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Staking the Monster: A Politics of Remonstrance

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 June 2018

Extract

Monster, you are an abomination. I love you.

Marquis de Sade, Juliette

Perversion is not an innate desire … but an identity and a category which is socially produced.

Jeffrey Dollimore, Sexual Dissidence

Some years ago I asked in an examination paper … “why were heretics persecuted in the thirteenth Century?” The question was very popular and the answer, with great confidence and near unanimity, “because there were so many of them.”

R. I. Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society

A social order reveals the limits of its imagination in two particular ways. The first is in the methods of fear by which it constructs the unspeakable (the “monstrous” or the “inhuman”) as symbolic center of social energy. The second is in the means, legal and extralegal, then used to repudiate and silence that energy.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Center for the Study of Religion and American Culture 1998

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References

Notes

1. de Sade, Marquis, Juliette, trans. Wainhouse, Austryn (New York: Grove Press, 1976), 149.Google Scholar

2. Dollimore, Jeffrey, Sexual Dissidence: Augustine to Wilde, Freud to Foucault (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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9. See Delumeau, Jean, Sin and Fear: The Emergence of a Western Guilt Culture, 13th-18th Centuries, trans. Nicholson, Eric (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990)Google Scholar; Girard, Rene, Violence and the Sacred, trans. Gregory, Patrick (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977)Google Scholar; Haynal, Andre, Molnar, Miklos, and de Puymege, Gerard, Fanaticism: A Historical and Psychoanalytical Study trans. Koseoglu, Linda Butler (New York: Schocken Books, 1983)Google Scholar; and Moore, Formation of a Persecuting Society.

10. Additionally, and indirectly related to the issue, deflected religious energy also appears in presumptively more virtuous wraps in a variety of civic rituals and mechanisms of accommodation, three of which deserve note: expiation, confessionalism (the need to tell), and the need to pay, in some manner, for the indulgence of voyeurism and the moralistic punch of spectacle.

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16. An example of the use of the civic “remonstrance” in the history of New England as a public admonition can be found in Ann Douglas, Terrible Honesty: Mongrel Manhattan in the 1920s (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1995), 11.

17. Hall, David D., The Antinomian Controversy, 1636-1638 (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1968), 313.Google Scholar

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20. White, Dennis L., “The Poetics of Horror: More than Meets the Eye,” Cinema Journal 10, no. 2 (Spring 1971): 7, 10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Shaken loose from its ostensibly theological and didactic context, terror becomes, according to White, endlessly manipulatable—for reasons, among others, of social control and, simply, the voyeuristic delights of lurid narrative. For example, and typically, horror shows a “continual loss of means of escape until there is no safety and no hope of safety” (8). It manifests a fear of “being under someone else's power, of losing control over not just the id but the entire self” (10).

21. On this point, see Fiedler, Leslie, “Fantasy as Commodity and Myth,” in Kingdom of Fear: The World of Stephen King, ed. Underwood, Tim and Miller, Chuck (New York: Signet, 1986), 52.Google Scholar

22. Mather, , The Wonders of the Invisible World, 5051.Google Scholar

23. Fiedler, “Fantasy as Commodity and Myth,” 54.

24. Winthrop, John, “A Model of Christian Charity,” in The Puritans in America: A Narrative Anthology, ed. Heimert, Alan (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985), 8690.Google Scholar

25. Justice Scalia, writing the dissent in Romer v. Evans, which held that the Second Amendment in Colorado violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, argues that “the Court has mistaken a Kulturkampf for a fit of spite.” See the United States Law Week 64 (May 21, 1996): 4357.

26. Norman Cohn, “Le Diable au Coeur” (review of The Origin of Satan, by Elaine Pagels [New York: Random House, 1996]), New York Review of Books, September 21, 1995, 20.

27. Winthrop, “A Model of Christian Charity,” 86.

28. Winthrop, “A Model of Christian Charity,” 86.; Hooker, Thomas, “The Dangers of Desertion,” in The Puritans in America, ed. Heimert, , 65.Google Scholar

29. Wigglesworth, Michael, “The Day of Doom,” in The American Puritans: Their Prose and Poetry, ed. Miller, Perry (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday Anchor, 1956), 289.Google Scholar

30. Consider an obvious and early example of the linkage between the holy and the horrible in the Gothicized God of Jonathan Edwards. For a discussion of Edwards's theological Gothicism, see Ingebretsen, , “Writing the Unholy: Chanting the God Demonic,” in Maps ofHeaven, Maps of Hell, 77116.Google Scholar

31. Grixti, Joseph, “Consuming Cannibals: Psychopathic Killers as Archetypes and Cultural Icons,” Journal of American Culture 18, no. 1 (Spring 1995): 90.Google Scholar

32. Foucault, Michel, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. Sheridan, Alan (New York: Pantheon Books, 1977), 2324.Google Scholar

33. See Demos, John, Entertaining Satan: Witchcraft and the Culture of Early New England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982)Google Scholar, passim; and Karlsen, Carol F., The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England (New York: Random House, 1987)Google Scholar, esp. chap. 1, “New England's Witchcraft Beliefs,” 1-45.

