Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T23:33:27.214Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Holocene eolian activation as a proxy for broad-scale landscape change on the Gila River Indian Community, Arizona

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

David K. Wright ,
Steven L. Forman ,
Michael R. Waters  and
John C. Ravesloot
David K. Wright*
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology and Art History, College of Humanities 14-201, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim-9dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-745, Republic of Korea Cultural Resource Management Program, Gila River Indian Community, P.O. Box 2140, Sacaton, AZ 85247, USA
Steven L. Forman
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
Michael R. Waters
Affiliation:
Center for the Study of the First Americans, Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA Department of Geography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
John C. Ravesloot
Affiliation:
William Self Associates, Inc., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
*
⁎Corresponding author at: Department of Archaeology and Art History, College of Humanities 14-201, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim-9dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-745, Republic of Korea. E-mail address:[email protected] (D.K. Wright), [email protected] (S.L. Forman)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Eolian sediments are common within the middle Gila River Valley, southern Arizona, and reflect variability in eolian and fluvial processes during the late Holocene. This study focuses on deciphering the stratigraphic record of eolian deposition and associated luminescence dating of quartz extracts by single aliquot regeneration (SAR) protocols. Stratigraphic assessment coupled with luminescence ages indicates that there are four broad eolian depositional events at ca. 3145 ± 220 yr, 1950–1360 yr, 800 ± 100 yr, and 690–315 yr. This nascent chronology, correlated with regional archeological evidence and paleoclimate proxy datasets, leads to two general conclusions: (1) loess deposits, transverse-dune formation and sand-sheet deposition in the late Holocene are probably linked to flow variability of the Gila River, though the last two events are concordant with regional megadroughts; and (2) the stability of eolian landforms since the 19th century reflects the lack of eolian sediment supply during a period of fluvial incision, resulting in Entisol formation on dunes. The prime catalyst of eolian activity during the late Holocene is inferred to be sediment supply, driven by climate periodicity and variable flow within the Gila River catchment.

Keywords

ArizonaGila RiverHoloceneeolian activationpaleoclimates
Type
Research Article
Information
Quaternary Research , Volume 76 , Issue 1 , July 2011 , pp. 10 - 21
Copyright
University of Washington

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aitken, M.J. An Introduction to Optical Dating: The Dating of Quaternary Sediments by the Use of Photon-stimulated Luminescence. (1998). Oxford University Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, R.S., and Haff, P.K. Simulation of eolian saltation. Science 241, (1988). 820–823.Google Scholar
Anderson, R.S., and Hallet, B. Sediment transport by wind: toward a general model. Geological Society of America Bulletin 97, (1986). 523–535.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrade, E.R. Jr., and Sellers, W.D. El Niño and its effect on precipitation in Arizona and western New Mexico. International Journal of Climatology 8, (1988). 403–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bacon, S.N., McDonald, E.V., Caldwell, T.G., and Dalldorf, G.K. Timing and distribution of allivial fan sedimentation in response to strengthening of Late Holocene ENSO variability in the Sonoran Desert, southwestern Arizona. Quaternary Research 73, (2010). 425–438.Google Scholar
Bagnold, R.A. The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes. (1941). Methuen & Co Ltd, London.Google Scholar
