Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-vdxz6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T18:02:57.811Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Vegetation over the last glacial maximum at Girraween Lagoon, monsoonal northern Australia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 July 2020

Cassandra Rowe Open the ORCID record for Cassandra Rowe [Opens in a new window] ,
Christopher M. Wurster Open the ORCID record for Christopher M. Wurster [Opens in a new window] ,
Costijn Zwart Open the ORCID record for Costijn Zwart [Opens in a new window] ,
Michael Brand ,
Lindsay B. Hutley Open the ORCID record for Lindsay B. Hutley [Opens in a new window] ,
Vladimir Levchenko Open the ORCID record for Vladimir Levchenko [Opens in a new window]  and
Michael I. Bird Open the ORCID record for Michael I. Bird [Opens in a new window]
Cassandra Rowe*
Affiliation:
College of Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence of Australian Biodiversity and Heritage and Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD4870, Australia
Christopher M. Wurster
Affiliation:
College of Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence of Australian Biodiversity and Heritage and Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD4870, Australia
Costijn Zwart
Affiliation:
College of Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence of Australian Biodiversity and Heritage and Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD4870, Australia
Michael Brand
Affiliation:
College of Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence of Australian Biodiversity and Heritage and Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD4870, Australia
Lindsay B. Hutley
Affiliation:
Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory0909, Australia
Vladimir Levchenko
Affiliation:
Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC NSW2232, Australia
Michael I. Bird
Affiliation:
College of Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence of Australian Biodiversity and Heritage and Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD4870, Australia
*
*Corresponding author at: [email protected] (C. Rowe)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Northern Australia is a region where limited information exists on environments at the last glacial maximum (LGM). Girraween Lagoon is located on the central northern coast of Australia and is a site representative of regional tropical savanna woodlands. Girraween Lagoon remained a perennial waterbody throughout the LGM, and as a result retains a complete proxy record of last-glacial climate, vegetation and fire. This study combines independent palynological and geochemical analyses to demonstrate a dramatic reduction in both tree cover and woody richness, and an expansion of grassland, relative to current vegetation at the site. The process of tree decline was primarily controlled by the cool-dry glacial climate and CO2 effects, though more localised site characteristics restricted wetland-associated vegetation. Fire processes played less of a role in determining vegetation than during the Holocene and modern day, with reduced fire activity consistent with significantly lower biomass available to burn. Girraween Lagoon's unique and detailed palaeoecological record provides the opportunity to explore and assess modelling studies of vegetation distribution during the LGM, particularly where a number of different global vegetation and/or climate simulations are inconsistent for northern Australia, and at a range of resolutions.

Keywords

Tropical savannaGrasslandTree coverPollenCharcoalCarbon isotopeModelMonsoonLast Glacial MaximumNorthern Australia
Type
Thematic Set: Southern Hemisphere Last Glacial Maximum (SHeMax)
Information
Quaternary Research , Volume 102 , July 2021 , pp. 39 - 52
