Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T05:11:10.745Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Megafloods and Clovis cache at Wenatchee, Washington

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Richard B. Waitt
Richard B. Waitt*
Affiliation:
U.S. Geological Survey, 1300 SE Cardinal Court, #100, Vancouver, WA 98683, USA
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Immense late Wisconsin floods from glacial Lake Missoula drowned the Wenatchee reach of Washington's Columbia valley by different routes. The earliest debacles, nearly 19,000 cal yr BP, raged 335 m deep down the Columbia and built high Pangborn bar at Wenatchee. As advancing ice blocked the northwest of Columbia valley, several giant floods descended Moses Coulee and backflooded up the Columbia past Wenatchee. Ice then blocked Moses Coulee, and Grand Coulee to Quincy basin became the westmost floodway. From Quincy basin many Missoula floods backflowed 50 km upvalley to Wenatchee 18,000 to 15,500 years ago. Receding ice dammed glacial Lake Columbia centuries more—till it burst about 15,000 years ago. After Glacier Peak ashfall about 13,600 years ago, smaller great flood(s) swept down the Columbia from glacial Lake Kootenay in British Columbia. The East Wenatchee cache of huge fluted Clovis points had been laid atop Pangborn bar after the Glacier Peak ashfall, then buried by loess. Clovis people came five and a half millennia after the early gigantic Missoula floods, two and a half millennia after the last small Missoula flood, and two millennia after the glacial Lake Columbia flood. People likely saw outburst flood(s) from glacial Lake Kootenay.

Keywords

Missoula floodsClovisMegafloodsColumbia valley
Type
Original Articles
Information
Quaternary Research , Volume 85 , Issue 3 , May 2016 , pp. 430 - 444
Copyright
University of Washington

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adovasio, J.M., Page, J.(2002). The First Americans"in Pursuit of Archaeology's Greatest Mystery. Modern Library (Randon House), New York.330 Google Scholar
Adovasio, J.M., Pedler, D.R.(2012). Meadowcroft rockshelter"retrospective 2012. "Pre-Clovis in the Americas" Conference Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC.1–14.November 2012Google Scholar
Aikens, C.M., Connolly, T.J., Jenkins, D.L.(2011). Oregon Archaeology.(Chap 3, "Columbia Plateau")Oregon State University Press, 149–209.Google Scholar
Allen, J.R.L. (1969). Current Ripples. North Holland Publishing Co, Amsterdam.433 Google Scholar
Archaeological Investigations Northwest, (2015). Archaeological Damage Assessment and Monitoring Summary for the Mill Creek North Mitigation Site for the SR 502 Corridor Widening Project, Clark County, Washington.Report 3360 (for Washington State Department of Transportation, Vancouver, Wash.)49 Google Scholar
Atwater, B.F. (1986). Pleistocene Glacial-lake Deposits of the Sanpoil River Valley, Northeastern Washington.U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1661, 39 pp. and 3 platesGoogle Scholar
Atwater, B.F. (1987). Status of glacial lake Columbia during the last floods from glacial lake Missoula. Quaternary Research 27, 182–201.Google Scholar
Baker, V.R. (1973). Paleohydrology and sedimentology of Lake Missoula flooding in eastern Washington. Geological Society of America Special Paper 144, 79 Google Scholar
Baker, V.R., Bunker, R.C.(1985). Cataclysmic late Pleistocene flooding from glacial Lake Missoula"a review. Quaternary Science Reviews 4, 1–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, C., Jones, G.T., Jenkins, D.L., Skinner, C.E., Thacher, J.J.(2004). Fluted of basally thinned?"Reexamination of a lanceolate point from the Connley Caves in the Fort Rock basin. Early and Middle Holocene Archaeology of the Northern Great Basin University of Oregon Anthropologic Papers 62, Eugene.281–294.Google Scholar
Bedwell, S.E. (1973). Fort Rock Basin"prehistory and Environment. University of Oregon Books, Eugene.Google Scholar
