Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T04:36:06.290Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Radiocarbon Dating Human Skeletal Material on Rapa Nui: Evaluating the Effect of Uncertainty in Marine-Derived Carbon

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 July 2016

Amy S Commendador ,
John V Dudgeon ,
Benjamin T Fuller  and
Bruce P Finney
Amy S Commendador
Affiliation:
Idaho Museum of Natural History, Idaho State University, 921 S. 8th Avenue, Stop 8096, Pocatello, Idaho 83209, USA Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, 921 S. 8th Avenue, Stop 8007, Pocatello, Idaho 83209, USA
John V Dudgeon
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Idaho State University, 921 S. 8th Avenue, Stop 8005, Pocatello, Idaho 83209, USA Center for Archaeology, Materials, and Applied Spectroscopy, Idaho State University, 921 S. 8th Avenue, Stop 8044, Pocatello, Idaho 83209, USA
Benjamin T Fuller
Affiliation:
Department of Earth System Science, Keck CCAMS Group, B321 Croul Hall, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
Bruce P Finney
Affiliation:
Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, 921 S. 8th Avenue, Stop 8007, Pocatello, Idaho 83209, USA Center for Archaeology, Materials, and Applied Spectroscopy, Idaho State University, 921 S. 8th Avenue, Stop 8044, Pocatello, Idaho 83209, USA Department of Geosciences, Idaho State University, 921 S. 8th Avenue, Stop 8072, Pocatello, Idaho 83209, USA
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A primary concern with dating skeletal material from oceanic environments is the effect of marine-derived carbon on resulting radiocarbon ages. Due to uncertainties in local marine reservoir effects and the proportion of marine carbon incorporated in bone, dates from archaeological skeletal material exhibiting marine dietary signatures have previously been characterized as problematic and removed from further analysis. While in certain instances this may be appropriate, in others it is not. This article presents 26 new 14C dates obtained from human teeth (dentin collagen) on Rapa Nui. The effect of the local marine reservoir on 14C ages is evaluated assuming a range of incorporated marine-derived carbon. The results indicate that the Rapa Nui 14C ages are not significantly different under varying realistic extreme ranges in estimates of the proportion of marine carbon consumed. The article argues that this is primarily due to the small local marine reservoir effect measured in Rapa Nui and relatively lower reliance on marine resources in the prehistoric and protohistoric population.

Type
Articles
Information
Radiocarbon , Volume 56 , Issue 1 , 2014 , pp. 277 - 294
Copyright
Copyright © 2014 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ambrose, SH, Norr, L. 1993. Experimental evidence for the relationship of the carbon isotope ratios of whole diet and dietary protein to those of bone collagen and carbonate. In: Lambert, JB, Grupe, G, editors. Prehistoric Human Bone: Archaeology at the Molecular Level. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p 1–37.Google Scholar
Ambrose, SH, Butler, BM, Hanson, DB, Hunter-Anderson, RL, Krueger, HW. 1997. Stable isotopic analysis of human diet in the Marianas Archipelago, western Pacific. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 104:343–61.3.0.CO;2-W>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arneborg, J, Heinemeier, J, Lynnerup, N, Nielsen, HL, Rud, N, Sveinbjörnsdóttir, ÁE. 1999. Change of diet of the Greenland Vikings determined from stable carbon isotope analysis and 14C dating of their bones. Radiocarbon 41(2):157–68.Google Scholar
Ascough, PL, Church, MJ, Cook, GT, Dunbar, E, Gestsdóttir, H, McGovern, TH, Dugmore, AJ, FriÐriksson, A, Edwards, KJ. 2012. Radiocarbon reservoir effects in human bone collagen from northern Iceland. Journal of Archaeological Science 39(7):2261–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ayres, W. 1973. The cultural context of Easter Island religious structures [PhD dissertation]. New Orleans: Tulane University.Google Scholar
