^{page 391 note 1} Tolstoy, for example, was significantly influenced by the legend in his mid-life renunciation of worldliness. See Tolstoy, L., A Confession and What I Believe (London: Oxford University Press, 1921), pp. 23–4.Google Scholar

^{page 391 note 2} For a full account of the diffusion of the legend, see Peri, H., Der Religionsdisput der Barlaam-Legende, ein Motiv abendländischer Dichtung (Salamanca: University of Salamanca, 1959).Google Scholar

^{page 392 note 1} Sonet, J., La Roman de Barlaam et Josaphat (Louvain: Bibliothèque de L'Université, 1949), p. 20.Google Scholar This work contains the most complete account of the diffusion of the fables outside the corpus of the legend.

^{page 392 note 2} See Lang, D. M., The Balavariani (Barlaam and Josaphat): A Tale from the Christian East Translated from the Old Georgian (London: Allen & Unwin, 1966).Google Scholar A much abbreviated and later Georgian version also exists. See Lang, D. M., The Wisdom of Balahoar: A Christian Legend of the Buddha (London: Allen & Unwin, 1957).Google Scholar

^{page 392 note 3} Lang, , The Balavariani, p. 57.Google Scholar

^{page 393 note 1} Lang, , The Balavariani, p. 69.Google Scholar

^{page 393 note 2} The author of the Greek version of the legend embellished his narrative at this point with the second century Apology of Aristides. For the quite exicting discovery of this text in the late nineteenth century, and the subsequent recognition of its role in our legend see Wolff, R. L., ‘The Apology of Aristides – A Re-Examination’, Harvard Theological Review, XXX (1937), 233–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 393 note 3} Lang, , The Balavariani, p. 145.Google Scholar

^{page 394 note 1} Lang, , The Balavariani, p. 43.Google Scholar

^{page 394 note 2} See Rhys Davids, T. W., Buddhist Birth Stories; or fātaka Tales (London: Trübner & Co., 1880), p. xl.Google Scholar

^{page 394 note 3} On the distinction between the attribution of sanctity and the formal processes of canonization, see Cosquin, E., ‘La Légende des Saints Barlaam et Josaphat: son Origin’, Revue des Questions historiques, XXVIII (1880), 581–2.Google Scholar

^{page 394 note 4} Cosquin, , ‘La Légende’, p. 580.Google Scholar

^{page 394 note 5} Cosquin, , ‘La Légende’, pp. 583–4.Google Scholar

^{page 394 note 6} Yule, H., The Book of Ser Marco Polo the Venetian concerning the Kingdoms & Marvels of the East (London: John Murray, 1929), ii. 325. edited by Cordier, H..Google Scholar

^{page 394 note 7} Jacobs, J., Barlaam & Josaphat: English Lives of Buddha (London: David Nutt, 1896, p. xviii.Google Scholar

^{page 395 note 1} See Cosquin, , ‘La Légende’, pp. 586–9.Google Scholar See also Lubac, H. de, La Rencontre du Bouddhisme et de l'Occident (Paris: Aubier, 1952), p. 30.Google Scholar

^{page 395 note 2} Benfrey, T., Pantschatantra: Fünf Bücher indischer Fabeln, Märchen und Erzählungen (Leipzig: F. A. Brock-haus, 1859).Google Scholar

^{page 395 note 3} Laboulaye, E., review of S. Julien, Les Avadānas (Paris: Benjamin Duprat, 1859)Google Scholar, journal des Debats, July 26, 1859.

^{page 395 note 4} St Hilaire, J. Barthélemy, Le Bouddha et sa Religion. (Paris: Didier, 1860).Google Scholar English translation, The Buddha and his Religion (London: George Routledge, 1895).Google Scholar

^{page 396 note 1} Liebrecht, F., ‘Die Quellen des “Barlaam und Josaphat”’, Jahrbuch für romanische und englische Sprache und Literatur II (1860), 314Google Scholar, Max Müller suggests that in 1869 Samuel Beal also came independently to the same conclusion. See Müller, F. M., Chips from a German Workshop (London: Longmans, Green, & Co., 1874), iv. 185.Google Scholar See also Beal, S., Travels of Fah-Hian & Sung-Yun, Buddhist Pilgraims from China to India (400 A.D. & 519 A.D. (London: Susil Gupta, 1964), pp. 85–6, n. 4.Google Scholar