Bailey, S.D., Wintle, A.G., Duller, G.A.T., and Bristow, C.S. Sand deposition during the last millennium at Aberffraw, Anglesey, North Wales as determined by OSL dating of quartz. Quaternary Science Reviews 20, (2001). 701–704.Google Scholar
Ballarini, M., Wallinga, J., Murray, A.S., van Heteren, S., Oost, A.P., Bos, A.J.J., and van Ejik, C.W.E. Optical dating of young coastal dunes on a decadal time scale. Quaternary Science Reviews 22, (2003). 1011–1017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayman, J.M. The Hohokam of southwest North America. Journal of World Prehistory 15, (2001). 257–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benson, L., Petersen, K., and Stein, J. Anasazi (pre-Columbian Native-American) migrations during the middle-12th and late-13th centuries — were they drought induced?. Climatic Change 83, (2007). 187–213.Google Scholar
Bettis, E.A., Muhs, D.R., Roberts, H.M., and Wintle, A.G. Last glacial loess in the conterminous USA. Quaternary Science Reviews 22, (2003). 1907–1946.Google Scholar
Biondi, F., Gershunov, A., and Cayan, D.R. North Pacific decadal climate variability since 1661. Journal of Climate 14, (2001). 5–10.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bookhagen, B., Thiede, R.C., and Strecker, M.R. Abnormal monsoon years and their control on erosion and sediment flux in the high, arid northwest Himalaya. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 231, (2005). 131–146.Google Scholar
Bøtter-Jensen, L., Bulur, E., Duller, G.A.T., and Murray, A.S. Advances in luminescence instrument systems. Radiation Measurements 32, (2000). 523–528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bridge, J.S., and Lunt, I.A. Depositional models of braided rivers. Sambrook Smith, G.H., Best, J.L., Bristow, C.S., and Petts, G.E. Braided Rivers: Process, Deposits, Ecology and Management. (2006). Blackwell Publishing, Malden, Massachusetts. 11–50.Google Scholar
Butterfield, G.R. Transitional behaviour of saltation: wind tunnel observations of unsteady winds. Journal of Arid Environments 39, (1998). 377–394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Camp, P., (1986). Soil survey of the Gila River Indian Reservation, Arizona, parts of Maricopa and Pinal Counties. Manuscript on file at the Soil Conservation Service, Chandler, Arizona.Google Scholar
Cayan, D.R., Redmond, K.T., and Riddle, L.G. ENSO and hydrologic extremes in the western United States. Journal of Climate 12, (1999). 2881–2893.Google Scholar
Clarke, M.L., and Rendell, H.M. Climate change impacts on sand supply and the formation of desert sand dunes in the South-West U.S.A.. Journal of Arid Environments 39, (1998). 517–531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clemmensen, L.B., and Murray, A.S. The termination of the last major phase of aeolian sand movement, coastal dunefields, Denmark. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 31, (2006). 795–808.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Committee on the Scientific Bases of Colorado River Basin Water Management Colorado River Basin Water Management: Evaluating and Adjusting to Hydroclimatic Variability. (2007). The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Cook, E.R., Woodhouse, C.A., Eakin, C.M., Meko, D.M., and Stahle, D.W. Long-term aridity changes in the western United States. Science 306, (2004). 1015–1018.Google Scholar
Cook, E.R., Woodhouse, C.A., Eakin, C.M., Meko, D.M., and Stahle, D.W. North American summer PDSI reconstructions. IGBP pages/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2004–045. (2004). NOAA/NGDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Cook, E.R., Seager, R., Cane, M.A., and Stahle, D.W. North American drought: reconstructions, causes, and consequences. Earth Science Reviews 81, (2007). 93–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darling, J.A., Ravesloot, J.C., and Waters, M.R. Village drift and riverine settlement: modeling Akimel O'odham land use. American Anthropologist 106, (2004). 282–295.Google Scholar
Duller, G.A.T., Bøtter-Jensen, L., and Murray, A.S. Combining infrared and green-laser stimulation sources in single-grain luminescence measurements of feldspar and quartz. Radiation Measurements 37, (2003). 543–550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eiselt, J.S., Woodson, M.K., Touchin, J., and Davis, E. A cultural resources assessment of the Casa Blanca Management Area, Pima–Maricopa Irrigation Project (P-MIP), Gila River Indian Community, Arizona. P-MIP Report No. 8. (2002). Cultural Resource Management Program, Gila River Indian Community, Sacaton, Arizona.Google Scholar