34. Ironically, however, the real monster is the audience that is created to watch the monster tracked to his lair and finally—very publically— killed, often in as loathesome a way as possible.

35. Laqueur, Thomas, “Orgasm, Generation, and the Politics of Reproductive Biology,” in The Making of the Modern Body: Sexuality and Society in the Nineteenth Century, ed. Gallagher, Catherine and Laqueur, Thomas (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), 47.Google Scholar

36. Rubin, Gayle S., “Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality,” in The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader, ed. Abelove, Henry, Barale, Michelle Aina, and Halperin, David M. (New York: Routledge, 1993), 344 Google Scholar; Weeks, Jeffrey, Against Nature: Essays on History, Sexuality and Identity (Concord, Mass.: Paul and Co., 1991), passim.Google Scholar

37. See Kristeva, Julia, Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection, trans. Roudiez, Leon S. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982).Google Scholar

38. See Lacan, Jacques, Lacan and the Subject of Language, ed. Sullivan, Ellie Ragland and Bracher, Mark (New York: Routledge, 1991).Google Scholar

39. Jenkins, Philip, Pedophiles and Priests: Anatomy of a Contemporary Crisis (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).Google Scholar

40. Washington Blade, March 19, 1993 , 8.

41. Tropp, Martin, Images of Fear: How Horror Stories Helped Shape Modern Culture, 1810-1910 (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland and Co., 1990), x, 2-3.Google Scholar

42. Rubin, “Thinking Sex,”12.

43. Rubin, Gayle, “Sexual Politics, the New Right, and the Sexual Fringe,” in The Age Taboo: Gay Male Sexuality, Power and Consent, ed. Tsang, Daniel (Boston: Alyson Publications, 1981), 113.Google Scholar

44. Washington Blade, April 23, 1993, 18; June 18, 1993, 17; October 15, 1993, 5.

45. Ibid., April 16, 1993, 6; February 19, 1993, 8; March 19, 1993, 6.

46. Ibid., February 19, 1993, 8; March 19, 1993, 6.

47. See Conforti, Joseph A., Jonathan Edwards, Religious Tradition, and American Culture (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995)Google Scholar, esp. chap. 1, “Inventing the Great Awakening,” 11-35.

48. Washington Blade, March 19, 1993, 25; October 1, 1993, 14; June 18, 1993, 17.

49. Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society, 100. The connection between the articulation of the soul—theology—and the description of the polis—politics—thus makes itself still heard. See, for example, Bercovitch, Sacvan, The Puritan Origins of the American Self (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975)Google Scholar, passim; and Wills, Garry, Under God: Religion and American Politics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990), passim.Google Scholar

50. Washington Blade, March 19, 1993, 25.

51. Rubin, “Thinking Sex,” 25. In “Sexual Politics, the New Right, and the Sexual Fringe,” Rubin notes, “The tactics of this Opposition [‘rightwing mobilization’] include a form of sexual red-baiting and a propaganda of exaggeration reminiscent of Hitler. At a time when feminists are called lesbians, when homosexuals are protrayed as child molesters, and when child ‘molesters’ are presented as the four horsemen of the apocalypse.…” (110).

52. Washington Blade, March 19, 1993, 25. A related agenda can be seen in the use to which the fundamentalist right puts therapeutic discourse: a “feel good” therapy of “family values” and the seemingly antinomian words of Jesus are used to support an increasingly centralized, and conservative, political agenda whose code word is “liberty.”

53. King, Stephen, Danse Macabre (New York: Berkeley Books, 1982), 368, 58.Google Scholar

54. In Policing Desire: Pornography, AIDS and the Media (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987), Simon Watney writes, “Thus, whether or not we live in states or countries where homosexuality is still a criminal offence, a legal gaze invariably surveys our lives, together with the marginally less obtrusive attentions of other agencies of moral regulation, from social workers to the local Neighbourhood Watch scheme. Our lives are constantly the subject of fascinated disapproval, in our homes and on the streets, and are lived out in relation to powerful institutions which we rarely feel brushing past us in the course of everyday life, but nonetheless know are there” (61).

55. Moore, Thomas, Dark Eros: The Imagination of Sadism (Dallas: Spring Publications, 1990), 110 Google Scholar; see also 114-23.

56. Herron, Don, “Stephen King: The Good, the Bad, and the Academic,” in Kingdom of Fear, ed. Underwood, and Miller, , 148.Google Scholar

57. It is also no accident that this limit also usually (though not always) defines the limit of the “human,” which is why the monsters that “stay” with us over time are recognizably human in form however much “over the edge” they have gone. Dracula, the epigone of human hunger, cut adrift from bodily function and human social gravity, existing in the Service of pure desire, will, for this reason, surely outlast the amorphous quality of the “Creature from the Black Lagoon.”