Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T10:07:19.876Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Réforme de la protection de l'emploi et inégalités face au chômage dans un modèle d'appariement*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 August 2016

Olivier Charlot  and
Franck Malherbet
Get access

Résumé

Cet article s'intéresse aux effets liés à l'introduction d'un système de modulation des cotisations patronales à l'assurance chômage (ou experience rating) sur le niveau et la structure du chômage par qualification. Nous construisons pour cela un modèle d'appariement dans lequel l'évolution de la demande de travail, les décisions de création et destruction d'emplois, ainsi que l'évolution des taxes destinées à financer l'assurance chômage sont endogènes. Dans ce cadre, la protection de l'emploi a des effets qui peuvent être différenciés selon le niveau de qualification considéré. L'introduction d'un système de modulation des cotisations employeur à l'assurance chômage pourrait améliorer le fonctionnement du marché du travail; l'importance des éventuels effets indésirables liés à ce système dépend de la capacité à substituer la taxe d'expérience rating aux dispositifs de protection de l'emploi déjà en place. La hausse des incitations à se qualifier réduit en partie l'importance de ce problème.

Summary

Summary

This article studies the impact of experience rating on unemployment for skilled and unskilled workers. In this purpose, we build a dual matching model with endogenous job creation, job rejection, job destruction and endogeneous taxes aimed at financing the UI system.

In this framework, the impact of employment protection differs for skilled and unskilled workers; experience rating may improve the labour market outcomes, and the existence of some undesirable effects depends on the degree of substitution between the experience rating system and existing employment protection schemes. In any case, the potential problems can be alleviated by the induced rise in the return to skill.

Keywords

Destruction d'emploiscoûts de licenciementexperience ratingJob destructionFiring costsExperience rating

JEL classification

J60: General I20: General J20: General
Type
Research Article
Information
Recherches Économiques de Louvain/ Louvain Economic Review , Volume 76 , Issue 1 , 2010 , pp. 57 - 112
Copyright
Copyright © Université catholique de Louvain, Institut de recherches économiques et sociales 2010 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

**

Université des Antilles et de la Guyana, LEAD et CIRPEE. UFR SJE, Campus de Fouillole, BP 270, 97157, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe. Courriel: [email protected]

***

THEMA - CNRS - Université de Cergy-Pontoise, IZA and fRDB ; Courriel: [email protected]

*

Nous remercions Pierre Cahuc, Bruno Decreuse, Pierre Granier, Olivier L'Haridon et Benoit Lorel, ainsi que les participants au séminaire marché du travail à EUREQua, ceux du groupe de travail Macroéconomie du GREQAM pour leurs commentaires et suggestions avisés sur une version antérieure de cet article. Nous remercions également deux rapporteurs anonymes de cette revue pour I'ensemble de leurs remarques. Les éventuelles erreurs ou omissions résiduelles demeurent de notre responsabilité.