Ayres, WS, Saleeby, B. 2000. Analysis of cremations from Ahu Ko Te Riku. In: Stevenson, CM, Ayres, WS, editors. Easter Island Archaeology: Research on Early Rapanui Culture. Los Osos: Easter Island Foundation. p 125–31.Google Scholar
Bahn, PG, Flenley, J. 1992. Easter Island, Earth Island. New York: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Bard, E. 1988. Correction of accelerator mass spectrometry 14C ages measured in planktonic foraminifera: paleoceanographic implications. Paleoceanography 3(6):635–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beaumont, W, Beverly, R, Southon, J, Taylor, RE. 2010. Bone preparation at the KCCAMS laboratory. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 268(7–8):906–9.Google Scholar
Beavan-Athfield, N, Green, RC, Craig, J, McFadgen, B, Bickler, S. 2008. Influence of marine sources on 14C ages: isotopic data from Watom Island, Papua New Guinea inhumations and pig teeth in light of new dietary standards. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 38(1):1–23.Google Scholar
Beck, JW, Hewitt, L, Burr, GS, Loret, J, Hochstetter, FT. 2003. Mata Ki Te Rangi: eyes towards the heavens. In: Loret, J, Tanacredi, JT, editors. Easter Island: Scientific Exploration into the World's Environmental Problems in Microcosm. New York: Kluwer Academic. p 93–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, C. 2009. Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon 51(1):337–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, TA, Nelson, DE, Vogel, JS, Southon, JR. 1988. Improved collagen extraction by modified Longin method. Radiocarbon 30(2):171–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burr, GS, Beck, JW, Correge, T, Cabioch, G, Taylor, FW, Donahue, DJ. 2009. Modern and Pleistocene reservoir ages inferred from South Pacific corals. Radiocarbon 51(1):319–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burt, NM, Garvie-Lok, S. 2013. A new method of dentine microsampling of deciduous teeth for stable isotope ratio analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science 40(11):3854–64.Google Scholar
Chapman, PM, Gill, GW. 1998. An analysis of Easter Island population history. In: Stevenson, CM, Lee, G, Morin, FJ, editors. Easter Island in Pacific Context, South Seas Symposium: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Easter Island and East Polynesia. Los Osos: Easter Island Foundation. p 143–50.Google Scholar
Chisholm, BS, Nelson, DE, Schwarcz, HP. 1982. Stable carbon isotope ratios as a measure of marine versus terrestrial protein in ancient diets. Science 216(4550):1131–2.Google Scholar
Commendador, AS, Dudgeon, JV, Finney, BP, Fuller, BT, Esh, KS. 2013. A stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N) perspective on human diet on Rapa Nui (Easter Island) ca. AD 1400–1900. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 152(2):173–85.Google Scholar
Craig, H. 1954. Carbon 13 in plants and the relationships between carbon 13 and carbon 14 variations in nature. The Journal of Geology 62(2):115–49.Google Scholar
Craig, JA. 2009. Stable isotope analysis of prehistoric human and commensal diet on Aitutaki, Southern Cook Islands [PhD dissertation]. Auckland: University of Auckland.Google Scholar
Craig, OE, Bondioli, L, Fattore, L, Higham, T, Hedges, R. 2013. Evaluating marine diets through radiocarbon dating and stable isotope analysis of victims of the AD79 eruption of Vesuvius. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 152(3):345–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Del Rio, CM, Wolf, N, Carleton, SA, Gannes, LZ. 2009. Isotopic ecology ten years after a call for more laboratory experiments. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 84(1):91–111.Google Scholar
DeNiro, MJ, Schoeninger, MJ, Hastorf, CA. 1985. Effect of heating on the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of bone collagen. Journal of Archaeological Science 12(1):1–7.Google Scholar
