Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T04:10:38.979Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Radiocarbon Evidence for the Early Bronze Age Levant: The Site of Tell Fadous-Kfarabida (Lebanon) and the End of the Early Bronze III Period

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 February 2016

Felix Höflmayer*
Affiliation:
University of Chicago, The Oriental Institute, 1155 East 58th Street Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
Michael W Dee
Affiliation:
RLAHA, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, United Kingdom
Hermann Genz
Affiliation:
American University of Beirut, Lebanon
Simone Riehl
Affiliation:
Universität Tübingen, Germany
*
Corresponding author. Email: [email protected].

Abstract

Absolute dates for the end of the Early Bronze Age ancient Near East are of crucial importance for assessing the nature and extent of mid- to late 3rd millennium BC transitions in the Near East and their alleged link to the 4.2ka BP climatic event. This article presents a radiocarbon sequence for the Early Bronze Age site of Tell Fadous-Kfarabida (Lebanon) and argues that the end of the Early Bronze III period has to be dated considerably higher than previously estimated. There is no reason to assume that the 4.2ka BP event might have contributed to or even triggered the collapse of the first urban cities in the southern and central Levant.

Type
Chronology
Copyright
Copyright © 2014 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Badreshany, K, Genz, H. 2009. Pottery production on the northern Lebanese coast during the Early Bronze Age II–III: the petrographic analysis of the ceramics from Tell Fadous-Kfarabida. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 355:5183.Google Scholar
Badreshany, K, Genz, H, Sader, H. 2005. An Early Bronze Age site on the Lebanese coast: Tell Fadous-Kfarabida 2004 and 2005: final report. Bulletin d'archéologie et d'architecture libanaises 9:5115.Google Scholar
Bar-Matthews, M, Ayalon, A. 2011. Mid-Holocene climate variations revealed by high-resolution speleothem records from Soreq Cave, Israel and their correlation with cultural changes. The Holocene 21(1):163–71.Google Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, C. 1995. Radiocarbon calibration and analysis of stratigraphy: the OxCal program. Radiocarbon 37(2):425–30.Google Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, C. 2009. Dealing with outliers and offsets in radiocarbon dating. Radiocarbon 51(3):1023–45.Google Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, C, Higham, TFG, Owen, DC, Pike, AWG, Hedges, REM. 2002. Radiocarbon dates from the Oxford AMS System: Archaeometry Datelist 31. Archaeometry 44(3):1149.Google Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, C, Dee, MW, Rowland, JM, Higham, TFG, Harris, SA, Brock, F, Quiles, A, Wild, EM, Marcus, ES, Shortland, AJ. 2010. Radiocarbon-based chronology for dynastic Egypt. Science 328(5985):1554–7.Google Scholar
Buck, CE, Litton, CD, Smith, AFM. 1991. Calibration of radiocarbon results pertaining to related archaeological events. Journal of Archaeological Science 19(5):497512.Google Scholar
Callaway, JA. 1978. New perspectives on Early Bronze III in Canaan. In: Moorey, R, Parr, P, editors. Archaeology in the Levant. Essays for Kathleen Kenyon. Warminster: Aris & Phillips. p 4658.Google Scholar
de Miroschedji, P. 2009. Rise and collapse in the Southern Levant in the Early Bronze Age. Scienze dell'Antichità. Storia Archeologia Antropologia 15:101–29.Google Scholar
de Miroschedji, P. 2012. Egypt and Southern Canaan in the Third Millennium BCE: Uni's Asiatic campaigns revisited. In: Gruber, M, Ahituv, S, Lehmann, G, Talshir, Z, editors. All the Wisdom of the East. Studies in Near Eastern Archaeology and History in Honor of Eliezer D. Oren. Fribourg: Academic Press. p 265–92.Google Scholar
de Miroschedji, P, Sadek, M. 2001. Gaza et l'Égypte de l'époque prédynastique à l'Ancien Empire. Premiers résultats des fouilles de Tell es-Sakan. Bulletin de la société française d'égyptologie 152:2852.Google Scholar