^{page 396 note 2} Moule, A. C. and Pelliot, P., Marco Polo: The Description of the World (London: George Routledge & Sons, 1938), i:409.Google Scholar

^{page 396 note 3} Moule, & Pelliot, , Marco Polo, i.140.Google Scholar

^{page 396 note 4} Yule, , The Book of Ser Marco Polo, ii.325.Google Scholar See also Budge, E. A. W., Baralām & Yéwāsēf being the Ethiopic Version of a Christianized Recension of the Buddhist Legend of the Buddha & the Bodhisattva (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1923), pp. xxxiii–vi.Google Scholar

^{page 397 note 1} Lang, , The Wisdom of Balahvar, pp. 12–13.Google Scholar

^{page 397 note 2} Davids, , Buddhist Birth Stories, p. 73.Google Scholar

^{page 397 note 3} Johnston, E. H., The Buddhacarita or the Acts of the Apostles (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1972), p. 37.Google Scholar

^{page 397 note 4} Johnston, , The Buddhacarita, p. 64.Google Scholar

^{page 398 note 1} Lang, , The Balavariani, p. 64.Google Scholar

^{page 399 note 1} Lang, , The Balavariani, p. 57.Google Scholar

^{page 399 note 2} Lang, , The Balavariani, p. 57.Google Scholar

^{page 399 note 3} Lang, , The Balavariani, p. 101.Google Scholar

^{page 399 note 4} Lang, , The Balavariani, p. 85.Google Scholar

^{page 400 note 1} Lang, , The Balavariani p. 85.Google Scholar

^{page 400 note 2} Woodward, G. R. & Mattingly, H., Barlaam and loasaph (London: Heinemann, 1967), p. 3.Google Scholar

^{page 400 note 3} For the theory of John of Saba as author, see Zotenberg, H., ‘Notice sur le Livre de Barlaam et Josaphat, accompagnée d'extraits du texte grec et des versions arabes et éthiopiennes’, Notices ex extraits des Mss. de la Bibliothèque Nationale XXVII (1886)Google Scholar, and Kuhn, E., ‘Barlaam und Ioasaph. Eine bibliographisch-literargeschichtliche Studie’, Abhandlungen der philosophisch-philologischen Klasse der Königlichen Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, XX (1894), 8–9.Google Scholar

^{page 401 note 1} Woodward, & Mattingly, , Barlaam and Ioasaph, pp. 5, 609–10.Google Scholar

^{page 401 note 2} Woodword, & Mattingly, , Barlaam and loasaph, p. 622.Google Scholar More recently, the case for Damascene authorship has been put by Dölger, F., Der griechische Barlaam-Roman. Ein Werk des heiligen Johannes von Damaskus (Ettal: Buch-Kunstverlag, 1953).Google Scholar

^{page 401 note 3} Lang, D. M., ‘St. Euthymius the Georgian and the Barlaam and Ioasaph Romance’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, XVII (1955), 321.Google Scholar

^{page 401 note 4} For the Greek texts, see Wolff, R. L., ‘Barlaam and Iosaph’, Harvard Theological Review, XXXII (1939), 133, n. 12.Google Scholar

^{page 402 note 1} Lang, D. M., Lives and Legends of the Georgian Saints (Crestwood, New York: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1976), p. 155.Google Scholar The work referred to as Abakura is also known as ‘The Martyrdom of Saint Michael, who dwelt in the aura of our holy Father Saba’. See Abuladze, I. V., ‘Introduction’, inGoogle ScholarLang, , The Balavariani, pp. 39–40.Google Scholar

^{page 402 note 2} See Peeters, P., ‘La première Traduction latine de ‘Barlaam et Joasaph’ et son original Grec’, Analecta Bollandiana, XLIX (1931), 276–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 402 note 3} Wolff, , ‘Barlaam and Iosaph’, p. 134.Google Scholar Latin text in Peeters, , ‘La première Traduction’, pp. 277–8.Google Scholar