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © University of Washington. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Alder, J.R., Hostetler, S.W., 2015. Global climate simulations at 3000-year intervals for the last 21000 years with the GENMOM coupled atmosphere-ocean model. Climate of the Past 11, 449–471.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ascough, P.L., Bird, M.I., Brock, F., Higham, T.F.G., Meredith, W., Snape, C.E., Vane, C.H., 2009. Hydropyrolysis as a new tool for radiocarbon pre-treatment and the quantification of black carbon. Quaternary Geochronology 4, 140–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartlein, P.J., Harrison, S.P., Brewer, S., Connor, S., Davis, B.A.S., Gajewski, K., Guiot, J., Harrison-Prentice, T.I., Henderson, A., Peyron, O. and Prentice, I.C., 2011. Pollen-based continental climate reconstructions at 6 and 21 ka: a global synthesis. Climate Dynamics, 37, 775–802.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beringer, J., Hutley, L.B., Hacker, J.M., Neininger, B. 2011. Patterns and processes of carbon, water and energy cycles across northern Australian landscapes: from point to region. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 151, 1409–1416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bird, M.I., Brand, M., Diefendorf, A.F., Haig, J.L., Hutley, L.B., Levchenko, V., Ridd, P.V., et al. ., 2019. Identifying the ‘savanna’ signature in lacustrine sediments in northern Australia. Quaternary Science Reviews 203, 233–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bird, M.I., Levchenko, V., Ascough, P.L., Meredith, W., Wurster, C.M., Williams, A., Tilston, E.L., Snape, C.E. and Apperley, D.C., 2014. The efficiency of charcoal decontamination for radiocarbon dating by three pre-treatments–ABOX, ABA and hypy. Quaternary Geochronology, 22, 25–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blaauw, M., and Christen, J.A., 2011. Flexible paleoclimate age-depth models using an autoregressive gamma process. Bayesian analysis 6, 457–474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blonder, B., Enquist, B.J., Graae, B.J., Kattge, J., Maitner, B.S., Morueta-Holme, N., Ordonez, A., et al. ., 2018. Late Quaternary climate legacies in contemporary plant functional composition. Global Change Biology 24, 4827–4840.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boland, D.J., Brooker, M.I.H., Chippendale, G.M., Hall, N., Hyland, B.P.M., Johnston, R.D., Kleinig, D.A., McDonald, M.W., Turner, J.D. 2006. Forest trees of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bornette, G., Puijalon, S., 2011. Response of aquatic plants to abiotic factors: a review. Aquatic Sciences 73, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brock, J., 1995. Remnant Vegetation Survey Darwin to Palmerston Region. A Report to Greening Australia, Darwin, Northern Territory.Google Scholar
Brock, J., 2001. Native plants of northern Australia. Reed New Holland, Sydney.Google Scholar
Bureau of Meteorology (BoM), 2019. Weather and Climate Data. Commonwealth of Australia. http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/data/ (Accessed August 2019).Google Scholar
Burns, T., 1999. Subsistence and settlement patterns in the Darwin coastal region during the late Holocene: a preliminary report of archaeological research. Australian Aboriginal Studies 1, 59–69.Google Scholar
Calvo, M.M.and Prentice, I.C., 2015. Effects of fire and CO 2 on biogeography and primary production in glacial and modern climates. New Phytologist 208, 987–994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charles, S., Petheram, C., Berthet, A., Browning, G., Hodgson, G., Wheeler, M., Yang, A., et al. , 2016. Climate data and their characterisation for hydrological and agricultural scenario modelling across the Fitzroy, Darwin and Mitchell catchments: a technical report to the Australian Government from the CSIRO Northern Australia Water Resource Assessment, part of the National Water Infrastructure Development Fund: Water Resource Assessments. CSIRO, Australia.Google Scholar
Chen, W., Zhu, D., Ciais, P., Huang, C., Viovy, N., Kageyama, M., 2019. Response of vegetation cover to CO2 and climate changes between last glacial maximum and pre-industrial period in a dynamic global vegetation model. Quaternary Science Reviews 218, 293–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, P.U., Dyke, A.S., Shakun, J.D., Carlson, A.E., Clark, J., Wohlfarth, B., Mitrovica, J.X., Hostetler, S.W. and McCabe, A.M., 2009. The last glacial maximum. Science, 325, 710–714.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Claussen, M., Selent, K., Brovkin, V., Raddatz, T., Gayler, V., 2013. Impact of CO2 and climate on last glacial maximum vegetation—a factor separation. Biogeosciences 10, 3593–3604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cleator, S., Harrison, S.P., Nichols, N., Prentice, I.C., Roulstone, I., 2019. A new multi-variable benchmark for last glacial maximum climate simulations. University of Reading. Dataset. DOI, 10 (1947.206).