Dever, WG. 1970. The “Middle Bronze I” period in Syria and Palestine. In: Sanders, JA, editor. Near Eastern Archaeology in the Twentieth Century. Essays in Honor of Nelson Glueck. New York: Doubleday & Company. p 132–63.Google Scholar
Genz, H. 2009. Tell Fadous-Kfarabida: regional connections in the Early Bronze Age. Bulletin d'archéologie et d'architecture libanaises Hors-Série VI:107–16.Google Scholar
Genz, H. 2010a. Recent excavations at Tell Fadous-Kfarabida. Near Eastern Archaeology 73(2–3):102–13.Google Scholar
Genz, H. 2010b. Reflections on the Early Bronze Age IV in Lebanon. In: Matthiae, P, Pinnock, F, Nigro, L, Marchetti, N, editors. Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. 5–10 May 2009, “Sapienza,” Università di Roma. Volume 2: Excavations, Surveys and Restorations: Reports on Recent Field Archaeology in the Near East. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. p 205–17.Google Scholar
Genz, H. 2012. Bronze Age cities of the northern Levant. In: Potts, DT, editor. A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. Maiden: Wiley-Blackwell. p 607–28.Google Scholar
Genz, H. Forthcoming. Recent developments in Early Bronze Age pottery studies in Lebanon and the question of ceramic exports to Old Kingdom Egypt. In: Rzeuska, TI, Wodzińska, A. Old Kingdom Pottery Workshop 2.Google Scholar
Genz, H, Sader, H. 2007. Excavations at the Early Bronze Age site of Tell Fadous-Kfarabida: preliminary report on the 2007 season of excavations. Bulletin d'archéologie et d'architecture libanaises 11:716.Google Scholar
Genz, H, Sader, H. 2008. Excavations at Tell Fadous-Kfarabida: preliminary report on the 2008 season of excavations. Bulletin d'archéologie et d'architecture libanaises 12:149–59.Google Scholar
Genz, H, Çakirlar, C, Damick, A, Jastrzębska, E, Riehl, S, Deckers, K, Donkin, A. 2009. Excavations at Tell Fadous-Kfarabida: preliminary report on the 2009 season of excavations. Bulletin d'archéologie et d'architecture libanaises 13:71123.Google Scholar
Genz, H, Daniel, R, Damick, A, Ahrens, A, el-Zaatari, S, Höflmayer, F, Kutschera, W, Wild, EM. 2010. Excavations at Tell Fadous-Kfarabida. Preliminary report on the 2010 season of excavations. Bulletin d'archéologie et d'architecture libanaises 14:241–74.Google Scholar
Harrison, TP. 2012. The Southern Levant. In: Potts, DT, editor. A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. Maiden: Wiley-Blackwell. p 629–46.Google Scholar
Kenyon, KM. 1966. Amorites and Canaanites: The Schweich Lectures of the British Academy 1963. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Knoblauch, C. 2010. Preliminary report on the Early Bronze Age III pottery from contexts of the 6th Dynasty in the Abydos Middle Cemetery. Ägypten & Levante 20:243–61.Google Scholar
Köhler, EC, Thalmann, J. 2014. Synchronising Early Egyptian chronologies and the Northern Levant. In: Höflmayer, F, Eichmann, R, editors. Egypt and the Southern Levant during the Early Bronze Age: C14, Chronology, Connections. Proceedings of a Workshop Held in Berlin, 14–16 September 2011. Orient Archäologie 32. Rahden: Marie Leidorf.Google Scholar
Mazar, B. 1968. The Middle Bronze Age in Palestine. Israel Exploration Journal 18:6597.Google Scholar
Mazzoni, S, Thalmann, J-P, editors. Forthcoming. Associated Regional Chronologies for the Ancient Near East and the Eastern Mediterranean: The Central and Northern Levant. Turnhout: Brepols.Google Scholar
Miller Rosen, A. 2007. Civilizing Climate. Social Responses to Climate Change in the Ancient Near East. Plymouth: Altamira Press.Google Scholar
Moeller, N. 2005. The First Intermediate Period: a time of famine and climate change? Ägypten & Levante 15:153–67.Google Scholar
Parr, P, editor. 2009. The Levant in Transition (The Palestine Exploration Fund Annual 9). Leeds: Maney Publishing.Google Scholar
Petrie, WMF. 1898. Deshasheh 1897. Memoir of the Egypt Exploration Fund 15. London: Egypt Exploration Fund.Google Scholar