Ely, L.L. Response of extreme floods in the southwestern United States to climatic variations in the Late Holocene. Geomorphology 19, (1997). 175–201.Google Scholar
Fain, J., Soumana, S., Montret, M., Miallier, D., Pilleyre, T., and Sanzelle, S. Luminescence and ESR dating-beta-dose attenuation for various grain shapes calculated by a Monte-Carlo method. Quaternary Science Reviews 18, (1999). 231–234.Google Scholar
Fearnehough, W., Fullen, M.A., Mitchell, D.J., Trueman, I.C., and Zhang, J. Aeolian deposition and its effect on soil and vegetation changes on stabilised desert dunes in northern China. Geomorphology 23, (1998). 171–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fish, S.K., and Fish, P.R. The Hohokam Millennium. (2008). School for Advanced Research Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Forman, S.L., and Pierson, J. Formation of linear and parabolic dunes on the eastern Snake River plain, Idaho in the nineteenth century. Geomorphology 56, (2003). 189–200.Google Scholar
Forman, S.L., Spaeth, M., Marín, L., Pierson, J., Gomez, J., Bunch, F., and Valdez, A. Episodic Late Holocene dune movements on the sand-sheet area, Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve, San Luis Valley, Colorado, USA. Quaternary Research 66, (2006). 97–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galbraith, R.F., Roberts, R.G., Laslett, G.M., Yoshida, H., and Olley, J.M. Optical dating of single and multiple grains of quartz from Jinmium Rock Shelter, northern Australia: part I, experimental design and statistical models. Archaeometry 41, (1999). 339–364.Google Scholar
Gomez, B. Bedload transport. Earth Science Reviews 31, (1991). 89–132.Google Scholar
Goodrich, G.B. Modulation of the winter ENSO Arizona climate signal by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Journal of the Arizona–Nevada Academy of Science 36, (2004). 88–94.Google Scholar
Goossens, D., and Offer, Z.Y. Aeolian dust erosion on different types of hills in a rocky desert: wind tunnel simulations and field measurements. Journal of Arid Environments 37, (1997). 209–229.Google Scholar
Graybill, D.A., Gregory, D.A., Funkhouser, G.S., and Nials, F. Long-term streamflow reconstructions, river channel morphology, and aboriginal irrigation systems along the Salt and Gila Rivers. Doyel, D.E., and Dean, J.S. Environmental Change and Human Adaptation in the Ancient American Southwest. (2006). University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. 69–123.Google Scholar
Gregory, D.A. The morphology of platform mounds and the structure of Classic Period Hohokam sites. Doyel, D.E. The Hohokam Village: Site Organization and Structure. (1987). Southwestern and Rocky Mountain Division, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Glenwood Springs, Colorado. 183–210.Google Scholar
Grissino-Mayer, H.D. A 2129-year reconstruction of precipitation for northwestern New Mexico, USA. Dean, J.S., Meko, D.M., and Swetnam, T.W. Tree Rings, Environment and Humanity: Proceedings of the International Conference, Tucson, AZ, May 17–21, 1994. (1996). Radiocarbon, Tucson, Arizona. 191–204.Google Scholar
Haury, E.W. The Hohokam: Desert Farmers and Craftsmen: Excavations at Snaketown, 1964–1965. (1976). University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Herweijer, C., Seager, R., Cook, E.R., and Emile-Geay, J. North American droughts of the last millenium from a gridded network of tree-ring data. Journal of Climate 20, (2007). 1353–1376.Google Scholar
Hesse, P.P., Magee, J.W., and van der Kaars, S. Late Quaternary climates of the Australian arid zone: a review. Quaternary International 118–119, (2004). 87–102.Google Scholar
Hirschboek, K. Hydroclimatology of Flow Events in the Gila River Basin, Central and Southern Arizona. (1985). Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Huckleberry, G.A. Late-Holocene Stream Dynamics on the Middle Gila River, Pinal County, Arizona. (1993). Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Huckleberry, G.A. Surficial Geology of the Santan Mountains Piedmont Area, Northern Pinal and Eastern Maricopa County Area, Arizona. (1994). Arizona Geological Survey, Tucson.Google Scholar
Huckleberry, G.A. Archaeological implications of Late Holocene channel changes on the middle Gila River, Arizona. Geoarchaeology 10, (1995). 159–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jain, S., Woodhouse, C.A., and Hoerling, M.P. Multidecadal streamflow regimes in the interior western United States: implications for the vulnerability of water resources. Geophysical Research Letters 29, (2002). 2036 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001GL014278Google Scholar
Kocurek, G., and Lancaster, N. Aeolian system sediment state: theory and Mojave Desert Kelso dune field example. Sedimentology 46, (1999). 505–515.Google Scholar
Kohfeld, K.E., and Harrison, S.P. Glacial–interglacial changes in dust deposition on the Chinese loess plateau. Quaternary Science Reviews 22, (2003). 1859–1878.Google Scholar
Lachniet, M.S., Burns, S.J., Piperno, D.R., Asmerom, Y., Polyak, V.J., Moy, C.M., and Christenson, K. A 1500-year El Niño/Southern Oscillation and rainfall history for the Isthmus of Panama from speleothem calcite. Journal of Geophysical Research, Atmospheres 109, (2004). D20117 Google Scholar
Lancaster, N. Response of eolian geomorphic systems to minor climate change: examples from the southern Californian deserts. Geomorphology 19, (1997). 333–347.Google Scholar
Lancaster, N., and Tchakerian, V.P. Late Quaternary eolian dynamics. Enzell, Y., Wells, S.G., and Lancaster, N. Paleoenvironments and Paleogydrology of the Mohave and Southern Great Basin Deserts, Boulder, Colorado. Special Paper No. 368. (2003). Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado. 231–249.Google Scholar
Mejdahl, V., and Christiansen, H.H. Procedures used for luminescence dating of sediments. Boreas 13, (1994). 403–406.Google Scholar
Moreno, A., Valero-Garcés, B.L., González-Sampériz, P., and Rico, M. Flood response to rainfall variability during the last 2000 years inferred from the Taravilla Lake record (central Iberian range, Spain). Journal of Paleolimnology 40, (2008). 943–961.Google Scholar
Moy, C.M., Seltzer, G.O., Rodbell, D.T., and Anderson, D.M. Variability of El Niño/Southern Oscillation activity at millennial timescales during the Holocene Epoch. Nature 420, (2002). 162–165.Google Scholar
Muhs, D.R., and Bettis, E.A. Quaternary loess–paleosol sequences as examples of climate driven-sedimentary extremes. Chan, M.A., and Archer, A.W. Extreme Depositional Environments: Mega End Members in Geologic Time. Geological Society of America Special Paper 370, (2003). 53–74. Boulder, Colorado Google Scholar
Muhs, D.R., Reynolds, R.L., Been, J., and Skipp, G. Eolian sand transport pathways in the southwestern United States: importance of the Colorado River and local sources. Quaternary International 104, (2003). 3–18.Google Scholar
Murray, A.S., and Clemmensen, L.B. Luminescence dating of Holocene aeolian sand movement, Thy, Denmark. Quaternary Science Reviews 20, (2001). 751–754.Google Scholar
Murray, A.S., and Wintle, A.G. The single aliquot regenerative dose protocol: potential for improvements in reliability. Radiation Measurements 37, (2003). 377–381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Climatic Data Center Climatic and Wind Data for the United States. Online resource accessed July 6, 2010. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/mpp/wind1996.pdf. (1998). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Asheville, North Carolina.Google Scholar
Ni, F., Cavazos, T., Hughes, M.K., Comrie, A.C., and Funkhouser, G. Cool-season precipitation in the southwestern USA since AD 1000: comparison of linear and nonlinear techniques for reconstruction. International Journal of Climatology 22, (2002). 1645–1662.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ni, F., Cavazos, T., Hughes, M.K., Comrie, A.C., and Funkhouser, G. Southwestern USA linear regression and neural network precipitation reconstructions. International Tree-Ring Data Bank. IGBP pages/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data contribution series #2002-080. (2002). NOAA/NGDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Palacios-Fest, M.R. Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of human activity in Central Arizona using shell chemistry of Hohokam canal ostracodes. Geoarchaeology 12, (1997). 211–226.3.0.CO;2-5>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmer, W.C. Meteorological drought. Research paper no. 45. (1965). Office of Climatology, U.S. Weather Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Porter, S.C. Chinese loess record of monsoon climate during the last glacial–interglacial cycle. Earth-Science Reviews 54, (2001). 115–128.Google Scholar
Prescott, J.R., and Hutton, J.T. Cosmic ray contributions to dose rates for luminescence and ESR dating: large depths and long-term time variations. Radiation Measurements 23, (1994). 497–500.Google Scholar
Pye, K. The nature, origin and accumulation of loess. Quaternary Science Reviews 14, (1995). 653–667.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pye, K., and Tsoar, H. Aeolian Sand and Sand Dunes. (1990). Unwin Hyman, Boston.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ravesloot, J.C., and Waters, M.R. Geoarchaeology and archaeological site patterning on the middle Gila River, Arizona. Journal of Field Archaeology 29, (2002–2004). 203–214.Google Scholar
Ravesloot, J.C., Woodson, M.K., and Boley, M.J. Results of testing and data recovery, SFPP, LP, East Line Expansion Project, Arizona portion. Cochise, Pima, Pinal, and Maricopa Counties, Arizona. WAS Technical Report No. 2007–04. (2007). William Self Associates, Inc, Tucson, Arizona.Google Scholar
Ravesloot, J.C., Darling, J.A., and Waters, M.R. Hohokam and Pima–Maricopa irrigation agriculturalists. Fisher, C.T., Hill, J.B., and Feinman, G.M. The Archaeology of Environmental Change: Socionatural Legacies of Degradation and Resilience. (2009). University of Arizona Press, Tucson. 232–245.Google Scholar
Reheis, M.C., Reynolds, R.L., Goldstein, H., Roberts, H.M., Yount, J.C., Axford, Y., Cummings, L.S., and Shearin, N. Late Quaternary eolian and alluvial response to paleoclimate, Canyonlands, southeastern Utah. Geological Society of America Bulletin 117, (2005). 1051–1069.Google Scholar
Sarre, R.D. Aeolian sand transport. Progress in Physical Geography 11, (1987). 157–182.Google Scholar
Sellars, W., and Hill, R.H. Arizona Climate. (1974). University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Shao, Y. Physics and Modeling of Wind Erosion. (2000). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.Google Scholar
Sheppard, P.R., Comrie, A.C., Packin, G.D., Angersbach, K., and Hughes, M.K. The climate of the US Southwest. Climate Research 21, (2002). 219–238.Google Scholar
Singhvi, A.K., Bluszcz, A., Bateman, M.D., and Rao, M.S. Luminescence dating of loess–palaeosol sequences and coversands: methodological aspects and palaeoclimatic implications. Earth Science Reviews 54, (2001). 193–211.Google Scholar
Smalley, I.J. The properties of glacial loess and the formation of loess deposits. Journal of Sedimentary Research 36, (1966). 669–676.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smalley, I. Making the material: the formation of silt sized primary mineral particles for loess deposits. Quaternary Science Reviews 14, (1995). 645–651.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smalley, I.J., and Vita-Finzi, C. The formation of fine particles in sandy deserts and the nature of 'desert' loess. Journal of Sedimentary Research 38, (1968). 766–774.Google Scholar
Smith, W. The effects of eastern North Pacific tropical cyclones on the southwestern United States. N.O.A.A. Technical Memorandum NWS WR-197. (1986). U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Stahle, D.W., Fye, F.K., Cook, E.R., and Griffin, R.D. Tree-ring reconstructed megadroughts over North America since AD 1300. Climatic Change 83, (2007). 133–149.Google Scholar
Stokes, S., Bailey, R.M., Fedoroff, N., and O'Marah, K.E. Optical dating of aeolian dynamism on the West African Sahelian margin. Geomorphology 59, (2004). 281–291.Google Scholar
Tchakerian, V.P., and Lancaster, N. Late Quaternary arid/humid cycles in the Mojave Desert and western Great Basin of North America. Quaternary Science Reviews 21, (2002). 799–810.Google Scholar
Tsoar, H., and Pye, K. Dust transport and the question of desert loess formation. Sedimentology 34, (1987). 139–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagner, J.D.M., Cole, J.E., Beck, J.W., Patchett, P.J., Henderson, G.M., and Barnett, H.R. Moisture variability in the southwestern United States linked to abrupt glacial climate change. Nature Geoscience (2010). 10.1038/NGEO1707 Google Scholar
Waters, M.R. Surficial geologic map of the Gila River Indian Community. P-MIP Technical Report No. 96-1. (1996). Cultural Resource Management Program, Gila River Indian Community, Sacaton, Arizona.Google Scholar
Waters, M.R., (1998). The effect of landscape and hydrologic variables on the prehistoric Salado: Geoarchaeological investigations in the Tonto Basin, Arizona. Geoarchaeology 13, 105–160.Google Scholar
Waters, M.R. Geoarchaeological reconnaissance and evaluation of the East Line Expansion Project, Gila River Indian Reservation, Arizona. WIlliam Self Associates, ASU Office of Cultural Resource Management, Gila River Indian Community Cultural Resource Management Program. Final Treatment Plan for Cultural Resources, SFPP East Line Expansion Project, Arizona Portion. (2005). William Self Associates, Inc, Tucson, Arizona.Google Scholar
Waters, M.R. Alluvial chronologies and archaeology of the Gila River drainage basin, Arizona. Geomorphology 101, (2008). 332–341.Google Scholar
Waters, M.R., and Ravesloot, J.C. Late Quaternary geology of the middle Gila River, Gila River Indian Reservation, Arizona. Quaternary Research 54, (2000). 49–57.Google Scholar
Waters, M.R., and Ravesloot, J.C. Landscape change and the cultural evolution of the Hohokam along the middle Gila River and other river valleys in South-Central Arizona. American Antiquity 66, (2001). 285–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waters, M.R., and Ravesloot, J.C. Disaster or catastrophe: human adaptation to high- and low-frequency landscape processes — a reply to Ensor, Ensor, and DeVries. American Antiquity 68, (2003). 400–405.Google Scholar
Williams, J.J., Butterfield, G.R., and Clark, D.G. Aerodynamic entrainment threshold: effects of boundary layer flow conditions. Sedimentology 41, (1993). 309–328.Google Scholar
Wilson, J.P., (1999). Peoples of the middle Gila: A documentary history of the Pimas and Maricopas, 1500s-1945. Unpublished ms. on file, Cultural Resource Management Program, Gila River Indian Community, Sacaton, Arizona.Google Scholar
Wintle, A.G., and Murray, A.S. A review of quartz Optically Stimulated Luminescence characteristics and their relevance in Single-Aliquot Regeneration dating protocols. Radiation Measurements 41, (2006). 369–391.Google Scholar
Wolfe, S.A., Huntley, D.J., David, P.P., Ollerhead, J., Sauchyn, D.J., and MacDonald, G.M. Late 18th century drought-induced sand dune activity, Great Sand Hills, Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 38, (2001). 105–117.Google Scholar
Woodhouse, C.A., Lukas, J.J., and Brown, P.M. Drought in the western Great Plains, 1845–56 — impacts and implications. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 83, (2002). 1485–1493.Google Scholar
Woodhouse, C.A., Kunkel, K.E., Easterling, D.R., and Cook, E.R. The twentieth-century pluvial in the western United States. Geophysical Research Letters 32, (2005). L07701 Google Scholar
Woodson, M.K., Ravesloot, J.C., Boley, M.J., and Forman, S.L. Chronology. Ravesloot, J.C., Woodson, M.K., and Boley, M.J. Testing and Data Recovery, SFPP, LP, East Line Expansion Project, Arizona portion: Cochise, Pima, Pinal, and Maricopa counties. WSA Technical Report No. 2007-04. (2007). William Self Associates, Inc, Tucson, Arizona. 10.11–10.29.Google Scholar
Wright, J.S. "Desert" loess versus "glacial" loess: quartz silt formation, source areas and sediment pathways in the formation of loess deposits. Geomorphology 36, (2001). 231–256.Google Scholar
Wright, D.K., and Forman, S.L. Geomorphological testing of eolian landforms, Gila River Indian Community, Arizona. P-MIP Tec Report 2008-05. (2010). Cultural Resource Management Program, Gila River Indian Community, Sacaton, Arizona.Google Scholar