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Bridging the gap between social and existential-mystical interpretations of Schleiermacher's ‘feeling’

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 February 2012

GORAZD ANDREJČ
GORAZD ANDREJČ
Affiliation:
Department of Theology and Religion, University of Exeter, Amory Building, Rennes Drive, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4RJ, UK e-mail: [email protected]
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Abstract

The article engages with two contemporary understandings of Schleiermacher's notion of feeling which are in important aspects in conflict: a social understanding (Kevin W. Hector and Christine Helmer) and an existential-mystical understanding (Thandeka). Using the phenomenological category of ‘existential feelings’ drawn from the work of Matthew Ratcliffe, I argue that they can be brought into a coherent overall account that recognizes different aspects of feeling in Schleiermacher's work. I also suggest that such an interpretation of Schleiermacher's concept of religious feeling offers a different and better understanding of the role of feelings in religious experience and belief than the contemporary ‘perception-model’ of religious experience.

Type
Articles
Information
Religious Studies , Volume 48 , Issue 3 , September 2012 , pp. 377 - 401
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

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References

References

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Bowie, Andrew (2003) Aesthetics and Subjectivity: From Kant to Nietzsche (Manchester: Manchester University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Marina, Jacqueline (2008) Transformation of the Self in the Thought of Friedrich Schleiermacher (Oxford: Oxford University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Strasser, Stephan (1977) Phenomenology of Feeling: An Essay on the Phenomena of the Heart (Pittsburgh PA: Duquesne University Press).Google Scholar
Swinburne, Richard (1991) The Existence of God (Oxford: Clarendon Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ten Kate, Laurens (2007) ‘Intuition of the other: an analysis of Anschauung in Schleiermacher's On Religion – with references to Kant’ [Part of a ‘triptych’: E. Borgman, L. Ten Kate, & B. Philipsen, ‘A triptych on Schleiermacher's On Religion’], Literature & Theology, 22, 393–404.Google Scholar
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Thandeka (1995) The Embodied Self: Friedrich Schleiermacher's Solution to Kant's Problem of the Empirical Self (Albany NY: State University of New York Press).Google Scholar
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Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1965) ‘Lecture on ethics’, Philosophical Review, 74, 3–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wrathall, Mark A. (2011) Heidegger and Unconcealment: Truth, Language and History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Wyman, Walter E. Jr. (2010) ‘The cognitive status of the religious consciousness’, in Sockness, B. W. & Gräb, W. (eds) Schleiermacher, the Study of Religion, and the Future of Theology (Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter), 189–202.Google Scholar
Wynn, Mark (2005) Emotional Experience and Religious Understanding (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wynn, Mark (2011) ‘Renewing the senses: conversion experience and the phenomenology of the spiritual life’, International Journal of Philosophy of Religion. Published Online in February 2011. Available: <http://www.springerlink.com/content/b329u48g434717j8/fulltext.pdf> [6/7/2011].Google Scholar
Yandell, Keith (1994) The Epistemology of Religious Experience (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Ästhetik O: Ästhetik, ed. Odebrecht, Rudolf (Berlin: Walter de Guyter, 1931).Google Scholar
CF: The Christian Faith, ed. Mackintosh, H. R. & Stewart, J. S. (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1999).Google Scholar
Dial O: Dialektik 1822, ed. Odebrecht, Rudolf (Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs Verlag, 1942). Reprinted in Friedrich Schleiermacher: Dialektik 1822. II, ed. Frank, Manfred (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 2001).Google Scholar
Dial T: Dialectic or, The Art of Doing Philosophy: A Study Edition of the 1811 Notes, ed. & trans. Tice, Terrence (Atlanta GA: Scholars Press, 1996).Google Scholar
OR: On Religion: Speeches to its Cultural Despisers [a translation of the first, 1977 edition of the German text], 2nd edn, ed. Crouter, Richard (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).Google Scholar
Adams, Robert M. (2005) ‘Faith and religious knowledge’, in Marina, Jacqueline (ed.) Cambridge Companion to Friedrich Schleiermacher (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 35–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albrecht, Christian (1994) Schleiermachers Theorie der Frömmigkeit (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alston, William P. (1991) Perceiving God: The Epistemology of Religious Experience (Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press).Google Scholar
Bowie, Andrew (1997) From Romanticism to Critical Theory: The Philosophy of German Literary Theory (London: Routledge).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowie, Andrew (1998) ‘Introduction’, in Schleiermacher, F. E. D., Hermeneutics and Criticism and Other Writings, ed. Bowie, Andrew (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), vii–xxxi.Google Scholar