Dewar, G, Pfeiffer, S. 2010. Approaches to estimating marine protein in human collagen for radiocarbon date calibration. Radiocarbon 52(4):1611–25.Google Scholar
Diamond, J. 1995. Easter's end. Discover 9:62–9.Google Scholar
Diamond, J. 2005. Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. New York: Viking.Google Scholar
Dudgeon, JV. 2008. The genetic architecture of the Late Prehistoric and Protohistoric Rapanui [PhD dissertation]. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i.Google Scholar
Dudgeon, JV, Tromp, M. 2012. Diet, geography and drinking water in Polynesia: microfossil research from archaeological human dental calculus, Rapa Nui (Easter Island). International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. doi:10.1002/oa.2249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erhardt, EB. 2010. Sisus: stable isotope sourcing using sampling. http://statacumen.com/sisus/. Accessed May 2013.Google Scholar
Eyraud, E. 1866. Lettre au T.R.P, Supérier général de la Congrégation des sacré-coeurs de Jésus et de Marie, Valparaiso décembre 1864. Annales Association de la propagation de la foi 38:52–71, 124–38.Google Scholar
Flenley, J, Bahn, P. 2002. The Enigmas of Easter Island: Island on the Edge. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fuller, BT, Richards, MP, Mays, SA. 2003. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope variations in tooth dentine serial sections from Wharram Percy. Journal of Archaeological Science 30(12):1673–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gannes, LZ, O'Brien, DM, Del Rio, CM. 1997. Stable isotopes in animal ecology: assumptions, caveats, and a call for more laboratory experiments. Ecology 78(4):1271–6.Google Scholar
Gill, GW. 1998. Easter Island settlement: current evidence and future research directions. In: Stevenson, CM, Lee, G, Morin, FJ, editors. Easter Island in Pacific Context, South Seas Symposium: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Easter Island and East Polynesia. Los Osos: Easter Island Foundation. p 137–42.Google Scholar
Gill, GW. 2000. Investigations of the 1981 Easter Island anthropological expedition. In: Stevenson, CM, Ayres, WS, editors. Easter Island Archaeology. Research on Early Rapanui Culture. Los Osos: Easter Island Foundation.Google Scholar
Gill, GW, Owsley, DW, Baker, SJ. 1983. Craniometric evaluation of prehistoric Easter Island populations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 60:197.Google Scholar
Heaton, THE. 1999. Spatial, species, and temporal variations in the 13C/12C ratios of C3 plants: implications for palaeodiet studies. Journal of Archaeological Science 26(6):637–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hedges, REM, Reynard, LM. 2007. Nitrogen isotopes and the trophic level of humans in archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Science 34(8):1240–51.Google Scholar
Hobson, KA, Clark, RG. 1992. Assessing avian diets using stable isotopes II: factors influencing diet-tissue fractionation. Condor 94:189–97.Google Scholar
Hunt, TL. 2007. Rethinking Easter Island's ecological catastrophe. Journal of Archaeological Science 34(3):485–502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunt, TL, Lipo, CP. 2006. Late colonization of Easter Island. Science 311(5767):1603–6.Google Scholar
Hunt, TL, Lipo, CP. 2007. Chronology, deforestation, and “collapse”: evidence vs. faith in Rapa Nui prehistory. Rapa Nui Journal 21(2):85–97.Google Scholar
Hunt, TL, Lipo, CP. 2011. The Statues that Walked: Unraveling the Mystery of Easter Island. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Jones, S, Quinn, RL. 2009. Prehistoric Fijian diet and subsistence: integration of faunal, ethnographic, and stable isotopic evidence from the Lau Island Group. Journal of Archaeological Science 36(12):2742–54.Google Scholar
Kirch, PV. 2000. On the Road of the Winds: An Archaeological History of the Pacific Islands before European Contact. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Krueger, HW, Sullivan, CH. 1984. Models for carbon isotope fractionation between diet and bone. In: Turnlund, JR, Johnson, PE, editors. Stable Isotopes in Nutrition. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society. p 205–20.Google Scholar