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, G.D., 1994. The fate of nutrients during fires in a tropical savanna. Australian Journal of Ecology 19, 359–365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, G.D., Heerdegen, R.G., 2001. Spatial variation in the duration of the rainy season in monsoonal Australia. International Journal of Climatology: A Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 21, 1723–1732.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, G.D., Williams, R.J., Hutley, L.B., O'Grady, A.P. and Liedloff, A.C., 2002. Variation in vegetative water use in the savannas of the North Australian Tropical Transect. Journal of Vegetation Science 13, 413–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dallmeyer, A., Claussen, M., Brovkin, V., 2019. Harmonising plant functional type distributions for evaluating earth system models. Climate of the Past 15, 335–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denniston, R.F., Asmerom, Y., Polyak, V.J., Wanamaker, A.D. Jr, Ummenhofer, C.C., Humphreys, W.F., Cugley, J., Woods, D., Lucker, S., 2017. Decoupling of monsoon activity across the northern and southern Indo-Pacific during the late glacial. Quaternary Science Reviews 176, 101–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fensham, R.J., Fairfax, R.J., Holman, J.E., 2002. Response of a rare herb (Trioncinia retroflexa) from semi-arid tropical grassland to occasional fire and grazing. Austral Ecology 27, 284–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitzsimmons, K.E., Miller, G.H., Spooner, N.A., Magee, J.W., 2012. Aridity in the monsoon zone as indicated by desert dune formation in the Gregory Lakes basin, northwestern Australia. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 59, 469–478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ganopolski, A., Rahmstorf, S., Petoukhov, V., Claussen, M., 1998. Simulation of modern and glacial climates with a coupled global model of intermediate complexity. Nature 391, 351–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gavashelishvili, A., Tarkhnishvili, D., 2016. Biomes and human distribution during the last ice age. Global Ecology and Biogeography 25, 563–574.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grimm, E.C., 1987. CONISS: a FORTRAN 77 program for stratigraphically constrained cluster analysis by the method of incremental sum of squares. Computers and Geosciences 13, 13–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grimm, E.C., 2004. Tilia graph v. 2.0.2. Illinois State Museum, Research and Collections Center.Google Scholar
Grubb, P.J., Metcalfe, D.J., 1996. Adaptation and inertia in the Australian tropical lowland rain-forest flora: contradictory trends in intergeneric and intrageneric comparisons of seed size in relation to light demand. Functional Ecology 10, 512–520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haberle, S.G., 2005. A 23,000-yr pollen record from Lake Euramoo, wet tropics of NE Queensland, Australia. Quaternary Research 64, 343–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, S.P., Bartlein, P.J., Izumi, K., Li, G., Annan, J., Hargreaves, J., Braconnot, P., Kageyama, M., 2015. Evaluation of CMIP5 palaeo-simulations to improve climate projections. Nature Climate Change, 5, 735–743.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, S.P., Prentice, C.I., 2003. Climate and CO2 controls on global vegetation distribution at the last glacial maximum: analysis based on palaeovegetation data, biome modelling and palaeoclimate simulations. Global Change Biology 9, 983–1004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogg, A.G., Hua, Q., Blackwell, P.G., Niu, M., Buck, C.E., Guilderson, T.P., Heaton, T.J., Palmer, J.G., Reimer, P.J., Reimer, R.W. and Turney, C.S., 2013. SHCal13 Southern Hemisphere calibration, 0–50,000 year cal BP. Radiocarbon 55, 1889–1903.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopcroft, P.O., Valdes, P.J., 2015. How well do simulated last glacial maximum tropical temperatures constrain equilibrium climate sensitivity? Geophysical Research Letters 42, 5533–5539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