Benito, G., O'Connor, J.E.('Connor, 2003). Number and size of last-glacial Missoula floods in the Columbia River valley between the Pasco Basin, Washington, and Portland, Oregon. Geological Society of America Bulletin 115, 624–638.Google Scholar
Booth, D.B., Troost, K.G., Clague, J.J., Waitt, R.B.(2004). The Cordilleran ice sheet.Gillespie, A.R., Porter, S.C., Atwater, B.F. The Quaternary Period in the United States. Elsevier, Amsterdam.17–43.Google Scholar
Bretz, J.H. (1923). The channeled scabland of the Columbia plateau. Journal of Geology 31, 617–649.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bretz, J.H. (1924). The Dalles type of river channel. Journal of Geology 32, 139–149.Google Scholar
Bretz, J.H. (1925). The Spokane flood beyond the channeled scablands. Journal of Geology 33, 97"115 236–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bretz, J.H. (1928). Bars of channeled scabland. Geological Society of America Bulletin 39, 643–702.Google Scholar
Bretz, J.H. (1930). Valley deposits immediately west of the Channeled Scabland. Journal of Geology 38, 385–422.Google Scholar
Bretz, J.H. (1959). Washington's channeled scabland. Washington division of mines and geology. Bulletin 45, Google Scholar
Bretz, J.H., Smith, H.T.U., Neff, G.E.(1956). Channeled Scabland of Washington"new data and interpretations. Geological Society of America Bulletin 67, 957–1049.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, C. (2009). Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon 51, 1 337–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cannon, M.D., Meltzer, D.J.(2004). Early paleoindian foraging"examining the faunal evidence for large mammal specialization and regional variability in prey choice. Quaternary Science Reviews 23, 155–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carling, P.A., Kirkbride, A.D., Parnachow, S., Borodavko, P.S., Berger, G.W.(2002). Late Quaternary Catastrophic Flooding in the Altai Mountains of South-Central Siberia"a Synoptic Overview and an Introduction to Flood Deposit Sedimentology. International Association of Sedimentologists, 17–35.Special Publication 32Google Scholar
Clague, J.J. (1980). Late Quaternary Geology and Geochronology of British Columbia"Part 1, Radiocarbon Dates.Geological Survey of Canada Paper 80"13Google Scholar
Clague, J.J. (1981). Late Quaternary Geology and Geochronology of British Columbia"Part 2, Summary and Discussion of Radiocarbon-dated Quaternary History.Geological Survey of Canada Paper 80"35CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clague, J.J., Barendregt, R., Enkin, R.J., Foit jr., F.F.(2003). Paleomagnetic and tephra evidence for tens of Missoula floods in southern Washington. Geology 31, 247–250.Google Scholar
Clynne, M.A., Calvert, A.T., Wolfe, E.W., Evarts, R.C., Fleck, R.J., Lanphere, M.A.(2008). The Pleistocene eruptive history of Mount St. Helens, Washington, from 300,000 to 12,800 years before present.Sherrod, D.R., Scott, W.C., Stauffer, P.H. A Volcano Rekindled"the Renewed Eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004"2006 593–627.U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750Google Scholar
Cressman, L.S. (1960). Cultural sequences at the Dalles, Oregon"a contribution to Pacific Northwest prehistory. Transactions American Philosophical Society 50, 10 1–108.Google Scholar
Cressman, L.S. (1977). Prehistory of the Far West"homes of Vanished Peoples. University of Utah Press, Google Scholar
Denlinger, R.P., O'Connell, D.R.H.('Connell, 2010). Simulations of cataclysmic outburst flood from Pleistocene glacial Lake Missoula. Geological Society of America Bulletin 122, 678–689.Google Scholar
Dillehay, T.D., Ram"rez, C., Pino, M., Collins, M.B., Rossen, J., Pino-Navarro, J.D.(2008). Monte Verde"Seaweed, food, medicine, and peopling of South America. Science 320, 784–786.Google Scholar
Dincauze, D. (1984). An archaeo-logical evaluation of the case for pre-Clovis occupations. Advances in World Archeology 3, 275–323.Google Scholar
Douglas, R.J.W. (1970). Geological map of Canada. Geology and Economic Minerals of CanadaGeological Survey of Canada, Economic Report 1, Map 1250AGoogle Scholar