Ladefoged, T, Stevenson, C, Vitousek, P, Chadwick, O. 2005. Soil nutrient depletion and the collapse of Rapa Nui society. Rapa Nui Journal 19(2):100–5.Google Scholar
Ladefoged, TN, Stevenson, CM, Haoa, S, Mulrooney, M, Puleston, C, Vitousek, PM, Chadwick, OA. 2010. Soil nutrient analysis of Rapa Nui gardening. Archaeology in Oceania 45:80–5.Google Scholar
Leach, BF, Quinn, CJ, Lyon, GL, Haystead, A, Meyers, DB. 2000. Evidence of prehistoric Lapita diet at Watom Island, Papua New Guinea, using stable isotopes. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology 20:149–59.Google Scholar
Lipo, CP, Hunt, TL, Haoa, SR. 2013. The ‘walking’ megalithic statues (moai) of Easter Island. Journal of Archaeological Science 40(6):2859–66.Google Scholar
Longin, R. 1971. New method of collagen extraction for radiocarbon dating. Nature 230(5291):241–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Louwagie, G, Langohr, R. 2002. Testing land evaluation methods for crop growth on two soils of the La Pérouse area (Easter Island, Chile). Rapa Nui Journal 16(1):23–8.Google Scholar
Louwagie, G, Stevenson, CM, Langohr, R. 2006. The impact of moderate to marginal land suitability on prehistoric agricultural production and models of adaptive strategies for Easter Island (Rapa Nui, Chile). Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 25(3):290–317.Google Scholar
Mann, D, Chase, J, Edwards, J, Beck, R, Reanier, R, Mass, M. 2003. Prehistoric destruction of the primeval soils and vegetation of Rapa Nui (Isla de Pascua, Easter Island). In: Loret, J, Tanacredi, JT, editors. Easter Island: Scientific Exploration in the World's Environmental Problems in Microcosm. New York: Kluwer Academic. p 133–53.Google Scholar
Mann, D, Edwards, J, Chase, J, Beck, W, Reanier, R, Mass, M, Finney, B, Loret, J. 2008. Drought, vegetation change, and human history on Rapa Nui (Isla de Pascua, Easter Island). Quaternary Research 69(1):16–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martinez del Rio, C, Wolf, BO. 2005. Mass-balance models for animal isotopic ecology. In: Starck, JM, Wang, T, editors. Physiological and Ecological Adaptations to Feeding in Vertebrates. Enfield: Science Publishers. p 141–74.Google Scholar
Martinsson-Wallin, H. 1994. Ahu—the ceremonial stone structures of Easter Island [dissertation]. Uppsala: Aun 19.Google Scholar
McCall, G. 1979. Kinship and environment on Easter Island: some observations and speculations. Mankind 12(2):119–37.Google Scholar
McCormac, FG, Hogg, AG, Blackwell, PG, Buck, CE, Higham, TFG, Reimer, PJ. 2004. SHCal04 Southern Hemisphere calibration, 0–11.0 cal kyr BP. Radiocarbon 46(3):1087–92.Google Scholar
McCutchan, JH, Lewis, WM, Kendall, C, McGrath, CC. 2003. Variation in trophic shift for stable isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. Oikos 102(February):378–90.Google Scholar
Métraux, A. 1940. Ethnology of Easter Island. Bulletin of the Bernice P Bishop Museum 160. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press.Google Scholar
Mieth, A, Bork, H-R. 2003. Diminution and degradation of environmental resources by prehistoric land use on Poike Peninsula, Easter Island (Rapa Nui). Rapa Nui Journal 17:34–41.Google Scholar
Mieth, A, Bork, H-R. 2005. History, origin and extent of soil erosion on Easter Island (Rapa Nui). Catena 63(2–3):244–60.Google Scholar
Mieth, A, Bork, H-R. 2010. Humans, climate or introduced rats – Which is to blame for the woodland destruction on prehistoric Rapa Nui (Easter Island)? Journal of Archaeological Science 37(2):417–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mieth, A, Bork, H-R, Feeser, I. 2002. Prehistoric and recent land use effects on Poike Peninsula, Easter Island (Rapa Nui). Rapa Nui Journal 16(2):89–95.Google Scholar
Morrison, AE. 2012. An archaeological analysis of Rapa Nui settlement structure: a multi-scalar approach [PhD dissertation]. Honolulu: University of Hawaii.Google Scholar