House, J.I., Archer, S., Breshears, D.D., Scholes, R.J., 2003. Conundrums in mixed woody–herbaceous plant systems. Journal of Biogeography 30, 1763–1777.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutley, L.B., Beringer, J., Isaac, P.R., Hacker, J.M., Cernusak, L.A., 2011. A sub-continental scale living laboratory: spatial patterns of savanna vegetation over a rainfall gradient in northern Australia. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 151, 1417–1428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutley, L.B., Evans, B.J., Beringer, J., Cook, G.D., Maier, S.W., Razon, E., 2013. Impacts of an extreme cyclone event on landscape-scale savanna fire, productivity and greenhouse gas emissions. Environmental Research Letters 8, 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hyland, B.P.M., Whiffin, T., and Zich, F.A., 2010. Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants. CSIRO Plant Industry and Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, Canberra.Google Scholar
Ishiwa, T., Yokoyama, Y., Okuno, J.I., Obrochta, S., Uehara, K., Ikehara, M., Miyairi, Y., 2019. A sea-level plateau preceding the Marine Isotope Stage 2 minima revealed by Australian sediments. Scientific Reports 9, 6449.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jiang, D., Tian, Z., Lang, X., Kageyama, M., Ramstein, G., 2015. The concept of global monsoon applied to the last glacial maximum: a multi-model analysis. Quaternary Science Reviews 126, 126–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, S., Jiang, D., Lang, X., 2018. A multi-model analysis of moisture changes during the last glacial maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews 191, 363–377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lu, Z., Miller, P.A., Zhang, Q., Wårlind, D., Nieradzik, L., Sjolte, J., Li, Q., Smith, B., 2019. Vegetation pattern and terrestrial carbon variation in past warm and cold climates. Geophysical Research Letters 8133–8143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, A.G., Lynch, A.H., 2008. The sensitivity of the Australian summer monsoon to climate forcing during the late Quaternary. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 113(D11).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McBeath, A.V., Wurster, C.M., Bird, M.I., 2015. Influence of feedstock properties and pyrolysis conditions on biochar carbon stability as determined by hydrogen pyrolysis. Biomass and Bioenergy 73, 155–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McFarlane, M.J., Ringrose, S., Giusti, L., Shaw, P.A., 1995. The origin and age of karstic depressions in the Darwin-Koolpinyah area of the Northern Territory of Australia. In: Brown, (Ed.), Geomorphology and Groundwater. John Wiley and Sons Limited, Chichester, United Kingdom.Google Scholar
Meredith, W., Ascough, P.L., Bird, M.I., Large, D.J., Snape, C.E., Sun, Y., Tilston, E.L. 2012. Assessment of hydropyrolysis as a method for the quantification of black carbon using standard reference materials. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 97, 131–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, C.E., Beringer, J., Evans, B., Hutley, L.B., McHugh, I., Tapper, N.J., 2016. The contribution of trees and grasses to productivity of an Australian tropical savanna. Biogeosciences 13, 2387–2403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, P., 2005. Plants of inland Australia. Reed New Holland, Sydney.Google Scholar
Murphy, B.P., Liedloff, A.C., Cook, G.D., 2015. Does fire limit tree biomass in Australian savannas? International Journal of Wildland Fire 24, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nano, C.E., Clarke, P.J., 2011. How do drought and fire influence the patterns of resprouting in Australian deserts? Plant Ecology, 212, 2095–2110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peel, M.C., Finlayson, B.L., and McMahon, T.A., 2007. Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and earth system sciences discussions 4, 439–473.Google Scholar
