Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T05:24:19.972Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Holocene climatic and environmental change on the western Tibetan Plateau revealed by glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers and leaf wax deuterium-to-hydrogen ratios at Aweng Co

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 May 2017

Xiumei Li ,
Mingda Wang ,
Yuzhi Zhang ,
Li Lei  and
Juzhi Hou
Xiumei Li
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Mingda Wang
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
Yuzhi Zhang
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of West China’s Environmental System (Ministry of Education), Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
Li Lei
Affiliation:
School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
Juzhi Hou*
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
*
*Corresponding author at: Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China. E-mail address: [email protected] (J. Hou).
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Mean annual air temperature (MAAT) and precipitation isotope records for the Holocene were obtained from the analysis of the relative distribution of branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers and compound-specific hydrogen isotope ratios of leaf waxes from a sediment core from Aweng Co on the western Tibetan Plateau (WTP). Our results indicate that the Indian monsoon mainly influenced Aweng Co during the Holocene. During the early Holocene, when summer insolation was at a maximum, the monsoonal influence was strong and the climate was warm and wet. Both the summer and winter insolation were relatively weak, and Aweng Co was cool and dry during the middle Holocene (6–3 ka), indicating a weakening of the Indian monsoon. The southward displacement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and relatively low atmospheric methane content may have contributed to the middle Holocene cooling on the WTP. During the late Holocene, with a further increase in winter insolation and decrease in summer insolation, the summer monsoon weakened and the MAAT on the WTP gradually increased. Depleted leaf wax hydrogen isotope ratios during the late Holocene can be attributed to accelerated glacier melting because of the elevated MAAT.

Keywords

Tibetan PlateauAweng CoHoloceneIndian summer monsoonGDGTsSedimentary leaf waxes
Type
Research Article
Information
Quaternary Research , Volume 87 , Issue 3 , May 2017 , pp. 455 - 467
Copyright
Copyright © University of Washington. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Aichner, B., Feakins, S.J., Lee, J.E., Herzschuh, U., Liu, X., 2015. High-resolution leaf wax carbon and hydrogen isotopic record of the late Holocene paleoclimate in arid Central Asia. Climate of the Past 11, 619–633.Google Scholar
An, Z., Colman, S.M., Zhou, W., Li, X., Brown, E.T., Jull, A.J., Cai, Y., et al., 2012. Interplay between the Westerlies and Asian monsoon recorded in Lake Qinghai sediments since 32 ka. Scientific Reports 2, 619.Google Scholar
Bird, B.W., Polisar, P.J., Lei, Y., Thompson, L.G., Yao, T., Finney, B.P., Bain, D.J., Pompeani, D.P., Steinman, B.A., 2014. A Tibetan lake sediment record of Holocene Indian summer monsoon variability. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 399, 92–102.Google Scholar
Blaauw, M., Christen, J.A., 2011. Flexible paleoclimate age-depth models using an autoregressive gamma process. Bayesian Analysis 6, 457–474.Google Scholar
Blaga, C.I., Reichart, G.-J., Heiri, O., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., 2009. Tetraether membrane lipid distributions in water-column particulate matter and sediments: a study of 47 European lakes along a north–south transect. Journal of Paleolimnology 41, 523–540.Google Scholar
Blaga, C.I., Reichart, G.-J., Schouten, S., Lotter, A.F., Werne, J.P., Kosten, S., Mazzeo, N., Lacerot, G., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., 2010. Branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers in lake sediments: can they be used as temperature and pH proxies? Organic Geochemistry 41, 1225–1234.Google Scholar
