^{page 247 note 1} Turner, V., Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1974). Chapter 5, pp. 166–230.Google Scholar

^{page 247 note 2} Turner, V., ‘The Centre Out There: Pilgrim's Goal’, History of Religions, XII (1973), 191–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 247 note 3} For example, see B. Pfaffenberger's paper about the Kataragama pilgrimage of South India, Journal of Asian Studies, XXXVIII (1979)Google Scholar, and Sallnow's, M. reconsideration of ‘communitas’ in the sociology of an Andean pilgrimage, Man, XVI, new series (1981).Google Scholar

^{page 247 note 4} In his now classic, early study, The Myth of the Eternal Return, Mircea Eliade brilliantly explored the relevance of cosmogonie myths for history. He distinguished between ‘historical (modern) man’Google Scholar and an anhistorical archetype associated with traditional (agricultural) societies. According to his model, the latter would be more inclined to pilgrimage and these would include those I describe below. At this time however, my purpose is not to test that distinction or to test the survival of the myths of return, although the continuing power of these archetypes is very much evidenced by my examples. See Eliade, Mircea, The Myth of the Eternal Return, or, Cosmos and History, translated by Trask, W. (Princeton University Press, Bollingen Series XLVI, 1954)Google Scholar

^{page 249 note 1} Karve, Irawati, ‘On the Road: A Maharashtrian Pilgrimage’, Journal of Asian Studies, XXII (1962), 13–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 250 note 1} Kelly, J. N. D., Jerome, His Life, Writings and Controversies (New York: Harper and Row, 1975);Google Scholar and Wilkinson, J. (ed.), Egeria's Travels to The Holy Land (Warminster: Ans and Phillips, 1981).Google Scholar

^{page 251 note 1} Bernbaum, E., The Way to Shambhala (New York: Anchor, 1980).Google Scholar

^{page 251 note 2} Vasu, Rai Bahadur S. C. (translator), The Śiva Samhita; The Sacred Books of the Hindus XV, I (Allahabad: Sudhindranatha Vasu, 1914).Google Scholar

^{page 251 note 3} Devkota, L., Nepali Visions, Nepali Dreams, translated by Rubin, D. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1980), p. 125.Google Scholar

^{page 251 note 4} Shulman, D. D., Tamil Temple Myths (Princeton University Press, 1980), p. 23;CrossRefGoogle Scholar poem by Dēvara Dāsimaya 98, in Ramanujan, A. K.Speaking of Siva (Harmondsworth, 1973).Google Scholar

^{page 251 note 5} Attar, Farid Ud-din, The Conference of the Birds (Boulder: Shambhala Press, 1971 edition).Google Scholar

^{page 251 note 6} Basho, , The Narrow Road to the Deep North, translated by Yuasa, N. (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1966).Google Scholar

^{page 252 note 1} Turner, V. and Turner, E., Image and Pilgrimage in Christian Culture (New York: Columbia University Press, 1978), pp. 8–9.Google Scholar

^{page 253 note 1} This is illustrated in Aziz, B. N., ‘Sacred Encounter at Amarnath Cave’, Natural History, XCII, 7 (1983), 44–51Google Scholar

^{page 254 note 1} Ibid. and Aziz, B. N., ‘A Pilgrimage to Amarnath’, Kailash, IX (1982), 2–3.Google Scholar

^{page 254 note 2} By personal communication with B. N. Saraswati of Banaras. Over the years I have greatly benefited from my talks with B. N. Saraswati who possesses a deep understanding of Hindu pilgrimage and is himself engaged in a long-term study of Banaras religious history and culture.

^{page 256 note 1} Hunt, E. D., Holy Land Pilgrimage and the Later Roman Empire AD 312–480 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1982), p. 74.Google Scholar

^{page 256 note 2} Chattopadhyaya, K. C., ‘Religious Suicide at Prayaga’, journal of the Uttar Pradesh Historical Society, X (1937).Google Scholar

^{page 258 note 1} Tolstoy, L., ‘Two Old Men’, in Master and Man (London: Everyman's, 1910), p. 156.Google Scholar Thanks to Herbert Menzel for directing my attention to this story.

^{page 259 note 1} Crapanzano, V., Tuhami: Portrait of a Moroccan (Chicago University Press, 1980).Google Scholar

^{page 260 note 1} Cf. Turner, and Turner, (1978), op. Cit. pp. 104–39.Google Scholar