Mulloy, W. 1961. The ceremonial center at Vinapu. In: Heyerdahl, T, Ferdon, EN, editors. Reports of the Norwegian Archaeological Expedition to Easter Island and the South Pacific, Vol. 1: The Archaeology of Easter Island. Monographs of the School of American Research and Museum of New Mexico 24(1)Dunedin: New Zealand Archaeological Association Monograph 17. Stockholm: Forum.Google Scholar
Mulloy, W, Figueroa, G. 1978. The Akivi-Vai Teka Complex and Its Relationship to Easter Island Architectural Prehistory. Asian and Pacific Archaeology Series 8. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
Mulrooney, MA. 2013. An island-wide assessment of the chronology of settlement and land use on Rapa Nui (Easter Island) based on radiocarbon data. Journal of Archaeological Science 40(12):4377–99.Google Scholar
Mulrooney, MA, Ladefoged, TN, Stevenson, CM, Haoa, S. 2009. The myth of A.D. 1680: new evidence from Hanga Ho'onu, Rapa Nui (Easter Island). Rapa Nui Journal 23(2):94–105.Google Scholar
Mulrooney, MA, Bickler, SH, Allen, MS, Ladefoged, TN. 2011. High-precision dating of colonization and settlement in East Polynesia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108(23):E192–4; author reply E195.Google Scholar
Orefici, G, Drusini, AG. 1997. Analysis of the context of burials in the Plaza of Ahu Tongariki. Rapa Nui Journal 11:29–40.Google Scholar
Parnell, AC, Inger, R, Bearhop, S, Jackson, AL. 2010. Source partitioning using stable isotopes: coping with too much variation. PloS ONE 5(3): e9672, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009672.Google Scholar
Petchey, F, Green, R. 2005. Use of three isotopes to calibrate human bone radiocarbon determinations from Kainapirina (SAC), Watom Island, Papua New Guinea. Radiocarbon 47(2):181–92.Google Scholar
Petchey, F, Spriggs, M, Leach, F, Seed, M, Sand, C, Pietrusewsky, M, Anderson, K. 2011. Testing the human factor: radiocarbon dating the first peoples of the South Pacific. Journal of Archaeological Science 38(1):29–44.Google Scholar
Phillips, DL, Gregg, JW. 2003. Source partitioning using stable isotopes: coping with too many sources. Oecologia 136(2):261–9.Google Scholar
Phillips, DL, Koch, PL. 2002. Incorporating concentration dependence in stable isotope mixing models. Oecologia 130(1):114–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reimer, PJ, Baillie, MGL, Bard, E, Bayliss, A, Beck, JW, Blackwell, PG, Bronk Ramsey, C, Buck, CE, Burr, GS, Edwards, RL, Friedrich, M, Grootes, PM, Guilderson, TP, Hajdas, I, Heaton, TJ, Hogg, AG, Hughen, KA, Kaiser, KF, Kromer, B, McCormac, G, Manning, S, Reimer, RW, Richards, DA, Southon, JR, Talamo, S, Turney, CSM, van der Plicht, J, Weyhenmeyer, CE. 2009. IntCal09 and Marine09 radiocarbon age calibration curves, 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 51(4):1111–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richards, MP, West, E, Rolett, B, Dobney, K. 2009. Isotope analysis of human and animal diets from the Hanamiai archaeological site (French Polynesia). Archaeology in Oceania 44(1):29–37.Google Scholar
Robbins, CT, Felicetti, LA, Sponheimer, M. 2005. The effect of dietary protein quality on nitrogen isotope discrimination in mammals and birds. Oecologia 144(4):534–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Routledge, K. 1919. The Mystery of Easter Island. London: Hazell, Watson & Viney.Google Scholar
Schwarcz, HP. 1991. Some theoretical aspects of isotope paleodiet studies. Journal of Archaeological Science 18(3):261–75.Google Scholar
Schwarcz, HP. 2001. Some biochemical aspects of carbon isotopic paleodiet studies. In: Ambrose, SH, Katzenberg, MA, editors. Biogeochemical Approaches to Paleodietary Analysis. New York: Kluwer Academic. p 189–209.Google Scholar
Seelenfreund, A. 2000. Easter Island burial practices. In: Stevenson, CM, Ayers, WS, editors. Easter Island Archaeology: Research on Early Rapa Nui Culture. Los Osos: Easter Island Foundation. p 81–102.Google Scholar