Bradley, R.S., Keimig, F.T., Diaz, H.F., 2004. Projected temperature changes along the American cordillera and the planned GCOS network. Geophysical Research Letters 31, L16210.Google Scholar
Bradley, R.S., Vuille, M., Diaz, H.F., Vergara, W., 2006. Threats to water supplies in the tropical Andes. Science 312, 1755–1756.Google Scholar
Chiang, J.C.H., Fung, I.Y., Wu, C.H., Cai, Y., Edman, J.P., Liu, Y., Day, J.A., Bhattacharya, T., Mondal, Y., Labrousse, C.A., 2015. Role of seasonal transitions and westerly jets in East Asian paleoclimate. Quaternary Science Reviews 108, 111–129.Google Scholar
De Jonge, C., Hopmans, E.C., Zell, C.I., Kim, J.-H., Schouten, S., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., 2014. Occurrence and abundance of 6-methyl branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers in soils: implications for palaeoclimate reconstruction. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 141, 97–112.Google Scholar
Delmotte, M., Chappellaz, J., Brook, E., Yiou, P., Barnola, J.M., Goujon, C., Raynaud, D., Lipenkov, V.I., 2004. Atmospheric methane during the last four glacial-interglacial cycles: rapid changes and their link with Antarctic temperature. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 109, D12104.Google Scholar
de Vernal, A., Hillaire-Marcel, C., Rochon, A., Fréchette, B., Henry, M., Solignac, S., Bonnet, S., 2013. Dinocyst-based reconstructions of sea ice cover concentration during the Holocene in the Arctic Ocean, the northern North Atlantic Ocean and its adjacent seas. Quaternary Science Reviews 79, 111–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dykoski, C., Edwards, R., Cheng, H., Yuan, D., Cai, Y., Zhang, M., Lin, Y., Qing, J., An, Z., Revenaugh, J., 2005. A high-resolution, absolute-dated Holocene and deglacial Asian monsoon record from Dongge Cave, China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 233, 71–86.Google Scholar
Fleitmann, D., Burns, S.J., Mangini, A., Mudelsee, M., Kramers, J., Villa, I., Neff, U., et al., 2007. Holocene ITCZ and Indian monsoon dynamics recorded in stalagmites from Oman and Yemen (Socotra). Quaternary Science Reviews 26, 170–188.Google Scholar
Fleitmann, D., Burns, S.J., Mudelsee, M., Neff, U., Kramers, J., Mangini, A., Matter, A., 2003. Holocene forcing of the Indian monsoon recorded in a stalagmite from southern Oman. Science 300, 1737–1739.Google Scholar
Foster, L.C., Pearson, E.J., Juggins, S., Hodgson, D.A., Saunders, K.M., Verleyen, E., Roberts, S.J., 2016. Development of a regional glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT)–temperature calibration for Antarctic and sub-Antarctic lakes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 433, 370–379.Google Scholar
Gao, J., Masson-Delmotte, V., Yao, T., Tian, L., Risi, C., Hoffmann, G., 2011. Precipitation water stable isotopes in the south Tibetan Plateau: observations and modeling. Journal of Climate 24, 3161–3178.Google Scholar
Garcin, Y., Schwab, V.F., Gleixner, G., Kahmen, A., Todou, G., Séné, O., Onana, J.-M., Achoundong, G., Sachse, D., 2012. Hydrogen isotope ratios of lacustrine sedimentary n-alkanes as proxies of tropical African hydrology: insights from a calibration transect across Cameroon. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 79, 106–126.Google Scholar
Guenther, F., Aichner, B., Siegwolf, R., Xu, B., Yao, T., Gleixner, G., 2013. A synthesis of hydrogen isotope variability and its hydrological significance at the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Quaternary International 313–314, 3–16.Google Scholar
Günther, F., Thiele, A., Gleixner, G., Xu, B., Yao, T., Schouten, S., 2014. Distribution of bacterial and archaeal ether lipids in soils and surface sediments of Tibetan lakes: implications for GDGT-based proxies in saline high mountain lakes. Organic Geochemistry 67, 19–30.Google Scholar
Hou, J., D’Andrea, W.J., Huang, Y., 2008. Can sedimentary leaf waxes record D/H ratios of continental precipitation? Field, model, and experimental assessments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 72, 3503–3517.Google Scholar
Hou, J., D’Andrea, W.J., Liu, Z., 2012. The influence of 14C reservoir age on interpretation of paleolimnological records from the Tibetan Plateau. Quaternary Science Reviews 48, 67–79.Google Scholar
Hou, J., D’Andrea, W.J., MacDonald, D., Huang, Y., 2007. Hydrogen isotopic variability in leaf waxes among terrestrial and aquatic plants around Blood Pond, Massachusetts (USA). Organic Geochemistry 38, 977–984.Google Scholar
Hou, J., Huang, Y., Zhao, J., Liu, Z., Colman, S., An, Z., 2016. Large Holocene summer temperature oscillations and impact on the peopling of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Geophysical Research Letters 43, 1323–1330.Google Scholar
Huang, Y., Shuman, B., Wang, Y., Webb, T., 2002. Hydrogen isotope ratios of palmitic acid in lacustrine sediments record late Quaternary climate variations. Geology 30, 1103–1106.Google Scholar
Huang, Y., Shuman, B., Wang, Y., Webb, T., 2004. Hydrogen isotope ratios of individual lipids in lake sediments as novel tracers of climatic and environmental change: a surface sediment test. Journal of Paleolimnology 31, 363–375.Google Scholar
Huguet, C., Kim, J.H., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Schouten, S., 2006. Reconstruction of sea surface temperature variations in the Arabian Sea over the last 23 kyr using organic proxies (TEX86 and U37 K7). Paleoceanography 21, PA3003.Google Scholar
Immerzeel, W., 2008. Historical trends and future predictions of climate variability in the Brahmaputra basin. International Journal of Climatology 28, 243–254.Google Scholar
Immerzeel, W.W., Beek, L.P.H., Van, , Bierkens, M.F.P., 2010. Climate change will affect the Asian water towers. Science 328, 1382–1385.Google Scholar
Jiang, D., Lang, X., Tian, Z., Wang, T., 2012. Considerable model–data mismatch in temperature over China during the mid-Holocene: results of PMIP simulations. Journal of Climate 25, 4135–4153.Google Scholar
Kana, N., Ryuji, T., Shin, T., 2013. Westerly jet-East Asian summer monsoon connection during the Holocene. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 14, 5041–5053.Google Scholar
Laskar, J., Robutel, P., Joutel, F., Gastineau, M., Correia, A., Levrard, B., 2004. A long-term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth. Astronomy & Astrophysics 428, 261–285.Google Scholar
Li, X., Liang, J., Hou, J., Zhang, W., 2015. Centennial-scale climate variability during the past 2000 years on the central Tibetan Plateau. Holocene 25, 892–899.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, W., Wang, H., Zhang, C.L., Liu, Z., He, Y., 2013. Distribution of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether lipids along an altitudinal transect on Mt. Xiangpi, NE Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. Organic Geochemistry 57, 76–83.Google Scholar
Liu, X., Cheng, Z., Yan, L., Yin, Z.Y., 2009. Elevation dependency of recent and future minimum surface air temperature trends in the Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings. Global & Planetary Change 68, 164–174.Google Scholar
Liu, Z., Zhu, J., Rosenthal, Y., Zhang, X., Otto-Bliesner, B.L., Timmermann, A., Smith, R.S., Lohmann, G., Zheng, W., Timm, O.E., 2014. The Holocene temperature conundrum. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111, E3501–E3505.Google Scholar
Loomis, S.E., Russell, J.M., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., 2011. Distributions of branched GDGTs in soils and lake sediments from western Uganda: implications for a lacustrine paleothermometer. Organic Geochemistry 42, 739–751.Google Scholar
Lorenz, S.J., Kim, J.H., Rimbu, N., Schneider, R.R., Lohmann, G., 2006. Orbitally driven insolation forcing on Holocene climate trends. Paleoceanography 21, PA1002.Google Scholar
Loulergue, L., Schilt, A., Spahni, R., Masson-Delmotte, V., Blunier, T., Lemieux, B., Barnola, J.M., Raynaud, D., Stocker, T.F., Chappellaz, J., 2008. Orbital and millennial-scale features of atmospheric CH4 over the past 800,000 years. Nature 453, 383–386.Google Scholar
Morrill, C., Overpeck, J.T., Cole, J.E., Liu, K.-b., Shen, C., Tang, L., 2006. Holocene variations in the Asian monsoon inferred from the geochemistry of lake sediments in central Tibet. Quaternary Research 65, 232–243.Google Scholar
Nagashima, K., Tada, R., Tani, A., Sun, Y., Isozaki, Y., Toyoda, S., Hasegawa, H., 2011. Millennial-scale oscillations of the westerly jet path during the last glacial period. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 40, 1214–1220.Google Scholar
Pearson, E.J., Juggins, S., Talbot, H.M., Weckström, J., Rosén, P., Ryves, D.B., Roberts, S.J., Schmidt, R., 2011. A lacustrine GDGT-temperature calibration from the Scandinavian Arctic to Antarctic: renewed potential for the application of GDGT-paleothermometry in lakes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 75, 6225–6238.Google Scholar
Peterse, F., van der Meer, J., Schouten, S., Weijers, J.W., Fierer, N., Jackson, R.B., Kim, J.-H., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., 2012. Revised calibration of the MBT–CBT paleotemperature proxy based on branched tetraether membrane lipids in surface soils. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 96, 215–229.Google Scholar
Peterson, L.C., Haug, G.H., Hughen, K.A., Röhl, U., 2000. Rapid changes in the hydrologic cycle of the tropical Atlantic during the last glacial. Science 290, 1947–1951.Google Scholar
Powers, L., Werne, J.P., Vanderwoude, A.J., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Hopmans, E.C., Schouten, S., 2010. Applicability and calibration of the TEX86 paleothermometer in lakes. Organic Geochemistry 41, 404–413.Google Scholar
Powers, L.A., Johnson, T.C., Werne, J.P., Castañeda, I.S., Hopmans, E.C., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Schouten, S., 2005. Large temperature variability in the southern African tropics since the Last Glacial Maximum. Geophysical Research Letters 32, L08706.Google Scholar
Renssen, H., Goosse, H., Fifchefet, T., 2005. Contrasting trends in North Atlantic deep-water formation in the Labrador Sea and Nordic Seas during the Holocene. Geophysical Research Letters 32, L08711.Google Scholar
Renssen, H., Goosse, H., Muscheler, R., 2006. Coupled climate model simulation of Holocene cooling events: oceanic feedback amplifies solar forcing. Climate of the Past 2, 79–90.Google Scholar
Ruddiman, W.F., 2000. Earth’s Climate: Past and Future. W.H. Freeman, New York.Google Scholar
Sachse, D., Billault, I., Bowen, G.J., Chikaraishi, Y., Dawson, T.E., Feakins, S.J., Freeman, K.H., et al., 2012. Molecular paleohydrology: interpreting the hydrogen-isotopic composition of lipid biomarkers from photosynthesizing organisms. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 40, 221–249.Google Scholar
Sachse, D., Radke, J., Gleixner, G., 2006. δD values of individual n-alkanes from terrestrial plants along a climatic gradient – implications for the sedimentary biomarker record. Organic Geochemistry 37, 469–483.Google Scholar
Schiemann, R., Lüthi, D., Schär, C., 2009. Seasonality and interannual variability of the westerly jet in the Tibetan Plateau region. Journal of Climate 22, 2940–2957.Google Scholar
Schouten, S., Baas, M., Hopmans, E.C., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., 2008. An unusual isoprenoid tetraether lipid in marine and lacustrine sediments. Organic Geochemistry 39, 1033–1038.Google Scholar
Schouten, S., Hopmans, E.C., Forster, A., van Breugel, Y., Kuypers, M.M., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., 2003. Extremely high sea-surface temperatures at low latitudes during the middle Cretaceous as revealed by archaeal membrane lipids. Geology 31, 1069–1072.Google Scholar
Shi, Y., Sun, H., Liu, Y., Hou, J., Zhu, L., Chu, H., 2014. Vertical distribution of bacterial community in sediments of freshwater lake Puma Yumco and saline lake AWongco on the Tibetan Plateau. Microbiology China 41, 2379–2387.Google Scholar
Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Ossebaar, J., Abbas, B., Schouten, S., Verschuren, D., 2009. Fluxes and distribution of tetraether lipids in an equatorial African lake: constraints on the application of the TEX86 palaeothermometer and BIT index in lacustrine settings. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 73, 4232–4249.Google Scholar
Sun, Q., Chu, G., Liu, M., Xie, M., Li, S., Ling, Y., Wang, X., Shi, L., Jia, G., Lü, H., 2011. Distributions and temperature dependence of branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers in recent lacustrine sediments from China and Nepal. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 116, G01008.Google Scholar
Thomas, E.K., Huang, Y., Clemens, S.C., Colman, S.M., Morrill, C., Wegener, P., Zhao, J., 2016. Changes in dominant moisture sources and the consequences for hydroclimate on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau during the past 32 kyr. Quaternary Science Reviews 131, 157–167.Google Scholar
Thompson, L.G., Yao, T., Davis, M., Henderson, K., Mosley-Thompson, E., Lin, P.-N., Beer, J., Synal, H.-A., Cole-Dai, J., Bolzan, J., 1997. Tropical climate instability: the last glacial cycle from a Qinghai-Tibetan ice core. Science 276, 1821–1825.Google Scholar
Tian, L., Yao, T., MacClune, K., White, J.W.C., Schilla, A., Vaughn, B., Vachon, R., Ichiyanagi, K., 2007. Stable isotopic variations in west China: a consideration of moisture sources. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 112, D10112.Google Scholar
Tian, L., Yao, T., White, J.W.C., Yu, W., Wang, N., 2005. Westerly moisture transport to the middle of Himalayas revealed from the high deuterium excess. Chinese Science Bulletin 50, 1026–1030.Google Scholar
Tierney, J.E., Russell, J.M., 2009. Distributions of branched GDGTs in a tropical lake system: implications for lacustrine application of the MBT/CBT paleoproxy. Organic Geochemistry 40, 1032–1036.Google Scholar
Tierney, J.E., Russell, J.M., Eggermont, H., Hopmans, E., Verschuren, D., Damsté, J.S., 2010. Environmental controls on branched tetraether lipid distributions in tropical East African lake sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 74, 4902–4918.Google Scholar
Tierney, J.E., Russell, J.M., Huang, Y., Damste, J.S., Hopmans, E.C., Cohen, A.S., 2008. Northern Hemisphere controls on tropical southeast African climate during the past 60,000 years. Science 322, 252–255.Google Scholar
Voronina, E., Polyak, L., Vernal, A.D., Peyron, O., 2001. Holocene variations of sea-surface conditions in the southeastern Barents Sea, reconstructed from dinoflagellate cyst assemblages. Journal of Quaternary Science 16, 717–726.Google Scholar
Walter, B.P., Heimann, M., 2000. A process-based, climate-sensitive model to derive methane emissions from natural wetlands: application to five wetland sites, sensitivity to model parameters, and climate. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 14, 745–765.Google Scholar
Wang, H., Hong, Y., Zhu, Y., Hong, B., Lin, Q., Xu, H., Leng, X., Mao, X., 2004. Humification degrees of peat in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and palaeoclimate change. Chinese Science Bulletin 49, 514–519.Google Scholar
Wang, H., Liu, W., Zhang, C.L., Wang, Z., Wang, J., Liu, Z., Dong, H., 2012. Distribution of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers in surface sediments of Lake Qinghai and surrounding soil. Organic Geochemistry 47, 78–87.Google Scholar
Wang, S., Dou, H., 1998. China Lake Records. Science Press, Beijing.Google Scholar
Wang, Z., Liu, Z., Zhang, F., Fu, M., An, Z., 2015. A new approach for reconstructing Holocene temperatures from a multi-species long chain alkenone record from Lake Qinghai on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Organic Geochemistry 88, 50–58.Google Scholar
Weijers, J.W.H., Bernhardt, B., Peterse, F., Werne, J.P., Dungait, J.A.J., Schouten, S., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., 2011. Absence of seasonal patterns in MBT–CBT indices in mid-latitude soils. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 75, 3179–3190.Google Scholar