^{page 402 note 4} Lang, , ‘St. Euthymius the Georgian’, p. 308.Google Scholar Latin text in Wolff, , ‘Barlaam & Iosaph’, p. 137.Google Scholar

^{page 403 note 1} Lang, D. M., ‘The Life of the Blessed lodasaph. A New Oriental Christian Version of the Barlaam & Ioasaph Romance’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, XX (1957), 391.Google Scholar

^{page 403 note 2} See Lang, , ‘The Life of the Blessed lodasaph’, p. 403–4.Google Scholar

^{page 403 note 3} Sachau, E. C., Alberuni's India (Delhi: S. Chand & Co., 1964), 1:159.Google Scholar See also Asmussen, J. P., ‘Der Manichäismus als Vermittler literarischen Gutes’, Temenos, II (1966), 13–14.Google Scholar

^{page 403 note 4} It is summarized by Browne, E. G., ‘Some Account of the Arabic Work entitled ‘Nihayatu'l-irab fi akhbäri'l-Furs wa'l-'Arab,’ particularly of that part which treats of the Persian Kings', The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, XXXII (1900), 195–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 403 note 5} For an English translation of the Halle manuscript, see Rehatsek, E., ‘Book of the King's Son and the Ascetic’, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, XXII (1890), 119–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar For a useful summary of the Arabic versions, see Lang, D. M., ‘Bilawhar wa-Yudasaf’, The Encyclopaedia of Islam (Leiden: Brill, & London: Luzac, 1960), 1.1215–7.Google Scholar

^{page 403 note 6} See Lang, , ‘The Life of the Blessed Iodasaph’, pp. 394–98.Google Scholar There is an interesting variant of the life of the Buddha in that of the Sufi Ibrahim Ibn Edhem. He abandoned his royal state and adopted the life of an ascetic after seeing a beggar at the entrance to his palace. See Duka, T., ‘The Influence of Buddhism upon Islam’, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, XXXVI (1904), 125–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 404 note 1} Text in Sundermann, W., ‘Zur frühen missionarischen Wirksamkeit Manis’, Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, XXIV (1971), 104–5.Google Scholar

^{page 404 note 2} Sachau, E., The Chronology of Ancient Nations (London: W. H. Allen, 1879), p. 190.Google Scholar

^{page 404 note 3} On Buddhist influence on Manichaeism, see Asmussen, , ‘Der Manichäismus als Vermittler’, pp. 5–21.Google Scholar On Manichaean influence on Buddhism, see Klimkeit, H. J., ‘Manichäische und buddhistische Beichtformeln aus Turfan. Beobachtungen zur Beziehung zwischen gnosis und Mahāyanā’, Zeitschrift für Religions – und Geistesgeschichte, XXIX (1977), 193–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar See also Emmerick, R. E., ‘Buddhism among Iranian Peoples’, The Cambridge History of Iran (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 111(2) pp. 949–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 404 note 4} A Coq, von Le, ‘Ein christliches und ein manichäisches Manuskriptfragment in turkische Sprache aus Turfan (Chinesisch-Turkestan)’, Sitzungsberichte der Berliner Akademie der Wissenschaften, phil.-hist. Klasse, XLVIII (1909), 1208–11.Google ScholarBang, W., ‘Manichäisches Erzähler’, Le Muséon XLIV (1931), 9.Google Scholar

^{page 405 note 1} Coq, Le, ‘Ein christliches und ein manichäisches Manuskriptfragment’, p. 1205.Google Scholar

^{page 405 note 2} For the text, see Radloff, W., ‘Alttürkische Studien, no. VI’, zvestiya Imperatorskoi Akademii Nauk, VI (1912), 752–3.Google Scholar

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^{page 405 note 4} Lang, , The Balavariani, p. 102.Google Scholar

^{page 405 note 5} Lang, , The Balavariani, pp. 87–8, 88 n.I.Google Scholar

^{page 406 note 1} Burkitt, F. C., The Religion of the Manichees (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1925), p. 45.Google Scholar

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