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Moraines and late-glacial stratigraphy in central Lake Superior

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 June 2020

Steven M. Colman Open the ORCID record for Steven M. Colman [Opens in a new window] ,
Andy Breckenridge ,
Lucas K. Zoet ,
Nigel J. Wattrus  and
Thomas C. Johnson
Steven M. Colman*
Affiliation:
Large Lakes Observatory, University of Minnesota Duluth, 2205 E. 5th St., Duluth, Minnesota55812, USA Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts02543, USA
Andy Breckenridge
Affiliation:
Large Lakes Observatory, University of Minnesota Duluth, 2205 E. 5th St., Duluth, Minnesota55812, USA Natural Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin-Superior, Superior, Wisconsin54880, USA
Lucas K. Zoet
Affiliation:
Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, USA
Nigel J. Wattrus
Affiliation:
Large Lakes Observatory, University of Minnesota Duluth, 2205 E. 5th St., Duluth, Minnesota55812, USA Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota55812, USA
Thomas C. Johnson
Affiliation:
Large Lakes Observatory, University of Minnesota Duluth, 2205 E. 5th St., Duluth, Minnesota55812, USA Geosciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, USA
*
*Corresponding author at: [email protected] (S. Colman)
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Abstract

Seismic-reflection surveys of the Isle Royale sub-basin, central Lake Superior, reveal two large end moraines and associated glacial sediments deposited during the last cycle of the Laurentide Ice Sheet in the basin. The Isle Royale moraines directly overlie bedrock and are cored with dense, acoustically massive till intercalated down-ice with acoustically stratified outwash. Till and outwash are overlain by glacial varves, a lower red unit and an upper gray unit.

The maximum extent of late Younger Dryas-age readvance into the western Lake Superior basin is uncertain, but it was probably controlled by both ice dynamics and climate. Our data indicate that during retreat from the maximum, the ice paused just long enough to construct the outer of the two moraines, >100 m high, and then retreated to the inner moraine, during which time most of the lower glacial-lacustrine sequence (red varves) was deposited. Retreat from the inner moraine coincided with a marked flux of icebergs at the calving margin and a change to gray varves. Rapid retreat may be related to both an influx of meltwater from Glacial Lake Agassiz about 10,500 cal yr BP and retreat of the calving margin down an adverse slope into the Isle Royale sub-basin.

Keywords

QuaternaryGlaciationNorth AmericaSeismic-reflection stratigraphyLaurentide Ice SheetMarquette readvanceSubaqueous moraines
Type
Research Article
Information
Quaternary Research , Volume 98 , November 2020 , pp. 19 - 35
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Copyright
Copyright © University of Washington. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2020

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