Seelenfreund, A, Holdaway, S. 2000. Color symbolism in Easter Island burial practices. In: Stevenson, CM, Ayers, WS, editors. Easter Island Archaeology: Research on early Rapa Nui culture. Los Osos: Easter Island Foundation. p 103–8.Google Scholar
Shaw, LC. 2000. Human burials in the coastal caves of Easter Island. In: Stevenson, CM, Ayres, WS, editors. Easter Island Archaeology: Research on Early Rapa Nui Culture. Los Osos: Easter Island Foundation. p 59–80.Google Scholar
Smith, C. 1961. A temporal sequence derived from certain Ahu. In: Heyerdahl, T, Ferdon, EN, editors. Reports of the Norwegian Archaeological Expedition to Easter Island and the South Pacific, Volume 1: The Archaeology of Easter Island. Monographs of the School of American Research and Museum of New Mexico 24(1). Stockholm: Forum. p 181–218.Google Scholar
Spriggs, M, Anderson, A. 1993 Late colonization of East Polynesia. Antiquity 67(255):200–17.Google Scholar
Stefan, VH. 2000. Craniometric variation and biological affinity of the prehistoric Rapanui (Easter Islanders): their origin, evolution, and place in Polynesian prehistory [PhD dissertation]. Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico.Google Scholar
Stefan, VH, Gill, GW, Owsley, DW. 1998. Craniometric variability among prehistoric Easter Island regional populations and their discrimination. In: Stevenson, CM, Lee, G, Morin, FJ, editors. Easter Island in Pacific Context, South Seas Symposium: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Easter Island and East Polynesia. Los Osos: Easter Island Foundation. p 151–5.Google Scholar
Stevenson, CM. 1984. Corporate descent group structure in Easter Island prehistory [dissertation]. State College: Pennsylvania State University.Google Scholar
Stevenson, CM, Ayres, WS, editors. 2000. Easter Island Archaeology: Research on Early Rapanui Culture. Los Osos: Easter Island Foundation.Google Scholar
Stevenson, CM, Lee, G, Morin, FJ, editors. 1998. Easter Island in Pacific Context; South Seas Symposium: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Easter Island and East Polynesia. Los Osos: Easter Island Foundation.Google Scholar
Stuiver, M, Braziunas, TF. 1993. Modeling atmospheric 14C influences and 14C ages of marine samples to 10,000 BC. Radiocarbon 35(1):137–89.Google Scholar
Sveinbjörnsdóttir, ÁE, Heinemeier, J, Arneborg, J, Lynnerup, N, Olafsson, G, Zoega, G. 2010. Dietary reconstruction and reservoir correction of 14C dates on bones from pagan and early Christian graves in Iceland. Radiocarbon 52(2):682–96.Google Scholar
Tieszen, LL. 1991. Natural variations in the carbon isotope values of plants: implications for archaeology, ecology, and paleoecology. Journal of Archaeological Science 18(3):227–48.Google Scholar
UCI AMS Facility. 2011. Chemical pretreatment for bone ultrafiltration method. http://www.ess.uci.edu/researchgrp/ams/files/bone_protocol.pdf. Accessed 13 January 2013.Google Scholar
Valentin, F, Bocherens, H, Gratuze, B, Sand, C. 2006. Dietary patterns during the late prehistoric/historic period in Cikobia Island (Fiji): insights from stable isotopes and dental pathologies. Journal of Archaeological Science 33(10):1396–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valentin, F, Herrscher, E, Petchey, F, Addison, DJ. 2011. An analysis of the last 1,000 years human diet on Tutuila (American Samoa) using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope data. American Antiquity 76(3):473–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vanderklift, MA, Ponsard, S. 2003. Sources of variation in consumer-diet delta 15N enrichment: a meta-analysis. Oecologia 136(2):169–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilmhurst, JM, Hunt, TL, Lipo, CP, Anderson, AJ. 2011. High-precision radiocarbon dating shows recent and rapid initial human colonization of East Polynesia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108(5):1815–20.Google Scholar
Zaslansky, P. 2008. Dentin. In: Fratzl, P, editor. Collagen: Structure and Mechanics. New York: Springer. p 421–46.Google Scholar