Pfälzner, P. 2012. Household dynamics in late Third Millennium northern Mesopotamia. In: Weiss, H, editor. Seven Generations since the Fall of Akkad. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. p 145–62.Google Scholar
Regev, J, de Miroschedji, P, Boaretto, E. 2012a. Early Bronze Age chronology: radiocarbon dates and chronological models from Tel Yarmuth (Israel). Radiocarbon 54(3–4):505–24.Google Scholar
Regev, J, de Miroschedji, P, Greenberg, R, Braun, E, Greenhut, Z, Boaretto, E. 2012b. Chronology of the Early Bronze Age in the southern Levant: new analysis for a High Chronology. Radiocarbon 54(3–4):525–66.Google Scholar
Reimer, PJ, Baillie, MGL, Bard, E, Bayliss, A, Beck, JW, Blackwell, PG, Bronk Ramsey, C, Buck, CE, Burr, GS, Edwards, RL, Friedrich, M, Grootes, PM, Guilderson, TP, Hajdas, I, Heaton, TJ, Hogg, AG, Hughen, KA, Kaiser, KF, Kromer, B, McCormac, G, Manning, SW, Reimer, RW, Richards, DA, Southon, JR, Talamo, S, Turney, CSM, van der Plicht, J, Weyhenmeyer, CE. 2009. IntCal09 and Marine09 radiocarbon age calibration curves, 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 51(4):1111–50.Google Scholar
Richards, J. 2002. Text and context in late Old Kingdom Egypt: the archaeology and historiography of Weni the Elder. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 39:75102.Google Scholar
Riehl, S. 2012. Variability in ancient Near Eastern environmental and agricultural development. Journal of Arid Environments 86:113–21.Google Scholar
Riehl, S, Bryson, RA. 2007. Variability in human adaptation to changing environmental conditions in Upper Mesopotamia during the Early to Middle Bronze Age transition. In: Marro, C, Kuzucuoglu, C, editors. Sociétés humaines et changement climatique à la fin du troisième millénaire: une crise a-t-elle eu lieu en Haute-Mésopotamie? Varia Anatolica 19. Paris: de Boccard. p 523–48.Google Scholar
Sowada, KN. 2009. Egypt in the Eastern Mediterranean during the Old Kingdom: An Archaeological Perspective. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 237. Fribourg: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Staubwasser, M, Weiss, H. 2006. Holocene climate and cultural evolution in Late Prehistoric-Early Historic West Asia. Quaternary Research 66(3):372–87.Google Scholar
Thalmann, J. 2006. Tell Arqa I: Les niveaux de l'âge du Bronze. Bibliothèque archéologique et historique 177. Beirut: Institut Français du Proche-Orient.Google Scholar
Ur, J. 2012. Spatial scale and urban collapse at Tell Brak and Hamoukar at the end of the Third Millennium BC. In: Laneri, N, Pfälzner, P, Valentini, S, editors. Looking North. The Socioeconomic Dynamics of Northern Mesopotamian and Anatolian Regions during the Late Third and Early Second Millennium BC. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.Google Scholar
Weiss, H. 2000a. Beyond the Younger Dryas. Collapse as adaptation to abrupt climate change in ancient West Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean. In: Bawden, G, Reycraft, RM, editors. Environmental Disaster and the Archaeology of Human Response. Albuquerque: Maxwell Museum of Anthropology. p 7598.Google Scholar
Weiss, H. 2000b. Causality and chance. Late Third Millennium collapse in Southwest Asia. In: Rouault, O, Wäfler, M, editors. La Djéziré et l'Euphrate syriens de la protohistoire à la fin du IIe millénaire av. J.-C. Tendances dans l'interprétation historique des données nouvelles. Turnhout: Brepols. p 207–17.Google Scholar
Weiss, H. 2012. Quantifying collapse: the late Third Millennium Khabur Plains. In: Weiss, H, editor. Seven Generations since the Fall of Akkad. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. p 124.Google Scholar
Weiss, H, Bradley, RS. 2001. What drives societal collapse? Science 291(5504):609–10.Google Scholar
Weiss, H, Courty, MA, Wetterstrom, W, Guichard, F, Senior, L, Meadow, R, Curnow, A. 1993. The genesis and collapse of 3rd Millennium north Mesopotamian civilization. Science 261(5124):9951004.Google Scholar
Wright, GE. 1961. The archaeology of Palestine. In: Wright, GE. The Bible and the Ancient Near East. Essays in Honor of William Foxwell Albright. Garden City: Doubleday & Company. p 73112.Google Scholar