Erlandson, J.M., Braje, T.J., Graham, M.H.(2008). How old is MVII?"seaweeds, shorelines, and pre-Clovis chronology oat Monte Verde, Chile. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 3, 277–281.Google Scholar
Fiedel, S.J. (2006). Points in time"establishing a precise hemispheric chronology for Paleoindian migrations.Morrow, J.E., Gnecco, C. Paleoindian Archaeology. University of Florida Press, 21–43.Google Scholar
Flint, R.F. (1935). Glacial features of the southern Okanogan region. Geological Society of America Bulletin 46, 169–194.Google Scholar
Flint, R.F. (1937). Pleistocene drift border in eastern Washington. Geological Society of America Bulletin 48, 203–232.Google Scholar
Foit jr., F.F., Mehringer jr., P.J., Sheppard, J.C.(1993). Age, distribution, and stratigraphy of Glacier Peak tephra in eastern Washington and western Montana, United States. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30, 535–552.Google Scholar
Fulton, R.J. (1971). Radiocarbon Geochronology of Southern British Columbia.Geological Survey of Canada Paper 71"37Google Scholar
Fulton, R.J., Achard, R.A.(1985). Quaternary Sediments, Columbia River Valley, Revelstoke to the Rocky Mountain Trench, British Columbia.14Geological Survey of Canada Paper 84-13Google Scholar
Fulton, R.J., Warner, B.G., Kubiw, H.J., Achard, R.A.(1989). Geology and paleoecology of early Holocene lacustrine deposits in the Columbia River valley near Fauquier, southern British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Science 26, 257–265.Google Scholar
Gilbert, M.T.P., Jenkins, D.L., G"therstrom, A., Naveran, N., Sanchez, J.J., Hofreiter, M., Thomsen, P.F., Binladen, J., Higham, T.F.G., Yohe II, R.M., Parr, R., Cummings, L.S., Willerslev, E.(2008). DNA from pre-Clovis human coprolites in Oregon, North America. Science 320, 786–789.Google Scholar
Gilmour, D.M., Butler, V.L., O'Connor, J.E., Davis, E.B., Culleton, B.J., Kennett, D.J., Hodgins, G.(2015). Chronology and ecology of late Pleistocene megafauna in the northern Willamette Valley, Oregon. Quaternary Research 83, 127–136.Google Scholar
Gramly, R.M. (1991). Blood residues upon tools from the East Wenatchee Clovis site, Douglas County, Washington. Ohio Archeologist 41, 4 4–9.Google Scholar
Gramly, R.M. (1993a). )The Richey Clovis Cache"earliest Americans along the Columbia River. Persimmon Press, Buffalo, N.Y.70 Google Scholar
Gramly, R.M. (1993b). )Narrative for Color Slide Set of the 1990 Excavations and Artifacts of the East Wenatchee Clovis Site. Persimmon Press, Douglas Co., Washington. Buffalo, N.Y.Google Scholar
Gramly, R.M. (1996). The East Wenatchee Clovis site (Richey-Roberts site)"summary of findings and current status. Current Research in the Pleistocene 13, 19–21.Google Scholar
Grayson, D.K. (2016). Giant Sloths and Sabertooth Cats"extinct Mammals and the Archaeology of the Ice Age Great Basin. University of Utah Press, 447 Google Scholar
Grayson, D.K., Meltzer, D.J.(2015). Revisiting paleoindian exploitation of extinct North American mammals. Journal of Archaeological Science 36, 177–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gresens, R.L. (1983). Geology of the Wenatchee and Monitor quadrangles, Chelan and Douglas Counties, Washington. Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Bulletin 75, 753 map platesGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, M.J., Buchanan, B.(2007). Spatial gradients on Clovis-age radiocarbon dates across North America suggest rapid colonization from the north. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) 104, 15625–15630.Google Scholar
Hanson, L.G. (1970). The Origin and Deformation of Moses Coulee and Other Scabland Features on the Waterville Plateau.(Ph.D. thesis)University of Washington, Washington.137 Google Scholar
Haynes jr., C.V. (1964). Fluted projectile points"their age and dispersion. Science 145, 1408–1413.Google Scholar
Haynes jr., C.V. (1966). Elephant-hunting in North America. Scientific American 214, 104–112.Google Scholar
Haynes jr., C.V. (1987). Clovis origin update. The Kiva 52, 2 83–93.Google Scholar