References

[1] Albrecht, J., et Vroman, S. (1999), “Unemployment Compensation Finance and Efficiency Wages”, Journal of Labor Economics 17, pp.141–167.Google Scholar
[2] Anderson, P., et Meyer, B. (2000), “The Effects Of the Unemployment Insurance Payroll Tax On Wages, Employment, Claims And Denials”, Journal of Public Economics 78, pp.81–106.Google Scholar
[3] Bertela, G. (2004), “A Pure Theory of Job Security and Labour Income Risk”, Review of Economic Studies, 71, pp.43–61.Google Scholar
[4] Blanchard, O.J. et Diamond, P. (1989), “The Beveridge Curve”, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1, pp. 1–60 Google Scholar
[5] Blanchard, O.J. (2000), “Employment protection, sclerosis, and the effects of shocks on unemployment”, Lionel Robins Lecture, (Lecture 3).Google Scholar
[6] Blanchard, O.J., et Tiróle, J. (2003), “Protection de l’emploi et procédures de licenciement’, Rapport pour le Conseil d’Analyse Economique 44, Paris :La Documentation française.Google Scholar
[7] Blanchard, O.J., et Tiróle, J. (2008), “The Optimal Design of Unemployment Insurance and Employment Protection. A First Pass”, Journal of the European Economic Association 6, pp. 45–77.Google Scholar
[8] Boeri, T., et Garibaldi, P. (2006), “Two Tier Reforms of Employment Protection Legislation : a Honeymoon Effect?” Université Bocconi, miméo.Google Scholar
[9] Burdett, K., et Wright, R. (1989), “Optimal Firm Size, Taxes, and Unemployment”, Journal of Public Economies 39, pp.275–287.Google Scholar
[10] Cahuc, P. (2003), “Pour une meilleure protection de l’emploi”, Document de Tra-vail du COE.Google Scholar
[11] Cahuc, P., et Malherbet, F. (2004), “Unemployment Compensation Finance and Labour Market Rigidity”, Journal of Public Economies 88, pp.481–501.Google Scholar
[12] Cahuc, P., et Michel, P. (1996), “Minimum wage unemployment and growth ”, European Economic Review 40, pp.1463–1482 Google Scholar
[13] Cahuc, P., et Zylberberg, A. (1999), “Job Protection, Minimum Wage and Unem-ployment”, IZA working paper 95.Google Scholar
[14] Cahuc, P., et Zylberberg, A. (2008), “Optimum Income Taxation and Layoff Taxes”, IZA working paper 1678, forthcoming Journal of Public Economics.Google Scholar
[15] Camdessus, M. (2004), “Le sursaut - Vers une nouvelle croissance pour la France”, La documentation française, Paris.Google Scholar
[16] Card, D. et Levine, (1994), “Unemployment Insurance Taxes and the Cyclical and Seasonal Properties of Unemployment”, Journal of Public Economics 53, pp.1–29.Google Scholar
[17] Chariot, O. (2006) “Education, destruction des emplois et performance du marché du travail dans un modèle d’appariement”, Revue Economique 57, pp.5–33.Google Scholar
[18] Cohen, D., Lefranc, A. et Saint-Paul, G. (1997), “French Unemployment: a Transatlantic Perspective”, Economie Policy 25, pp.267–291.Google Scholar
[19] Commission Européenne (2003, 2005), Décision du conseil relative aux lignes directrices pour les politiques de l’emploi des Etats membres, http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/employment_strategy/prop_2003/gl_fr.pdf.Google Scholar
[20] Crépon, B., Deniau, N., et Perrez-Duarte, S. (2002), “Wages, Productivity, and Workers Characteristics: A French Perspective”, mimeo CREST.Google Scholar
[21] Deere, D. (1991), “Unemployment Insurance and Employment ”, Journal of Labor Economics 9, pp.307–324.Google Scholar
[22] Devine, T.J., et Kiefer, D.H. (1991), Empirical Economics: the search approach, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
[23] Drèze, J H. et Sneessens, H. (1997), “Technological Development, Competition from Low-Wage Economies and Low-Skilled Unemployment”, in Snower, D.J. et de la Dehesa, G. eds., Unemployment Policy: Government Options for the Labour Market, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
[24] Duhautois, R. (2002), “Les réallocations d’emplois sontelles en phase avec le cycle?” Economie et Statistique 351, pp.87–104.Google Scholar
[25] Esping-Andersen, G. (2000), “Who is Harmed by Employment Regulation?”, dans Esping-Andersen, G. et Regini, M. (eds), Why de-regulate labour markets, Oxford : Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
[26] Fath, J., et Fuest, C. (2005), “Experience Rating versus Employment Protection Laws in a Model where Firms Monitor Workers”, Scandinavian Journal of Economics 107, pp.299–314.Google Scholar
[27] Feldstein, M. (1976), “Temporary Layoffs in the Theory of Unemployment”, Journal of Political Economy 84, pp.937–957.Google Scholar
[28] Fougère, D. et Margolis, D. (2000), “Moduler les cotisations patronales à l’assurance chômage: les expériences de bonusmalus aux États-Unis”, Revue Française d’Economie.Google Scholar
