¹ On the shepherd motif of the Old Testament see M. Rehm, ‘Die Hirtenallegorie Zach II, 4-14’, Biblische Zeitschrift, Neue Folge, IV (1960), 186-208. See also the copious older bibliography quoted by the author.

² For a different view see Snell, Bruno, ‘Arkadien. Die Entdeckung einer geistigen Landschaft’ in Die Entdeckung des Geistes (3rd ed., Hamburg, 1955), pp. 371–400 Google Scholar.

³ See van der Meer, F., Maiestas Domini. Théophanies de l'Apocalypse dans l'art chrétien (Città del Vaticano, 1938), pp. 34–38 Google Scholar, and Schmid, Wolfgang, ‘Eine frühchristliche Arkadienvorstellung’ in Convivium. Beiträge zur Altertumswissenschaft (Stuttgart, 1954), pp. 121–130 Google Scholar. Only in isolated instances do bucolic and Christian values come into conflict. For an illustration see Schmid, Wolfgang, ‘Tityrus Christianus. Probleme religiöser Hirtendichtung an der Wende vom vierten zum fünften Jahrhundert’, Rheinisches Museum für Philologie, XCVI (1953), 101–163 Google Scholar.

⁴ This author, widely regarded as a forerunner of Montemayor, has of late received much critical attention. See, for example, Cidade, Hernâni, ‘Bernardim Ribeiro, Cristóvão Falcão, Samuel Usque. O sentimento de arte, a análise psicológica, a poesia pessoal, o sentimento da natureza’, in Liçães de cultura e literatura portuguesas (Coimbra, 1951), pp. 143–164 Google Scholar; de Carvalho, José G. Herculano, ‘A influência italiana em Bernardim Ribeiro’, Miscelânea de Estudos em honra do Prof. Hernâni Cidade (Lisboa, 1957), pp. 121–133 Google Scholar, and the two excellent studies of Professor Asensio, Eugenio, ‘Bernardim Ribeiro a la luz de un manuscrito nuevo’, Revista Brasileira de Filologia, III (1957), 59–81 Google Scholar, and ‘El romance de Bernardim Ribeiro Ao longo da ribeira', Revista de Filologia Española, XLI (1957), 1-19.

⁵ In a note (p. 63) Avalle-Arce refers to the treatment of nature in d'Urfé's Astree. More details are to be found in Wendel, Herta, Arkadien im Umkreis bukolischer Dichtung in der Antike und in der französischen Literatur (Giessen, 1933), pp. 66–74 Google Scholar.

⁶ Although Avalle-Arce deals with two Portuguese writers (Montemayor and Botelho de Carvalho), he neglects Portuguese studies of the pastoral. Mention should have been made of the following works: Viterbo, Sousa, ‘Dois poetas seiscentistas. II. Miguel Botelho de Carvalho’, Archivo Historico Portuguez, IV (1906), 317–329 Google Scholar; Jorge, Ricardo, Francisco Rodrigues hobo. Estudo biogrdjico e crítico (Coimbra, 1920), pp. 201–277 Google Scholar; and Xavier, Alberto, ‘A pastoral no romance’ in O romance. Alguns aspectos da sua evolucao na literatura europeia (Lisboa, 1934), pp. 145–252 Google Scholar.

⁷ See, for example, Jachmann, Günther, ‘L'Arcadia come paesaggio bucolico’, Maia, Nuova Serie, V (1952), 161–174 Google Scholar.