Haynes jr., C.V. (2005). Clovis, pre-Clovis, climate change, and extinction.Bonnichsen, R., Lepper, B.T., Stanford, D., Waters, M.R. Paleoindian Origins"beyond Clovis. Center for the Study of the First Americans. Texas A&M University, 113–132.Google Scholar
Haynes jr., C.V. (2008). Younger Dryas "black mats" and the Rancholabrean termination in north America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) 105, 6520–6575.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hunn, E.S. (1999). What ever happened to the first peoples of the Columbia.Lang, W.L., Carriker, R.C. Great River of the West. University of Washington Press, Seattle.18–34.Google Scholar
Hunnting, M.T., Bennett, W.A.G., Livingston jr., V.E., Moen, W.S., (compilers), (1961). Geologic Map of Washington (1:500,000 Scale). Washington Division of Mines and Geology, Google Scholar
Jenkins, D.L., Davis, L.G., Stafford jr., T.W., Campos, P.F., Hockett, B., Jones, G.T., Cummings, L.S., Yost, C., Connolly, T.J., Yohe II, R.M., Gibbons, S.C., Raghavan, M., Rasmussen, M., Paijmans, J.L.A., Hofreiter, M., Kemp, B.M., Barta, J.L., Monroe, C., Gilbert, M.T.P., Willerslev, E.(2012). Clovis age western stemmed projectile points and human coprolites at the Paisley Caves. Science 337, 223–228.Google Scholar
Kenady, S.M., Wilson, M.C., Schalk, R.F., Mierendorf, R.R.(2011). Late Pleistocene butchered Bison antiquus from Ayer pond, Orcas island, Pacific Northwest"age confirmation and taphonomy. Quaternary International 233, 130–141.Google Scholar
Kilby, J.D., Huckell, B.B.(2014). Clovis caches"current perspectives and future directions.Graf, K.E., Ketron, C.V., Waters, M.R. Paleoamerican Odyssey. Texas A & M University Press, College Station.257–272.Google Scholar
Kirk, R., Daugherty, R.D.(2007). Archaeology in Washington. University of Washington Press, Seattle.158 Google Scholar
Kuehn, S.C., Froese, D.G., Carrara, P.E., Foit, F.F., Pearce, N.J.G., Rotheisler, P.(2009). The latest Pleistocene Glacier Peak tephra set revisited"major- and trace-element characterization, distribution, and a new chronology in western North America. Quaternary Research 71, 201–216.Google Scholar
Lewis, R.S., Burmester, R.F., Breckenridge, R.M., Box, S.E., McFadden, M.O.(2006). Geologic Map of the Sandpoint Quadrangle, Bonner County, Idaho.Idaho Geological Survey Digital Web Map 76 (scale, 1:24,000)Google Scholar
Lillquist, K., Lundblad, S., Barton, B.R.(2005). The Moxee (Washington) mammoth" morphostratigraphic, taphonomic, and taxonomic considerations. Western North American Naturalist 65, 417–428.Google Scholar
Lyman, R.L., O'Brien, M.J., Hayes, V.(1998). A mechanical function of bone rods from the Richey-Roberts Clovis cache, Washington, U.S.A. Journal of Archaeological Science 25, 887–906.Google Scholar
Martin, P.S. (1973). The discovery of North America. Science 179, 969–974.Google Scholar
Martin, P.S. (1987). Clovisia the beautiful!. Natural History 96, 10–13.Google Scholar
Meatte, D. (2012). A closer look at Clovis burials and Clovis caches. Journal of Northwest Archaeology, Memoir 7, 97–116.Google Scholar
Meatte, D. (2013). A Use-wear Analysis of Clovis-age Beveled Bone Rods from East Wenatchee Site, 45DO482, East Wenatchee, Douglas County, Washington. PaleoOdessey Conference, Santa Fe, N.M.Abstract and PosterGoogle Scholar
Mehringer jr., P.J. (1988). Clovis cache found"weapons of ancient Americans. National Geographic 174, 500–503.Google Scholar
Mehringer, P.J., Jr.(1989a). Of apples and archaeology.: Universe, (Washington State University.) 1 (2, ) 2"8.Google Scholar
Mehringer jr., P.J. (1989b). )Age of the Clovis Cache at East Wenatchee, Washington.60Report to Washington State Department of Archaeological and Historic Preservation, NADB: 1332866Google Scholar
Mehringer jr ., P.J., Arno, S.F., Peterson, K.K.(1977). Postglacial history of lost trail bog, Bitterroot Mountains, Montana. Arctic and Alpine Research 9, 345–368.Google Scholar
Mehringer jr., P.J., Sheppard, J.C., Foit, F.F.(1984). The age of Glacier Peak tephra in west-central Montana. Quaternary Research 21, 36–41.Google Scholar