Pickett, E.J., Harrison, S.P., Hope, G., Harle, K., Dodson, J.R., Peter Kershaw, A., Colin Prentice, I., et al. , 2004. Pollen-based reconstructions of biome distributions for Australia, Southeast Asia and the Pacific (SEAPAC region) at 0, 6000 and 18,000 14C yr BP. Journal of Biogeography 31, 1381–1444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prentice, I.C., Cleator, S.F., Huang, Y.H., Harrison, S.P. Roulstone, I., 2017. Reconstructing ice-age palaeoclimates: quantifying low-CO2 effects on plants. Global and Planetary Change 149, 166–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prentice, I.C., Cramer, W., Harrison, S.P., Leemans, R., Monserud, R.A., Solomon, A.M., 1992. Special paper: a global biome model based on plant physiology and dominance, soil properties and climate. Journal of Biogeography 19, 117–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prentice, I.C., Harrison, S.P., 2009. Ecosystem effects of CO2 concentration: evidence from past climates. Climate of the Past 5, 297–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prior, L.D., 1997. Ecological Physiology of Eucalyptus tetrodonta (F. Muell.) and Terminalia ferdinandiana (Excell.) Saplings in the Northern Territory. Unpublished PhD thesis. Charles Darwin University, Northern Territory, AustraliGoogle Scholar
Richards, A.E., Cook, G.D., Lynch, B.T., 2011. Optimal fire regimes for soil carbon storage in tropical savannas of northern Australia. Ecosystems 14, 503–518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowe, C., Brand, M., Hutley, L.B., Wurster, C., Zwart, C., Levchenko, V., Bird, M., 2019a. Holocene savanna dynamics in the seasonal tropics of northern Australia. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 267, 17–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowe, C., Brand, M., Hutley, L.B., Zwart, C., Wurster, C., Levchenko, V., Bird, M., 2019b. Understanding Australian tropical savanna: environmental history from a pollen perspective. Northern Territory Naturalist 29, 2–11.Google Scholar
Russell-Smith, J., Setterfield, S.A., 2006. Monsoon rain forest seedling dynamics, northern Australia: contrasts with regeneration in eucalypt-dominated savannas. Journal of Biogeography 33, 1597–1614.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell-Smith, J. and Yates, C.P., 2007. Australian savanna fire regimes: context, scales, patchiness. Fire ecology, 3, pp.48–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saiz, G., Wynn, J.G., Wurster, C.M., Goodrick, I., Nelson, P.N., Bird, M.I., 2015. Pyrogenic carbon from tropical savanna burning: production and stable isotope composition. Biogeosciences 12, 1849–1863.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santamaría, L., 2002. Why most aquatic plants are widely distributed: dispersal, clonal growth and small-scale heterogeneity in a stressful environment. Actaoecologica 23, 137–154.Google Scholar
Scheiter, S., Higgins, S.I., Beringer, J., Hutley, L.B., 2015. Climate change and long-term fire management impacts on Australian savannas. New Phytologist 205, 1211–1226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmitt, J., Schneider, R., Elsig, J., Leuenberger, D., Lourantou, A., Chappellaz, J., Kohler, P., et al. , 2012. Carbon isotope constraints on the deglacial CO2 rise from ice cores. Science 336, 711–714.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scholes, R.J., Archer, S.R., 1997. Tree-grass interactions in savannas. Annual Review of Ecological Systematics 28, 517–544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schult, J., 2004. An Inventory of the Freshwater Lagoons in the Darwin Region. Report No. 36/2004D, Water Monitoring Branch, Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Environment, Palmerston, Northern Territory.Google Scholar
Scott, K.A., Setterfield, S.A., Andersen, A.N., Douglas, M.M., 2009. Correlates of grass-species composition in a savanna woodland in northern Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 57, 10–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shakun, J.D., Carlson, A.E., 2010. A global perspective on last glacial maximum to Holocene climate change. Quaternary Science Reviews 29, 1801–1816.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Speck, N.H., Wright, R.L., Stewart, G.A., Fitzpatrick, E.A., Mabbutt, J.A., van de Graaf, R.H.M., 2010. General Report on Lands of the Tipperary Area, Northern Territory, 1961. CSIRO Land Research Surveys, 13, 1–118.Google Scholar
Stevenson, J., Brockwell, S., Rowe, C., Proske, U., Shiner, J., 2015. The palaeo-environmental history of Big Willum Swamp, Weipa: an environmental context for the archaeological record. Australian Archaeology 80, 17–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stuiver, M., and Polach, H.A., 1977. Reporting of C-14 data-Discussion. Radiocarbon 19, 355–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stuiver, M., and Reimer, P.J., 1993. Extended 14C data base and revised CALIB 3.0 14 C age calibration program. Radiocarbon 35, 215–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thornhill, A.H., Hope, G.S., Craven, L.A., Crisp, M.D., 2012. Pollen morphology of the Myrtaceae. Part 1: tribes Eucalypteae, Lophostemoneae, Syncarpieae, Xanthostemoneae and subfamily Psiloxyloideae. Australian Journal of Botany 60, 65–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vahdati, A.R., Weissmann, J.D., Timmermann, A., de León, M.S.P., Zollikofer, C.P., 2019. Drivers of late Pleistocene human survival and dispersal: an agent-based modeling and machine learning approach. Quaternary Science Reviews 221, 105867.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van der Kaars, W.A., 1991. Palynology of eastern Indonesian marine piston-cores: a late Quaternary vegetational and climatic record for Australasia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 85, 239–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, J.K., Tissue, D.T., Thomas, R.B., Strain, B.R., 2001. Comparative responses of model C3 and C4 plants to drought in low and elevated CO2. Global Change Biology 5, 857–867.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webb, L.J. and Tracey, J.G. 1994. The rainforests of northern Australia. In, Groves, R.H. (Ed.) Australian Vegetation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 87–130.Google Scholar
Weigelt, P., Steinbauer, M.J., Cabral, J.S., Kreft, H., 2016. Late Quaternary climate change shapes island biodiversity. Nature 532, 99–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wells, S., 2001. Saltwater people: Larrakia stories from around Darwin. Larrakia Nation Aboriginal Corporation, Darwin, Northern Territory.Google Scholar
Whitlock, C., Larsen, C., 2002. Charcoal as a fire proxy. In: Smol, J.P., Birks, H.J.B., Last, W., Bradley, R.S., Alverson, K. (Eds.) Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments. Springer Publishing, Netherlands, pp. 75–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, A.N., Ulm, S., Sapienza, T., Lewis, S., Turney, C.S., 2018. Sea-level change and demography during the last glacial termination and early Holocene across the Australian continent. Quaternary Science Reviews 182, 144–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wurster, C.M., Lloyd, J., Goodrick, I., Saiz, G., Bird, M.I., 2012. Quantifying the abundance and stable isotope composition of pyrogenic carbon using hydrogen pyrolysis. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 26, 2690–2696.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wurster, C.M., Saiz, G., Schneider, M.P.W., Schmidt, M.W.I., Bird, M.I., 2013. Quantifying pyrogenic carbon from thermosequences of wood and grass using hydrogen pyrolysis. Organic Geochemistry 62, 28–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yan, M., Wang, B., Liu, J., Zhu, A., Ning, L., Cao, J., 2018. Understanding the Australian monsoon change during the last glacial maximum with a multi-model ensemble. Climate of the Past 14, 2037–2052.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ye, J.S., Delgado-Baquerizo, M., Soliveres, S., Maestre, F.T., 2019. Multifunctionality debt in global drylands linked to past biome and climate. Global Change Biology 25, 2152–2161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yokoyama, Y., Hirabayashi, S., Goto, K., Okuno, J.I., Sproson, A.D., Haraguchi, T., Ratnayake, N. and Miyairi, Y., 2019. Holocene Indian Ocean sea level, Antarctic melting history and past Tsunami deposits inferred using sea level reconstructions from the Sri Lankan, Southeastern Indian and Maldivian coasts. Quaternary Science Reviews, 206, 150–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, D., Ciais, P., Chang, J., Krinner, G., Peng, S., Viovy, N., Peñuelas, J., Zimov, S., 2018. The large mean body size of mammalian herbivores explains the productivity paradox during the last glacial maximum. Nature Ecology and Evolution 2, 640–649.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed