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The environmental impact of a pre-Columbian city based on geochemical insights from lake sediment cores recovered near Cahokia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 December 2018

David P. Pompeani Open the ORCID record for David P. Pompeani [Opens in a new window] ,
Aubrey L. Hillman ,
Matthew S. Finkenbinder ,
Daniel J. Bain ,
Alexander Correa-Metrio ,
Katherine M. Pompeani  and
Mark B. Abbott
David P. Pompeani*
Affiliation:
Geology and Environmental Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA Department of Geography, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
Aubrey L. Hillman
Affiliation:
Geology and Environmental Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA School of Geosciences, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana 70504, USA
Matthew S. Finkenbinder
Affiliation:
Geology and Environmental Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania 18766, USA
Daniel J. Bain
Affiliation:
Geology and Environmental Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
Alexander Correa-Metrio
Affiliation:
Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 02376, México
Katherine M. Pompeani
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
Mark B. Abbott
Affiliation:
Geology and Environmental Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
*
*Corresponding author at: Department of Geography, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA. E-mail address: [email protected] (D.P. Pompeani).
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Abstract

Cahokia is the largest documented urban settlement in the pre-Columbian United States. Archaeological evidence suggests that the city, located near what is now East St. Louis, Illinois, began to rapidly expand starting around AD 1050. At its height, Cahokia extended across 1000 ha and included large plazas, timber palisade walls, and hundreds of monumental earthen mounds. Following several centuries of occupation, the city experienced a period of gradual abandonment from about AD 1200 to 1400. Here, we present geochemical data from a 1500-year-old sediment core from nearby Horseshoe Lake that records watershed impacts associated with the growth and decline of Cahokia. Sedimentary analysis shows a distinctive 24-cm-thick, gray, fine-grained layer formed between AD 1150 and 1220 and characterized by low carbonate δ13C, elevated sorbed metal concentrations, and higher organic matter δ15N. The deposition of this layer is contemporaneous with archaeological evidence of increased agricultural activity, earthen mound construction, and higher populations surrounding the lake. We hypothesize that these human impacts increased soil erosion, producing new sediment sources from deeper soil horizons, and shifted dissolved transport to the lake, producing lower carbonate δ13C values, higher concentrations of lead, copper, potassium, and aluminum, and increased δ15N, likely due to contributions of enriched nitrogen from sewage.

Keywords

AnthropocenePaleolimnologyArchaeologyCahokia
Type
Research Article
Information
Quaternary Research , Volume 91 , Issue 2 , March 2019 , pp. 714 - 728
Copyright
Copyright © University of Washington. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2018 

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