Bowie, Andrew (2003) Aesthetics and Subjectivity: From Kant to Nietzsche (Manchester: Manchester University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowie, Andrew (2005) ‘The philosophical significance of Schleiermacher's hermeneutics’, in Marina, Jacqueline (ed.) Cambridge Companion to Friedrich Schleiermacher (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 73–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brandt, Richard B. (1968) The Philosophy of Schleiermacher: The Development of his Theory of Scientific and Religious Knowledge (Westport CT: Greenwood Press).Google Scholar
Crouter, Richard (1996) ‘Introduction’, in Schleiermacher, F. E. D., On Religion: Speeches to its Cultural Despisers. 2nd Edition, Crouter, Richard (ed.) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), xi–xxxix.Google Scholar
Daniels, Michael (2003) ‘Making sense of mysticism’, Transpersonal Psychology Review, 7, 39–55.Google Scholar
Deigh, John (2004) ‘Primitive emotions’, in Solomon, Robert C. (ed.) Thinking about Feeling (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 9–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Sousa, Ronald (2004) ‘Emotions: what I know, what I'd like to think I know, and what I'd like to think’, in Solomon, Robert C. (ed.) Thinking about Feeling (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 61–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dole, Andrew (2010) Schleiermacher on Religion and Natural Order (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Dupré, Louis (1964) ‘Toward a revaluation of Schleiermacher's “philosophy of religion”’, The Journal of Religion, 44, 97–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foltz, Bruce V. (1995) Inhabiting the Earth: Heidegger, Environmental Ethics and the Metaphysics of Nature (Atlantic Highlands NJ: Humanities Press).Google Scholar
Forster, Michael (2002) ‘Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher’, in Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy. Available: <http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/schleiermacher/> [6.10.2011].Google Scholar
Frank, Manfred (1997) The Subject and the Text: Essays on Literary Theory and Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Frank, Manfred (2005) ‘Metaphysical foundations: a look at Schleiermacher's Dialectic’, in Marina, Jacqueline (ed.) Cambridge Companion to Friedrich Schleiermacher (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 15–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frijda, N., Manstead, A. & Fischer, A. (2004) ‘Epilogue: feelings and emotions – where do we stand?’, in Frijda, N., Manstead, A., & Fischer, A. (eds) Feelings and Emotions: The Amsterdam Symposium (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 450–468.Google Scholar
Gendlin, Eugene (1978–1979) ‘Befindlichkeit: Heidegger and the philosophy of psychology’, Review of Existential Psychology & Psychiatry: Heidegger and Psychology, 16. Available: <http://www.focusing.org/gendlin_befindlichkeit.html> [2.11.2010].Google Scholar
Goldie, Peter (2004) ‘Emotion, feeling and knowledge of the world’ in Solomon, Robert C. (ed.) Thinking about Feeling (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 91–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grove, Peter (2004) Deutungen des Subjekts: Schleiermachers Philosophie der Religion (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grove, Peter (2010) ‘Symbolism in Schleiermacher's theory of religion’, in Sockness, B. W. & Gräb, W. (eds) Schleiermacher, the Study of Religion, and the Future of Theology (Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter), 109–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hector, Kevin W. (2006) ‘Actualism and incarnation: the high Christology of Friedrich Schleiermacher’, International Journal of Systematic Theology, 8, 307–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hector, Kevin W. (2010) ‘Attunement and explication: a pragmatist reading of Schleiermacher's “theology of feeling”’, in Sockness, B. W. & Gräb, W. (eds) Schleiermacher, the Study of Religion, and the Future of Theology (Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter), 215–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heidegger, Martin (1996) Being and Time, trans. Stambaugh, Joan (Albany NY: State University of New York Press).Google Scholar
Helmer, Christine (2003) ‘Mysticism and metaphysics: Schleiermacher and a historical-theological trajectory’, Journal of Religion, 83, 517–538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helmer, Christine (2010) ‘Schleiermacher’, in Gunton, C. E. & Fergusson, D. A. S. (eds) Blackwell Companion to Nineteenth Century Theology (Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell), 31–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herms, Eilert (1999) ‘Handeln aus Gewißheit. Zu Martin Heideggers Phänomenologie des Gewissens’, Neue Zeitschrift für Systematische Theologie und Religionsphilosophie, 41, 132–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herms, Eilert (2003) Menschsein im Werden: Studien zu Schleiermacher (Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck).Google Scholar
Hutto, D. D. & Ratcliffe, M. (eds) (2007) Folk Psychology Re-Assessed (Dordrecht: Springer).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, William (1985) Varieties of Religious Experience (London: Penguin Books).Google Scholar