Mehringer, P., Foit, F.F.(1990). Volcanic ash dating of the Clovis cache at East Wenatchee, Washington. National Geographic Research 6, 495–503.Google Scholar
Meltzer, D.J. (1989). Why don't we know when the first people came to North America?. American Antiquity 54, 471–490.Google Scholar
Meltzer, D.J. (2009). First Peoples in a New World"colonizing Ice Age America. University of California Press, Berkeley.446 Google Scholar
Morrow, J.E., Fiedel, S.J., Johnson, D.J., Kornfeld, M., Rutledge, M., Wood, W.R.(2012). Pre-Clovis in Texas? A critical assessment of the "buttermilk creek complex". Journal of Archaeological Science 39, 3677–3682.Google Scholar
Mullineaux, D.R., Wilcox, R.E., Ebaugh, W.F., Fryxell, R., Meyer, R.(1978). Age of the last major scabland flood of the Columbia Plateau in eastern Washington. Quaternary Research 10, 171–180.Google Scholar
O'Connor, J.E. ('Connor, 1993). )Hydrology, Hydraulics, and Geomorphology of the Bonneville Flood.83Geological Society of America Spacial Paper 274Google Scholar
O'Connor, J.E., Benito, G.('Connor and Benito, 2009). Late Pleistocene Missoula floods"15,000"20,000 calendar years before present from radiocarbon dating. Geological Society of America, 2009 Annual Meeting and Exposition 169Abstract 55-7Google Scholar
Oviatt, C.G. (2015). Chronology of Lake Bonneville, 30,000 to 10,000 B.P. Quaternary Science Reviews 110, 166–171.Google Scholar
Page, B.M. (1939). Multiple alpine glaciation in the Leavenworth area, Washington. Journal of Geology 47, 785–815.Google Scholar
Pardee, J.T. (1942). Unusual currents in glacial lake Missoula, Montana. Geological Society of America Bulletin 53, 1569–1599.Google Scholar
Peters, J.L. (2012). Late Pleistocene Evolution of Glacial Lake Purcell"a Potential Floodwater Source to the Channeled Scabland.(M.S. thesis)Simon Fraser University, 288 Google Scholar
Pettijohn, F.J., Potter, P.E., Siever, R.(1972). Sand and Sandstone. Springer-Verlag, New York.618 Google Scholar
Porter, S.C. (1969). Pleistocene geology of the East-central Cascade range, Washington. Guidebook for Third Pacific Coast Friends of the Pleistocene Field Conference 54(privately printed)Google Scholar
Reimer, P.J., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J.W., Blackwell, P.G., Bronk Ramsey, C., Buck, C.E., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., Friedrich, M., Grootes, P.M., Guilderson, T.P., Haflidason, H., Hajdas, I., Hatt", C., Heaton, T.J., Hoffmann, D.L., Hogg, A.G., Hughen, K.A., Kaiser, K.F., Kromer, B., Manning, S.W., Niu, M., Reimer, R.W., Richards, D.A., Scott, E.M., Southon, J.R., Staff, R.A., Turney, C.S.M., van der Plicht, J.(2013). IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0"50,000 Years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55, 4 1869–1887.Google Scholar
Shaw, J., Munro-Stasiuk, M., Sawyer, B., Beaney, C., Lesemann, J.-E., Musacchio, A., Rains, B., Young, R.R.(1999). The channeled scabland: back to Bretz?. Geology 27, 605–608.Google Scholar
Stoffel, K.L., Joseph, N.L., Waggoner, S.Z., Gulick, C.W., Korosec, M.A., Bunning, B.B.(1991). Geologic Map of Washington"Northeast Quadrant.Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources, Geologic Map GM-39, scale 1:250,000Google Scholar
Struckenrath, R., Adavasio, J.M., Carlisle, R.C.(1982). The stratigraphy, cultural features, and chronology at Meadowcroft rockshelter, Washington County, southwestern Pennsylvania.Carlisle, R.C., Adavasio, J.M. Collected Papers on the Archaeology of Meadowcroft Rockshelter and the Cross Creek Drainage. Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, 69–90.Google Scholar
Tabor, R.W., Waitt, R.B., Frizzell jr., V.A., Swanson, D.A., Byerly, G.R., Bentley, R.D.(1982). Geologic Map of the Wenatchee 1:100,000 Quadrangle, Central Washington.U.S. Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Geological Investigations Map I-1311Google Scholar
Tabor, R.W., Frizzell jr., V.A., Whetten, J.T., Waitt, R.B., Swanson, D.A., Byerly, G.R., Booth, D.B., Heatherington, M.J., Zartman, R.E.(1987). Geologic Map of the Chelan 30-minute by 60-minute Quadrangle, Washington.U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Geological Investigations Map I-1661Google Scholar