[29] Garibaldi, P. et Violante, G. (2004), “The employment effects of severance pay-ments with wage rigidities”, Economic Journal 115, pp.799–832.Google Scholar
[30] Givord, P. et Maurin, E. (2004), “Changes in Job Stability and their Causes: an Empirical Analysis Method Applied to France 1982–2000”, European Economic Review 48, pp.595–615.Google Scholar
[31] Holmlund, B. (1998), “Unemployment Insurance in Theory and Practice”, Scan-dinavian Journal of Economics, 100, pp.113–141.Google Scholar
[32] Kramarz, F. et Michaud, M.-L. (2005), “The Shape of Hiring and Separation Costs”, Labour Economics 17, pp.27–37.Google Scholar
[33] Lazear, E. (1990), “Job Security Provision and Employment”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 105, pp.699–726.Google Scholar
[34] Ljungqvist, L. (2002), “How Do Layoff Costs Affect Employment?”, Economic Journal, 112, pp.829–853.Google Scholar
[35] Malherbet, F. (2003), Modulation des cotisations patronales à l’assurance chômage, protection de l’emploi et performance du marché du travail, Thèse de doctorat, Université Paris 1 - Panthéon - Sorbonne.Google Scholar
[36] Malinvaud, E. (1998), “Les cotisations sociales à la charge des employeurs : ana-lyse économique”, Rapport pour le Conseil d’Analyse Economique, Paris : La Documentation française.Google Scholar
[37] Manacorda, M. et Petrongolo, B. (1999), “Skill Mismatch and Unemployment in OECD Countries”, Economica 66, pp. 181–207.Google Scholar
[38] Marceau, N. (1993), “Unemployment Insurance and Market Structure”, Journal of Public Economics 52, pp.237–249.Google Scholar
[39] Millard, D. et Mortensen, D. (1997), “The Unemployment and Welfare Effects of Labour Market Policy: a Comparison of the US and the UK”, in Snower, D.J. et de la Dehesa, G., eds., Unemployment Policy: Government Options for the Labour Market, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
[40] Mincer, J. (1991), “Education and Unemployment”, NBER working paper.Google Scholar
[41] Mongrain, S. et Roberts, J. (2005), “Unemployment Insurance and Experience Rating: Insurance vs Efficiency”, International Economic Review 46, pp. 1303–1319.Google Scholar
[42] Mortensen, D. et Pissarides, C. (1994), “Job Creation and Job Destruction in the Theory of Unemployment”, Review of Economic Studies 61, pp.397–415.Google Scholar
[43] Mortensen, D. et Pissarides, C. (1999), “Unemployment Responses to Skill-biased Technology Shocks: the Role of Labour Market Policy”, Economic Journal 109, pp.242–65.Google Scholar
[44] Mortensen, D. et Pissarides, C. (1999b), “New developments in models of search in the labor market. Handbook of Labor Economics vol 3B, chapter 39, Ashenfelter, O. and Card, D. (eds), Elsevier Science Publisher.Google Scholar
[45] Mortensen, D. et Pissarides, C. (2003), “Tax, Subsidies and Labour Market Out-comes”, dans Phelps, E. (ed.), Designing Inclusion : tools to raise low-end pay and employment in private entreprise, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
[46] Nickell, S. (1979), “Education and the Life Cycle Pattern of Unemployment”, Journal of Political Economy 87, pp.117–131.Google Scholar
[47] Nickell, S., Bell, B. (1997), “Would Cutting Payroll Taxes on the Unskilled have a Significant Impact on Unemployment?”, in Snower, and de la Dehesa, (eds.), Unemployment policy: how should governments respond to unemployment?, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
[48] OCDE, Perspectives de l’emploi, OCDE, Paris.Google Scholar
[49] Petrongolo, B. et Pissarides, C. (2001), “Looking into the Black Box: A Survey of the Matching Function”, Journal of Economic Littérature, 39, pp.390–441.Google Scholar
[50] Phelps, E.S. (1994), “Low-Wage Employment Subsidies versus the Welfare State”, American Economic Review 84, pp.54–58.Google Scholar
[51] Pissarides, C. (2000), Equilibrium Unemployment Theory, 2nde édition, Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
[52] Pissarides, C. (2001), “Employment protection”, Labour Economics 8, pp.131–159.Google Scholar
[53] Saint-Paul, G. (1996), Dual labor market: a macroeconomic perspective: MIT Press.Google Scholar
[54] Saint-Paul, G. (2002), The Political Economy of Labour Market Institutions: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
[55] Topel, R. et Welsh, F. (1980), “Unemployment insurance: survey and extension”, Economica 47, pp.351–379.Google Scholar
[56] Wasmer, E. (2006), General vs specific skills in labor markets with search frictions and firing costs. American Economic Review 96, pp.811–831.Google Scholar
[57] Wasmer, E., Weil, P. (2004), “The macroeconomics of labor and credit market imperfection”. American Economic Review 94, pp.944–963.Google Scholar