Weijers, J.W.H., Blaga, C.I., Werne, J.P., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., 2009. Microbial membrane lipids in lake sediments as a paleothermometer. PAGES news 17, 102–104.Google Scholar
Weijers, J.W.H., Schefuß, E., Schouten, S., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., 2007a. Coupled thermal and hydrological evolution of tropical Africa over the last deglaciation. Science 315, 1701–1704.Google Scholar
Weijers, J.W.H, Schouten, S., Hopmans, E.C., Geenevasen, J.A., David, O.R., Coleman, J.M., Pancost, R.D., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., 2006. Membrane lipids of mesophilic anaerobic bacteria thriving in peats have typical archaeal traits. Environmental Microbiology 8, 648–657.Google Scholar
Weijers, J.W.H., Schouten, S., Sluijs, A., Brinkhuis, H., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., 2007b. Warm arctic continents during the Palaeocene–Eocene thermal maximum. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 261, 230–238.Google Scholar
Weijers, J.W.H., Schouten, S., van den Donker, J.C., Hopmans, E.C., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., 2007c. Environmental controls on bacterial tetraether membrane lipid distribution in soils. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 71, 703–713.Google Scholar
Weijers, J.W.H., Wiesenberg, G.L.B., Bol, R., Hopmans, E.C., Pancost, R.D., 2010. Carbon isotopic composition of branched tetraether membrane lipids in soils suggest a rapid turnover and a heterotrophic life style of their source organism(s). Biogeosciences 7, 2959–2973.Google Scholar
Wu, Y., Lücke, A., Jin, Z., Wang, S., Schleser, G.H., Battarbee, R.W., Xia, W., 2006. Holocene climate development on the central Tibetan Plateau: a sedimentary record from Cuoe Lake. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 234, 328–340.Google Scholar
Wünnemann, B., Demske, D., Tarasov, P., Kotlia, B.S., Reinhardt, C., Bloemendal, J., Diekmann, B., Hartmann, K., Krois, J., Riedel, F., 2010. Hydrological evolution during the last 15kyr in the Tso Kar lake basin (Ladakh, India), derived from geomorphological, sedimentological and palynological records. Quaternary Science Reviews 29, 1138–1155.Google Scholar
Yan, D., Wünnemann, B., 2014. Late Quaternary water depth changes in Hala Lake, northeastern Tibetan Plateau, derived from ostracod assemblages and sediment properties in multiple sediment records. Quaternary Science Reviews 95, 95–114.Google Scholar
Yang, H., Lu, X., Ding, W., Lei, Y., Dang, X., Xie, S., 2015. The 6-methyl branched tetraethers significantly affect the performance of the methylation index (MBT′), in soils from an altitudinal transect at Mount Shennongjia. Organic Geochemistry 82, 42–53.Google Scholar
Yao, T., Masson-Delmotte, V., Gao, J., Yu, W., Yang, X., Risi, C., Sturm, C., et al., 2013. A review of climatic controls on δ18O in precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau: observations and simulations. Reviews of Geophysics 51, 525–548.Google Scholar
Yao, T., Thompson, L., Yang, W., Yu, W., Gao, Y., Guo, X., Yang, X., Duan, K., Zhao, H., Xu, B., 2012. Different glacier status with atmospheric circulations in Tibetan Plateau and surroundings. Nature Climate Change 2, 663–667.Google Scholar
Yu, X., Zhou, W., Franzen, L.G., Xian, F., Cheng, P., Jull, A.T., 2006. High-resolution peat records for Holocene monsoon history in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Science in China Series D 49, 615–621.Google Scholar
Zhou, S., Wang, Z., Joswiak, D.R., 2014a. From precipitation to runoff: stable isotopic fractionation effect of glacier melting on a catchment scale. Hydrological Processes 28, 3341–3349.Google Scholar
Zhou, W., Cheng, P., Jull, A.J.T., Lu, X., An, Z., Wang, H., Zhu, Y., Wu, Z., 2014b. 14C chronostratigraphy for Qinghai Lake in China. Radiocarbon 56, 143–155.Google Scholar
Zink, K.-G., Vandergoes, M.J., Mangelsdorf, K., Dieffenbacher-Krall, A.C., Schwark, L., 2010. Application of bacterial glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) to develop modern and past temperature estimates from New Zealand lakes. Organic Geochemistry 41, 1060–1066.Google Scholar