Waitt, R.B. (1977). Guidebook to Quaternary Geology of the Columbia, Wenatchee, Peshastin, and Upper Yakima Valleys, West-central Washington.25U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77"753Google Scholar
Waitt, R.B. (1980). About forty last-glacial Lake Missoula j"kulhlaups through southern Washington. Journal of Geology 88, 653–679.Google Scholar
Waitt, R.B. (1982). Surficial geology.Tabor, R.W. Geologic Map of the Wenatchee 1:100,000 Quadrangle, Central WashingtonU.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Map I"1311Google Scholar
Waitt, R.B. (1984). Periodic j"kulhlaups from Pleistocene glacial Lake Missoula"new evidence from varved sediment in northern Idaho and Washington. Quaternary Research 22, 46–58.Google Scholar
Waitt, R.B. (1985). Case for periodic, colossal j"kulhlaups from Pleistocene glacial Lake Missoula. Geological Society of America Bulletin 96, 1271–1286.Google Scholar
Waitt, R.B. (1987). Erosional landscape and surficial deposits.Tabor, R.W. Geologic Map of the Chelan 30-minute by 60-minute Quadrangle, WashingtonU.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Map I-1661 (scale 1:100,000)Google Scholar
Waitt, R.B. (1994). Scores of gigantic, successively smaller lake Missoula floods through channeled scabland and Columbia valley. Geologic Field Trips in the Pacific Northwest. Seattle Department of Geological Sciences, University of Washington, 88v. 1, Chapter 1KGoogle Scholar
Waitt, R.B. (2002). Great Holocene floods along J"kuls" " Fj"llum, north Iceland.Martini, I.P., Baker, V.R., Garz"n, G. Flood and Megaflood Processes and Deposits" Recent and Ancient Examples 37–52.International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publication 32Google Scholar
Waitt, R.B. (2009). Routes to Wenatchee of Columbia valley megafloods from glacial lake Missoula and other sources. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs 41, 5 33Abst. 14-4Google Scholar
Waitt, R.B., Denlinger, R.,P., O'Connor, J.E.(2009). Many monstrous Missoula floods down channeled scabland and Columbia valley. Geological Society of America Field Guide 15, 775–844.Google Scholar
Waitt, R.B., Breckenridge, R.M., Kiver, E.P., Stradling, D.F.(2016). Late Wisconsin Cordilleran icesheet and colossal floods in northeast Washington and north Idaho.Cheney, E.S. The Geology of Washington and Beyond"from Laurentia to Cascadia. University of Washington Press, 233–256.Google Scholar
Waldorf, D.C. (1991). The Richey Cache"some observations. Chips 3, 1 4–7.Google Scholar
Waldorf, Valerie (1992). East Wenatchee Clovis Site, WA"fluted Points from the Primary Feature"1987, 1988, & 1990 Excavations. Persimmon Press, Buffalo, N.Y..[poster pen-and-ink drawings of 14 large points]Google Scholar
Washington State Historical Society, (2007). East Wenatchee Clovis Collection.Online Digital Collections http://digitum.washingtonhistory.orgGoogle Scholar
Waters, A.C. (1933). Terraces and coulees along the Columbia River near lake Chelan, Washington. Geological Society of America Bulletin 44, 783–820.Google Scholar
Waters, M.R., Stafford jr., T.W.(2007). Redefining the age of Clovis"implications for the peopling of the Americas. Science 315, 1122–1126.Google Scholar
Waters, M.R., Stafford jr., T.W., McDonald, H.G., Gustafson, C., Rasmussen, M., Cappellini, E., Olsen, J.V., Szklarczyk, D., Jensen, L.J., Gilbert, M.T.P., Willerslev, E.(2011). Pre-Clovis mastodon hunting 13,800 years ago at the Manis site, Washington. Science 334, 351–353.Google Scholar
Waters, M.R., Stafford jr., T.W.(2014). The first Americans"a review of the evidence for the late-Pleistocene peopling of the Americas.Graf, K.E., Ketron, C.V., Waters, M.R. Paleoamerican Odyssey. Texas A&M University Press, College Station.541–560.Google Scholar
Zuffa, G.G., Normark, W.R., Serra, F., Brunner, C.A.(2000). Turbidite megabeds in an oceanic rift valley recording j"kulhlaups of late Pleistocene glacial lakes of western United States. Journal of Geology 108, 253–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar