Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-03T01:12:52.544Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Short-Lived Plant Materials, Long-Lived Trees, and Polynesian 14C Dating: Considerations for 14C Sample Selection and Documentation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 July 2016

Melinda S Allen  and
Jennifer M Huebert
Melinda S Allen*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
Jennifer M Huebert
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
*
1Corresponding author. Email: [email protected].
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

For over 2 decades, there have been calls for Polynesian archaeologists to identify radiocarbon samples to taxon and material type, and preferentially date short-lived materials. This stems from recognition that even modest amounts of inbuilt age are problematic in this oceanic region where human settlement dates to the last 3 millennia or less. Despite programmatic statements to this effect, and empirical demonstrations of value, uptake of these practices has been slow. This article suggests that short-lived materials be defined as those with lifespans of 10 yr or less, recognizing that reducing the distance between target event and the dated material is an ongoing aim for archaeology. We identify both short-lived materials that are suitable for dating and long-lived species (>75 yr) that should be avoided given their potential for inbuilt age. Additionally, we suggest that given the destructive nature of 14C dating there is value to (1) obtain high-resolution photographs of samples prior to analysis, (2) split samples and archive residuals when possible, and (3) routinely report the tools and expertise used in identification. Past and recent dating analyses at a Polynesian site in the southern Cook Islands are used to illustrate how the suggested protocols might enhance current and future studies. We also establish that mature Calophyllum inophyllum, a common coastal tree and valued timber species, has been in the southern Cook Islands for at least the last 700 yr and is likely to be indigenous and long-lived.

Type
Articles
Information
Radiocarbon , Volume 56 , Issue 1 , 2014 , pp. 257 - 276
Copyright
Copyright © 2014 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahmed, M, Ogden, J. 1987. Population dynamics of the emergent conifer Agathis australis (D. Don) Lindl. (kauri) in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 25:217–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, MS. 1981. An analysis of the Mauna Kea adze quarry archaeobotanical assemblage [MA thesis]. Department of Anthropology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu.Google Scholar
Allen, MS. 1992. Dynamic landscapes and human subsistence: archaeological investigations on Aitutaki Island, Southern Cook Islands [PhD dissertation]. University of Washington. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International.Google Scholar
Allen, MS. 1994. The chronology of coastal morphogenesis and human settlement on Aitutaki, southern Cook Islands, Polynesia. Radiocarbon 36(1):59–71.Google Scholar
Allen, MS. 2002. Resolving long-term change in Polynesian marine fisheries. Asian Perspectives 41:195–212.Google Scholar
Allen, MS. 2004. Revisiting and revising Marquesan culture history: new archaeological investigations at Anaho Bay, Nuku Hiva Island. Journal of the Polynesian Society 113:143–96.Google Scholar
Allen, MS, Craig, JA. 2009. Dynamics of Polynesian subsistence: insights from archaeofauna and stable isotope studies, Aitutaki, Southern Cook Islands. Pacific Science 63(4):477–506.Google Scholar
Allen, MS, McAlister, A. 2013. Early Marquesan settlement and patterns of interaction: new insights from Hatiheu Valley, Nuku Hiva Island. Journal of Pacific Archaeology 4:90–109.Google Scholar
Allen, MS, Murakami, G. 1999. Lāna'i Island's arid lowland vegetation in late prehistory. Pacific Science 53(1):88–112.Google Scholar
Allen, MS, Morrison, AE. 2013. Modelling site formation dynamics: geoarchaeological, chronometric and statistical approaches to a stratified rockshelter sequence, Polynesia. Journal of Archaeological Science 40(12):4560–75.Google Scholar
Allen, MS, Wallace, R. 2007. New evidence from the East Polynesian gateway: substantive and methodological results from Aitutaki, southern Cook Islands. Radiocarbon 49(3):1163–79.Google Scholar
Anderson, A. 1991. The chronology of colonization in New Zealand. Antiquity 65(249):767–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, AJ, Sinoto, Y. 2002. New radiocarbon ages of colonization sites in East Polynesia. Asian Perspectives 41:242–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, A, Conte, E, Kirch, PV, Weisler, M. 2003. Cultural chronology in Mangareva (Gambier Islands), French Polynesia: evidence from recent radiocarbon dating. Journal of the Polynesian Society 112:119–40.Google Scholar
Arnold, JR, Libby, WF. 1949. Age determinations by radiocarbon content: checks with samples of known age. Science 110(2869):678–80.Google Scholar
Bellwood, P. 1978. Archaeological Research in the Cook Islands. Pacific Anthropological Records 27. Honolulu: Bernice P Bishop Museum.Google Scholar
Bowman, S. 1990. Radiocarbon Dating. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, C. 2009. Dealing with outliers and offsets in radiocarbon dating. Radiocarbon 51(3):1023–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, FBH. 1935. Flora of Southeastern Polynesia. Volume III: Dicotyledons. Bernice P Bishop Museum Bulletin 130. Honolulu: Bernice P Bishop Museum.Google Scholar
Buck, P. 1934. Mangaian Society. Bernice P Bishop Museum Bulletin 122. Honolulu: Bernice P Bishop Museum.Google Scholar
Burley, D. 2013. First settlement and population expansion re-examined in Tonga. Presented at the Society for American Archaeology 78th Annual Meeting, April 3–7, Honolulu, Hawaii, Symposium “Understanding the Hawaiian Past: A Session in Honor of Four Decades of Archaeology by Patrick V. Kirch.” Google Scholar
Butaud, JF, Gérard, J, Guibal, D. 2008. Guide des Arbres de Polynésie Française, Bois et Utilisations. Tahiti: Au Vent Des Iles.Google Scholar
Chávez-Villalba, J, Claude, S, Huvet, A, Gueguen, Y, Lo, C, Le Moullac, G. 2011. Determination of gender in the pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera. Journal of Shellfish Research 30(2):231–40.Google Scholar
Coil, JH. 2004. ‘The beauty that was’: archaeological investigations of ancient Hawaiian agriculture and environmental change in Kahikinui, Maui [PhD dissertation]. Berkeley: University of California.Google Scholar
Coil, JH, Kirch, PV. 2005. An Ipomean landscape: archaeology and the sweet potato in Kahikinui, Maui, Hawaiian Islands. In: Ballard, C, Brown, P, Bourke, RM, Harwood, T, editors. The Sweet Potato in Oceania: A Reappraisal. University of Sydney. p 71–84.Google Scholar
Delhon, C, Orliac, C. 2008. The vanished palm trees of Easter Island: new radiocarbon and phytolith data. In: VII International Conference on Easter Island and the Pacific, Visby (Suede), 20–25 Aout 2007. Gotland: Gotland University Press. p 97–110.Google Scholar
Della Casa, P. 2009. Radiocarbon dates and the earliest colonization of East Polynesia: more than a case study. Radiocarbon 51(2):681–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denham, TP. 2007. Exploiting diversity: plant exploitation and occupation in the interior of New Guinea during the Pleistocene. Archaeology in Oceania 42:41–8.Google Scholar
Ditchfield, K. 2010. The archaeology of movement, supply and demand on Aitutaki, Cook Islands [BA Hons dissertation]. University of Auckland.Google Scholar
Di Piazza, A. 1998 Archaeobotanical investigations of an earth oven in Kiribati, Gilbert Islands. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 7:149–54.Google Scholar
Di Piazza, A. 1999. Te Bakoa site. Two old earth ovens from Nikunau. Archaeology in Oceania 34:40–2.Google Scholar
Dye, TS. 2000. Effects of 14C sample selection in archaeology: an example from Hawai'i. Radiocarbon 42(2):203–17.Google Scholar
Dye, TS. 2011. A model-based age estimate for Polynesian colonization of Hawaiì. Archaeology in Oceania 46:130–8.Google Scholar
Dye, TS, Pantaleo, J. 2010. Age of the O 18 site, Hawai'i. Archaeology in Oceania 45:113–9.Google Scholar
Elevitch, CR, editor. 2006. Traditional Trees of Pacific Islands: Their Culture, Environment, and Use. Ho'olualoa: Permanent Agriculture Resources.Google Scholar
Erlandson, JM. 2008. Racing a rising tide: global warming, rising seas, and the erosion of human history. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 3(2):167–9.Google Scholar
Evert, RF. 2006. Esau's Plant Anatomy: Meristems, Cells, and Tissues of the Plant Body: Their Structure, Function, and Development. 3rd edition. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fairburn, A, Swadling, P. 2005. Re-dating mid-Holocene betelnut (Areca catechu L.) and other plant use at Dongan, Papua New Guinea. Radiocarbon 47(3):377–82.Google Scholar
Fichtler, E, Worbes, M. 2012. Wood anatomical variables in tropical trees and their relation to site conditions and individual tree morphology. IAWA Journal 33(2):119–40.Google Scholar
Field, JS, Ladefoged, TN, Kirch, PV. 2011. Household expansion linked to agricultural intensification during emergence of Hawaiian archaic states. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108(18):7327–32.Google Scholar
Fink, D, Hotchkis, M, Hua, Q, Jacobsen, G, Smith, AM, Zoppi, U, Child, D, Mifsud, C, van der Gaast, H, Williams, A, Williams, M. 2004. The ANTARES AMS facility at ANSTO. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 223–224:109–15.Google Scholar
Fisher, JB, Goldstein, G, Jones, TJ, Cordell, S. 2007. Wood vessel diameter is related to elevation and genotype in the Hawaiian tree Metrosideros polymorpha (Myrtaceae). American Journal of Botany 94:709–15.Google Scholar
Fosberg, FR. 1975. Vascular plants of Aitutaki. In: Stoddart, DR, Gibbs, PE, editors. Almost-Atoll of Aitutaki: Reef Studies in the Cook Islands, South Pacific. Atoll Research Bulletin 190. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. p 74–84.Google Scholar
Franklin, J. 2003. Regeneration and growth of pioneer and shade-tolerant rain forest trees in Tonga. New Zealand Journal of Botany 41:669–84.Google Scholar
Gibbs, PE. 1975. A survey of the macrofauna inhabiting the lagoon deposits on Aitutaki. In: Stoddart, DR, Gibbs, PE, editors. Almost-Atoll of Aitutaki: Reef Studies in the Cook Islands, South Pacific. Atoll Research Bulletin 190. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. p 123–32.Google Scholar
Greene, K, Moore, T. 2010. Archaeology: An Introduction. 5th edition. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Guppy, HB. 1906. Observations of a Naturalist in the Pacific between 1896 and 1899. Volume II: Plant Dispersal. London: MacMillan & Co.Google Scholar
Hester, TR, Shafer, HJ, Feder, KL. 2009. Field Methods in Archaeology. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press.Google Scholar
Higham, T, Petchey, F. 2000. Radiocarbon dating in archaeology: methods and applications. In: Creagh, DC, Bradley, DA, editors. Radiation in Art and Archeometry. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. p 255–84.Google Scholar
Huebert, JM, Allen, MS, Wallace, RT. 2010. Polynesian earth ovens and their fuels: wood charcoal remains from Anaho Valley, Nuku Hiva, Marquesas Islands. Journal of the Polynesian Society 119:61–97.Google Scholar
Hunt, TL, Lipo, CP. 2006. Late colonization of Easter Island. Science 311(5767):1603–6.Google Scholar
Intes, A. 1984. L'huitre nacriere et perliere en Polynesie Francaise: mutation de l'exploitation. Pêche Maritime 1272:161–6.Google Scholar
Jayasuriya, VU De S, Perera, RKIS. 1985. Growth, development and dry matter accumulation in the fruit of Cocos nucifera L. var. nana form pumila. Cocos 3:16–21.Google Scholar
Kahn, JG. 2006. Society Islands (central eastern Polynesia) chronology: 11 radiocarbon dates for the late prehistoric expansion and protohistoric periods in the 'Opunoho Valley, Mo'orea. Radiocarbon 48(3):409–19.Google Scholar
Kelly, RL, Thomas, DH. 2009. Archaeology. Belmont: Wadsworth.Google Scholar
Kirch, PV. 1989. Second millennium B.C. arboriculture in Melanesia: archaeological evidence from the Mussau Islands. Economic Botany 43:225–40.Google Scholar
Kirch, PV, Steadman, DW, Butler, VL, Hather, J, Weisler, MI. 1995. Prehistory and human ecology in Eastern Polynesia: excavations at Tangatatau rockshelter, Mangaia, Cook Islands. Archaeology in Oceania 30:47–65.Google Scholar
Kirch, PV, Coil, J, Weisler, MI, Conte, E, Anderson, AJ. 2004. Radiocarbon dating and site chronology. In: Conte, E, Kirch, PV, editors. Archaeological Investigations in the Mangareva Islands (Gambier Archipelago), French Polynesia. Archaeological Research Facility Contribution No. 62. Berkeley: University of California. p 94–105.Google Scholar
Kirch, PV, Conte, E, Sharp, W, Nickelsen, C. 2010. The Onemea site (Taravai Island, Mangareva) and the human colonisation of southeastern Polynesia. Archaeology in Oceania 45:66–79.Google Scholar
Kolb, MJ, Murakami, GM. 1994. Cultural dynamics and the ritual role of woods in pre-contact Hawaii. Asian Perspectives 33:57–78.Google Scholar
Krisnawati, H, Kallio, M, Kanninen, M. 2011. Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. Ecology, Silviculture and Productivity. Bogor: Centre for International Forestry Research.Google Scholar
Ladefoged, TN, Graves, MW, Coil, JH. 2005. The introduction of sweet potato in Polynesia: early remains in Hawai'i. Journal of the Polynesian Society 114:359–73.Google Scholar
Lennstrom, HA, Murakami, G. 2003. Charcoal samples from three environmental zones. In: Hartzell, LL, Lebo, SA, Lennstrom, HA, McPerron, SP, Olszewski, DI, editors. Imu, Adzes and Upland Agriculture: Inventory Survey Archaeology in North Hālawa Valley, O'ahu, Volume I: Overview, Recommendations, and Appendices. Honolulu: Bishop Museum. p 259–78.Google Scholar
Lieberman, D, Lieberman, M, Hartshorn, G, Peralta, R. 1985. Growth rates and age-size relationships of tropical wet forest trees in Costa Rica. Journal of Tropical Ecology 1:97–109.Google Scholar
Loubser, JHN. 2003. Archaeology: The Comic. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press.Google Scholar
Maschner, HDG, Chippindale, C. 2005. Handbook of Archaeological Methods. Lanham: AltaMira Press.Google Scholar
McCormac, FG, Hogg, AG, Blackwell, PG, Buck, CE, Higham, TFG, Reimer, PJ. 2004. SHCal04 Southern Hemisphere calibration, 0–11.0 cal kyr BP. Radiocarbon 46(3):1087–92.Google Scholar
McCoy, MD, Graves, MW, Murakami, G. 2010. Introduction of Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) to the Hawaiian Islands. Economic Botany 64(4):374–81.Google Scholar
McFadgen, BG. 1982. Dating New Zealand archaeology by radiocarbon. New Zealand Journal of Science 25:379–92.Google Scholar
McFadgen, BG, Knox, FB, Cole, TRL. 1994. Radiocarbon calibration curve variations and their implications for the interpretation of New Zealand prehistory. Radiocarbon 36(2):221–36.Google Scholar
McKoy, JL. 1979. Giant clams in Tonga under study. SPC Fisheries Newsletter 19:1–3.Google Scholar
McMichael, DF. 1974. Growth rate, population size and mantle coloration in the small giant clam Tridacna maxima (Röding), at One Tree Island, Capricorn Group, Queensland. In: Proceedings of the Second International Coral Reef Symposium. Volume I. Brisbane: Great Barrier Reef Committee. p 241–54.Google Scholar
Molle, G, Conte, E. 2011. New Perspectives on the Occupation of Hatuana Dune Site, Ua Huka, Marquesas Islands. Journal of Pacific Archaeology 2:103–8.Google Scholar
Mook, WG, Waterbolk, HT. 1985. Handbooks for Archaeologists No. 3. Radiocarbon Dating. Strasbourg: European Science Foundation Publication.Google Scholar
Murakami, G. 1983. Analysis of charcoal from archaeological contexts. In: Clark, JT, Kirch, PV, eds. Archaeological Investigations of the Mudlane-Waimea-Kawaihae Road Corridor, Island of Hawai'i: An Interdisciplinary Study of an Environmental Transect. Departmental Report Series 83–1. Department of Anthropology. Honolulu: Bishop Museum. p 514–24.Google Scholar
Murakami, G. 1992. Identification of charcoal from Kahoolawe. In: Rosendahl, PH, Haun, AE, Halbig, JB, Kaschko, M, Allen, MS, editors. Kahoolawe Excavations, 1982–83 Data Recovery Project, Island of Kahoolawe, Hawaii, Appendix H. p H1–15. Prepared by Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc., Hilo, Hawaii for the Department of the Navy, Pacific Division, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.Google Scholar
Nicholls, A, Matisoo-Smith, E, Allen, MS. 2003. Novel application of molecular techniques to Pacific archaeofish remains. Archaeometry 45(1):133–47.Google Scholar
Ogden, J. 1981. Dendrochronological studies and the determination of tree ages in the Australian tropics. Journal of Biogeography 8:405–20.Google Scholar
Orliac, C, Orliac, M. 1998. The disappearance of Easter Island's forest: over-exploitation or climatic catastrophe? In: Stevenson, CM, Lee, G, Morin, FJ, editors. Easter Island in Pacific Context: South Seas Symposium. Los Osos: Easter Island Foundation. p 129–34.Google Scholar
Pauly, D. 1995. Anecdotes and the shifting baseline syndrome of fisheries. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 10(10):430.Google Scholar
Petchey, F. 2000. Radiocarbon dating fish bone from the Houhora archaeological site, New Zealand. Archaeology in Oceania 35:104–15.Google Scholar
Petchey, F. 2009. Dating marine shell in Oceania: issues and prospects. In: Fairbairn, A, O'Connor, S, Marwick, B, editors. New Directions in Archaeological Science. Terra Australis 28. Canberra: ANU E Press. p 157–72.Google Scholar
Petchey, F, Clark, G. 2011. Tongatapu hardwater: investigation into the 14C marine reservoir offset in lagoon, reef and open ocean environments of a limestone island. Quaternary Geochronology 6(6):539–49.Google Scholar
Petchey, F, Higham, T. 2005. Bone diagenesis and radiocarbon dating of fish bones at the Shag River Mouth Site, New Zealand. Journal of Archaeological Science 272):135–50.Google Scholar
Petchey, F, Anderson, A, Zondervan, A, Ulm, S, Hogg, A. 2008. New marine ΔR values for the South Pacific subtropical gyre region. Radiocarbon 50(3):373–97.Google Scholar
Petchey, F, Allen, MS, Addison, DJ, Anderson, A. 2009. Stability in the South Pacific surface marine 14C reservoir over the last 750 years. Evidence from American Samoa, the southern Cook Islands and the Marquesas Islands. Journal of Archaeological Science 36(10):2234–43.Google Scholar
Petchey, F, Ulm, S, David, BO, McNiven, IJ, Asmussen, B, Tomkins, H, Dolby, N, Aplin, K, Richards, T, Rowe, C, Leavesley, M, Mandui, H. 2013. High-resolution radiocarbon dating of marine materials in archaeological contexts: radiocarbon marine reservoir variability between Anadara, Gafrarium, Batissa, Polymesoda spp. and Echinoidea at Caution Bay, Southern Coastal Papua New Guinea. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 5(1):69–80.Google Scholar
Powell, EN, Cummins, H. 1985. Are molluscan maximum life spans determined by long-term cycles in benthic communities? Oecologia 67:177–82.Google Scholar
Prebble, M, Wilmshurst, JM. 2009. Detecting the initial impact of humans and introduced species on island environments in Remote Oceania using palaeoecology. Biological Invasions 11:1529–56.Google Scholar
Prebble, M, Anderson, A, Kennett, DJ. 2012. Forest clearance and agricultural expansion on Rapa, Austral Archipelago, French Polynesia. The Holocene 23(2):179–96.Google Scholar
Pretzsch, H. 2009. Forest Dynamics, Growth and Yield: From Measurement to Model. Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar
Reimer, PJ, Baillie, MGL, Bard, E, Bayliss, A, Beck, JW, Blackwell, PG, Bronk Ramsey, C, Buck, CE, Burr, GS, Edwards, RL, Friedrich, M, Grootes, PM, Guilderson, TP, Hajdas, I, Heaton, TJ, Hogg, AG, Hughen, KA, Kaiser, KF, Kromer, B, McCormac, FG, Manning, SW, Reimer, RW, Richards, DA, Southon, JR, Talamo, S, Turney, CSM, van der Plicht, J, Weyhenmeyer, CE. 2009. IntCal09 and Marine09 radiocarbon age calibration curves, 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 51(4):1111–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Renfrew, C, Bahn, P. 2008. Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice. 5th edition. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Rieth, T, Athens, JS. 2013. Suggested best practices for the application of radiocarbon dating to Hawaiian archaeology. Hawaiian Archaeology 13:3–29.Google Scholar
Rieth, TM, Hunt, TL, Lipo, C, Wilmshurst, JM. 2011. The 13th century Polynesian colonisation of Hawai'i Island. Journal of Archaeological Science 38(1):2740–9.Google Scholar
Rock, JFC. 1913. The Indigenous Trees of the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu: J.F. Rock.Google Scholar
Rolett, BV. 1998. Hanamiai: Prehistoric Colonization and Cultural Change in the Marquesas Islands (East Polynesia). Yale University Publications in Anthropology 81. New Haven: Dept. of Anthropology and The Peabody Museum.Google Scholar
Rolett, BV, Conte, E. 1995. Renewed investigation of the Ha'atuatua dune (Nuku Hiva, Marquesas Islands): a key site in Polynesian prehistory. Journal of the Polynesian Society 104:195–228.Google Scholar
Sastrapradja, DS, Lamoureux, C. 1969. Variations in wood anatomy of Hawaiian Metrosideros (Myrtaceae). Annales Bogorienses V:1–83.Google Scholar
Soerlanegara, I, Lemmens, RHJ, editors. 1994. Plant resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber Trees: Major Commercial Timbers. Bogor: Prosea Foundation.Google Scholar
Spriggs, M. 1989. The dating of the island Southeast Asian Neolithic: an attempt at chronometric hygiene and linguistic correlation. Antiquity 63(240):587–613.Google Scholar
Spriggs, M, Anderson, A. 1993. Late colonization of east Polynesia. Antiquity 67(255):200–17.Google Scholar
Steadman, DW. 1991. Extinct and extirpated birds from Aitutaki and Atiu, southern Cook Islands. Pacific Science 45:325–47.Google Scholar
Steele, JH, Thorpe, SA, Turekian, KK. 2009. Marine Biology: A Derivative of the Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Stoddart, DR, Gibbs, PE, editors. 1975. Almost-Atoll of Aitutaki: Reef Studies in the Cook Islands, South Pacific. Atoll Research Bulletin 190. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.Google Scholar
Suggs, RC. 1961. The Archaeology of Nuku Hiva, Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia. New York: Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 49, Part 1.Google Scholar
Wallace, R. 1989. A preliminary study of wood types used in pre-European Maori wooden artefacts. In: Sutton, DG, editor. Saying So Doesn't Make It So: Papers in Honour of B. Foss Leach. Dunedin: New Zealand Archaeological Association Monograph 17. p 222–232.Google Scholar
Wallace, R, Green, RC. 2012. Reassessing the radiocarbon chronology of the Maioro site (R13/1): northern Waikato, New Zealand. Journal of the Polynesian Society 121:75–85.Google Scholar
Whistler, WA. 2009. Plants of the Canoe People: An Ethnobotanical Voyage through Polynesia. Lawai: Kaua'i, National Tropical Botanical Garden.Google Scholar
Wilmshurst, JM, Anderson, AJ, Higham, TFG, Worthy, TH. 2008. Dating the late prehistoric dispersal of Polynesians to New Zealand using the commensal Pacific rat. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 105(22):7676–80.Google Scholar
Wood, BL, Hay, RF. 1970. Geology of the Cook Islands. New Zealand Geologic Survey Bulletin N.S. 82.Google Scholar
Worbes, M. 2002. One hundred years of tree ring research in the tropics - a brief history and an outlook to future challenges. Dendrochronologia 20:217–31.Google Scholar