20.Google Scholar
Young, KarlAn Elizabethan Defence of the Stage.” In Shakespeare Studies by Members of the Department of English of the University of Wisconsin. 103–24. Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1916a.Google Scholar
Young, KarlWilliam Gager’s Defence of the Academic Stage.” Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters 18 (1916b): 593638.Google Scholar
Zosimus, . Historiae Novae Libri vi. Basil, 1576.Google Scholar
Zosimus, . New History. Trans. Ronald T. Ridley. Canberra: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, 1982.Google Scholar