Lamm, Julia (1994) ‘The early philosophical roots of Schleiermacher's notion of Gefühl, 1788–1794’, The Harvard Theological Review, 87, 67–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamm, Julia (1996) The Living God: Schleiermacher's Theological Appropriation of Spinoza (University Park PA: Pennsylvania State University Press).Google Scholar
Mackintosh, Hugh R. (1945) Types of Modern Theology: Schleiermacher to Barth (London: Nisbet).Google Scholar
Marina, Jacqueline (2004) ‘Schleiermacher on the outpourings of the inner fire’, Religious Studies, 40, 125–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marina, Jacqueline (2008) Transformation of the Self in the Thought of Friedrich Schleiermacher (Oxford: Oxford University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Proudfoot, Wayne (1985) Religious Experience (Berkeley CA: University of California Press).Google Scholar
Proudfoot, Wayne (2010) ‘Immediacy and intentionality in the feeling of absolute dependence’, in Sockness, B. W. & Gräb, W. (eds) Schleiermacher, the Study of Religion, and the Future of Theology (Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter), 27–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putnam, Hilary (2004) The Collapse of the Fact/Value Dichotomy and Other Essays (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ratcliffe, Matthew (2008) Feelings of Being: Phenomenology, Psychiatry, and the Sense of Reality (Oxford: Oxford University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ratcliffe, Matthew (2010) ‘Phenomenology of mood and the meaning of life’, in Goldie, P. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Emotion (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 349–471.Google Scholar
Ratcliffe, Matthew (2012) ‘The phenomenology of existential feeling’, draft of a chapter forthcoming in Marienberg, S. & Fingerhut, J. (eds) The Feeling of Being Alive (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter). Available: <http://durham.academia.edu/MatthewRatcliffe/Papers/571536/The_Phenomenology_of_Existential_Feeling> [6/7/2011].Google Scholar
Redeker, Martin (1973) Schleiermacher: Life and Thought (Philadelphia PA: Augsburg Fortress Press).Google Scholar
Rorty, Richard (1979) Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press).Google Scholar
Smith, Quentin (1981) ‘On Heidegger's theory of moods’, The Modern Schoolman: A Quarterly Journal in Philosophy, 58, 211–236. Available: <http://www.qsmithwmu.com/on_heidegger's_theory_of_moods.htm> [2.11.2010].CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solomon, Robert C. (2003) Not Passion's Slave (Oxford: Oxford University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solomon, Robert C. (ed.) (2004) Thinking about Feeling (Oxford: Oxford University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solomon, Robert C. (ed.) (2009) ‘Emotions in phenomenology and existentialism’, in Dreyfus, H. L. & Wrathall, M. A. (eds) A Companion to Phenomenology and Existentialism (Blackwell Companions to Philosophy) (Oxford: Blackwell), 291–309.Google Scholar
Sorrentino, Sergio (2010) ‘Feeling as a key notion in a transcendental conception of religion’, in Sockness, B. W. & Gräb, W. (eds) Schleiermacher, the Study of Religion, and the Future of Theology (Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter), 97–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stocker, M. & Hegeman, E. (1996) Valuing Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Strasser, Stephan (1977) Phenomenology of Feeling: An Essay on the Phenomena of the Heart (Pittsburgh PA: Duquesne University Press).Google Scholar
Swinburne, Richard (1991) The Existence of God (Oxford: Clarendon Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ten Kate, Laurens (2007) ‘Intuition of the other: an analysis of Anschauung in Schleiermacher's On Religion – with references to Kant’ [Part of a ‘triptych’: E. Borgman, L. Ten Kate, & B. Philipsen, ‘A triptych on Schleiermacher's On Religion’], Literature & Theology, 22, 393–404.Google Scholar
Thandeka (1992) ‘Schleiermacher's Dialektik: the discovery of the self that Kant lost’, The Harvard Theological Review, 85, 433–452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thandeka (1995) The Embodied Self: Friedrich Schleiermacher's Solution to Kant's Problem of the Empirical Self (Albany NY: State University of New York Press).Google Scholar
Thandeka (2005) ‘Schleiermacher, feminism, and liberation theologies’, in Marina, Jacqueline (ed.) Cambridge Companion to Friedrich Schleiermacher (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 287–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1965) ‘Lecture on ethics’, Philosophical Review, 74, 3–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wrathall, Mark A. (2011) Heidegger and Unconcealment: Truth, Language and History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Wyman, Walter E. Jr. (2010) ‘The cognitive status of the religious consciousness’, in Sockness, B. W. & Gräb, W. (eds) Schleiermacher, the Study of Religion, and the Future of Theology (Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter), 189–202.Google Scholar
Wynn, Mark (2005) Emotional Experience and Religious Understanding (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wynn, Mark (2011) ‘Renewing the senses: conversion experience and the phenomenology of the spiritual life’, International Journal of Philosophy of Religion. Published Online in February 2011. Available: <http://www.springerlink.com/content/b329u48g434717j8/fulltext.pdf> [6/7/2011].Google Scholar
Yandell, Keith (1994) The Epistemology of Religious Experience (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar