Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T14:35:14.779Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Environmental change and seasonal behavior of mastodons in the Great Lakes region inferred from stable isotope analysis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Jessica Z. Metcalfe  and
Fred J. Longstaffe
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

We investigate seasonal variations in the diet and drinking water of four Great Lakes mastodon (Mammut americanum) specimens using stable isotope analysis of serially sampled inner-enamel bioapatite structural carbonate (δ13Csc, δ18Osc), and previously published bulk analyses. Isotopic analyses and thin section measurements showed that mastodon tooth enamel extension rates (~ 12–4 mm/yr, decreasing toward the cervix) were lower than those of mammoths or modern elephants. Mastodons had distinct and highly regular seasonal variations in δ13Csc and δ18Osc, which we interpret in the context of local glacial history and vegetation changes. Seasonal variations in δ18O were large but variations in δ13C were small, and may have been obscured if coarser sampling methods than our inner-enamel sampling approach were used. Thus, our approach may be particularly useful for understanding relatively small seasonal changes in δ13C within C3 environments. The seasonal patterns, though not entirely conclusive, suggest that the Ontario mastodons did not migrate over very long distances. Rather, the climate and seasonal dietary patterns of mastodons within the region changed over time, from ~ 12,400 to 10,400 14C yr BP (~ 15,000 – 12,000 cal yr BP). Insights gained using these methods can contribute to a better understanding of megafaunal extinctions and Paleoamerican lifeways.

Keywords

Carbon isotopeOxygen isotopeMastodonMammutHistologyDietMigrationClimate changeClovisGreat Lakes
Type
Articles
Information
Quaternary Research , Volume 82 , Issue 2 , September 2014 , pp. 366 - 377
Copyright
University of Washington

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allan, J.H. Maturation of enamel. Miles, A.E.W. Structural and Chemical Organization of Teeth. (1967). Academic Press, New York. 467–494.Google Scholar
Ayliffe, L.K., Lister, A.M., and Chivas, A.R. The preservation of glacial–interglacial climatic signatures in the oxygen isotopes of elephant skeletal phosphate. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 99, (1992). 179–191.Google Scholar
Ayliffe, L.K., Chivas, A.R., and Leakey, M.G. The retention of primary oxygen isotope compositions of fossil elephant skeletal phosphate. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58, (1994). 5291–5298.Google Scholar
Balasse, M. Potential biases in sampling design and interpretation of intra-tooth isotope analysis. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 13, (2003). 3–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnett, B.A. (1994). Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of caribou tissues, vascular plants, and lichens from northern Alaska. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis University of Alaska, Fairbanks.Google Scholar
Bocherens, H. Isotopic biogeochemistry and the paleoecology of the mammoth steppe fauna. Deinsea 9, (2003). 57–71.Google Scholar
Bowling, D.R., Pataki, D.E., and Randerson, J.T. Carbon isotopes in terrestrial ecosystem pools and CO2 fluxes. New Phytologist 178, (2008). 24–40.Google Scholar
Britton, K., Grimes, V., Dau, J., and Richards, M.P. Reconstructing faunal migrations using intra-tooth sampling and strontium and oxygen isotope analyses: a case study of modern caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti). Journal of Archaeological Science 36, (2009). 1163–1172.Google Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, C. Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon 51, (2009). 337–360.Google Scholar
Bryant, J.P., and Kuropat, P.J. Selection of winter forage by subarctic browsing vertebrates: the role of plant chemistry. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 11, (1980). 261–285.Google Scholar
Bryant, J.D., Koch, P., Froelich, P.N., Showers, W.J., and Genna, B.J. Oxygen isotope partitioning between phosphate and carbonate in mammalian apatite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 60, (1996). 5145–5148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cannon, M.D., and Meltzer, D.J. Early Paleoindian foraging: examining the faunal evidence for large mammal specialization and regional variability in prey choice. Quaternary Science Reviews 23, (2004). 1955–1987.Google Scholar
Cerling, T.E., and Harris, J.M. Carbon isotope fractionation between diet and bioapatite in ungulate mammals and implications for ecological and paleoecological studies. Oecologia 120, (1999). 347–363.Google Scholar
Cerling, T.E., Harris, J.M., and Leakey, M.G. Browsing and grazing in elephants: the isotope record of modern and fossil proboscideans. Oecologia 120, (1999). 364–374.Google Scholar
Cernusak, L.A., Tcherkez, G., Keitel, C., Cornwell, W.K., Santiago, L.S., Knohl, A., Barbour, M.M., Williams, D.G., Reich, P.B., Ellsworth, D.S., Dawson, T.E., Griffiths, H.G., Farquhar, G.D., and Wright, I.J. Viewpoint: why are non-photosynthetic tissues generally 13C enriched compared with leaves in C3 plants? Review and synthesis of current hypotheses. Functional Plant Biology 36, (2009). 199–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Codron, J., Codron, D., Lee-Thorp, J.A., Sponheimer, M., Bond, W.J., de Ruiter, D., and Grant, R. Taxonomic, anatomical, and spatio-temporal variations in the stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of plants from an African savanna. Journal of Archaeological Science 32, (2005). 1757–1772.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coplen, T.B. Reporting stable hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen isotopic abundances. Pure and Applied Chemistry 66, (1994). 271–276.Google Scholar
Coplen, T.B., Brand, W.A., Gehre, M., Groning, M., Meijer, H.A.J., Toman, B., and Verkouteren, R.M. New guidelines for δ13C measurements. Analytical Chemistry 78, (2006). 2439–2441.Google Scholar
Dansgaard, W. Stable isotopes in precipitation. Tellus 16, (1964). 436–468.Google Scholar
DeNiro, M.J., and Epstein, S. Mechanism of carbon isotope fractionation associated with lipid synthesis. Science 197, (1977). 261–263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dirks, W., Bromage, T.G., and Agenbroad, L.D. The duration and rate of molar plate formation in Palaeoloxodon cypriotes and Mammuthus columbi from dental histology. Quaternary International 255, (2012). 79–85.Google Scholar
Drucker, D.G., Hobson, K.A., Ouellet, J.P., and Courtois, R. Influence of forage preferences and habitat use on 13C and 15 N abundance in wild caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) and moose (Alces alces) from Canada. Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies 46, (2010). 107–121.Google Scholar
Ellis, C.J., Tomenchuk, J., and Holland, J.D. Typology, use and sourcing of the late Pleistocene lithic artifacts from the Hiscock site. Laub, R.S. The Hiscock Site: Late Pleistocene and Holocene Paleoecology and Archaeology of Western New York State: Proceedings of the Second Smith Symposium, Held at the Buffalo Museum of Science, October 14–15, 2001. (2003). Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Buffalo. 221–237.Google Scholar
Ellis, C.J., Carr, D.H., and Loebel, T.J. The Younger Dryas and Late Pleistocene peoples of the Great Lakes region. Quaternary International 242, (2011). 534–545.Google Scholar
Finlay, J.C., and Kendall, C. Stable isotope tracing of temporal and spatial variability in organic matter sources to freshwater ecosystems. Michener, R.H., and Lajtha, K. Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science. 2nd ed. (2007). Blackwell, Malden, MA. 283–333.Google Scholar
Fisher, D.C. Paleobiology and extinction of proboscideans in the Great Lakes region of North America. Haynes, G. American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene. (2009). Springer, Netherlands. 55–75.Google Scholar
Fisher, D.C., and Fox, D.L. Season of death and terminal growth histories of Hiscock mastodons. Laub, R.S. The Hiscock Site: Late Pleistocene and Holocene Paleoecology and Archaeology of Western New York State: Proceedings of the Second Smith Symposium, Held at the Buffalo Museum of Science, October 14–15, 2001. (2003). Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Buffalo. 83–101.Google Scholar
Grayson, D.K. Deciphering North American Pleistocene extinctions. Journal of Anthropological Research 63, (2007). 185–213.Google Scholar
Green, J.L., Semprebon, G.M., and Solounias, N. Reconstructing the palaeodiet of Florida Mammut americanum via low-magnification stereomicroscopy. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 223, (2005). 34–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haynes, C.V. Geoarchaeological and paleohydrological evidence for a Clovis-age drought in North America and its bearing on extinction. Quaternary Research 35, (1991). 438–450.Google Scholar
Haynes, C.V. Younger Dryas “black mats” and the Rancholabrean termination in North America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105, (2008). 6520–6525.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haynes, G. Extinctions in North America's Late Glacial landscapes. Quaternary International 285, (2013). 89–98.Google Scholar
Hedges, R.E.M., Stevens, R.E., and Richards, M.P. Bone as a stable isotope archive for local climatic information. Quaternary Science Reviews 23, (2004). 959–965.Google Scholar
Herrera, C.M. Seasonal variation in the quality of fruits and diffuse coevolution between plants and avian dispersers. Ecology 63, (1982). 773–785.Google Scholar
Hillson, S. Teeth. 2nd ed. (2005). Elsevier Inc., Cambridge, UK.Google Scholar
Hobbie, E.A., and Werner, R.A. Intramolecular, compound-specific, and bulk carbon isotope patterns in C3 and C4 plants: a review and synthesis. New Phytologist 161, (2004). 371–385.Google Scholar
Hobbie, E.A., Macko, S.A., and Williams, M. Correlations between foliar δ15N and nitrogen concentrations may indicate plant-mycorrhizal interactions. Oecologia 122, (2000). 273–283.Google Scholar
Hoppe, K.A., and Koch, P.L. The biogeochemistry of the Aucilla River fauna. Webb, S.D. First Floridians and Last Mastodons: The Page–Ladson Site in the Auscilla River. (2006). Springer, Netherlands. 379–401.Google Scholar
Huddart, P.A., Longstaffe, F.J., and Crowe, A.S. δD and δ18O evidence for inputs to groundwater at a wetland coastal boundary in the southern Great Lakes region of Canada. Journal of Hydrology 214, (1999). 18–31.Google Scholar
Hyodo, A., and Longstaffe, F.J. The palaeoproductivity of ancient Lake Superior. Quaternary Science Reviews 30, (2011). 2988–3000.Google Scholar
Iacumin, P., Bocherens, H., Mariotti, A., and Longinelli, A. Oxygen isotope analyses of co-existing carbonate and phosphate in biogenic apatite: a way to monitor diagenetic alteration of bone phosphate?. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 142, (1996). 1–6.Google Scholar
Julien, M.A., Bocherens, H., Burke, A., Drucker, D.G., Patou-Mathis, M., Krotova, O., and Péan, S. Were European steppe bison migratory? 18O, 13C and Sr intra-tooth isotopic variations applied to a palaeoethological reconstruction. Quaternary International 271, (2012). 106–119.Google Scholar
Karrow, P.F., and Warner, B.G. Ice, lakes, and plants, 13,000 to 10,000 years BP: the Erie–Ontario lobe in Ontario. Laub, R.S., Miller, N.G., and Steadman, D.W. Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Paleoecology and Archeology of the Eastern Great Lakes Region: Proceedings of the Smith Symposium. (1988). Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Buffalo. 39–52.Google Scholar
Keeley, J.E., and Sandquist, D.R. Carbon: freshwater plants. Plant, Cell and Environment 15, (1992). 1021–1035.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koch, P.L., and Barnosky, A.D. Late Quaternary extinctions: state of the debate. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 37, (2006). 215–250.Google Scholar
Koch, P.L., Fisher, D.C., and Dettman, D. Oxygen isotope variation in the tusks of extinct proboscideans: a measure of season of death and seasonality. Geology 17, (1989). 515–519.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koch, P.L., Hoppe, K.A., and Webb, S.D. The isotopic ecology of late Pleistocene mammals in North America — part 1. Florida. Chemical Geology 152, (1998). 119–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohn, M.J. Comment: tooth enamel mineralization in ungulates: implications for recovering a primary isotopic time-series, by B.H. Passey and T.E. Cerling (2002). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 68, (2004). 403–405.Google Scholar
Kohn, M.J., Miselis, J.L., and Fremd, T.J. Oxygen isotope evidence for progressive uplift of the Cascade Range, Oregon. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 204, (2002). 151–165.Google Scholar
Laub, R.S. The Hiscock site: structure, stratigraphy and chronology. Laub, R.S. The Hiscock Site: Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Paleoecology and Archaeology of Western New York State: Proceedings of the Second Smith Symposium, Held at the Buffalo Museum of Science, October 14–15, 2001, Buffalo, NY. (2003). 18–38.Google Scholar
Laub, R.S. Observations from the Hiscock site (New York) bearing on a possible late-Pleistocene extraterrestrial impact event. Current Research in the Pleistocene 27, (2010). 168–171.Google Scholar
Laub, R.S., and Spiess, A.E. What were Paleoindians doing at the Hiscock site?. Laub, R.S. The Hiscock Site: Late Pleistocene and Holocene Paleoecology and Archaeology of Western New York State: Proceedings of the Second Smith Symposium, Held at the Buffalo Museum of Science, October 14–15, 2001. (2003). Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Buffalo. 261–271.Google Scholar
Laub, R.S., DeRemer, M.F., Dufort, C.A., and Parsons, W.L. The Hiscock site: a rich late Quaternary locality in western New York State. Laub, R.S., Miller, N.G., and Steadman, D.W. Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Paleoecology and Archeology of the Eastern Great Lakes Region: Proceedings of the Smith Symposium. (1988). Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Buffalo. 67–81.Google Scholar
Laws, R.M. Age criteria for the African elephant, Loxodonta a. africana . East African Wildlife Journal 4, (1966). 1–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lepper, B.T., Frolking, T.A., Fisher, D.C., Goldstein, G., Sanger, J.E., Wymer, D.A., Ogden, J.G., and Hooge, P.E. Intestinal contents of a Late Pleistocene mastodont from midcontinental North America. Quaternary Research 36, (1991). 120–125.Google Scholar
Leuenberger, M., Siegenthaler, U., and Langway, C. Carbon isotope composition of atmospheric CO2 during the last ice age from an Antarctic ice core. Nature 357, (1992). 488–490.Google Scholar
Lewis, C.F.M., and Anderson, T.W. Stable isotope (O and C) and pollen trends in eastern Lake Erie, evidence for a locally-induced climatic reversal of Younger Dryas age in the Great Lakes basin. Climate Dynamics 6, (1992). 241–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, C.F.M., Moore, T.C., Rea, D.K., Dettman, D.L., Smith, A.M., and Mayer, L.A. Lakes of the Huron Basin: their record of runoff from the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Quaternary Science Reviews 13, (1994). 891–922.Google Scholar
Lewis, C.F.M., Cameron, G.D.M., Anderson, T.W., Heil, C.W., and Gareau, P.L. Lake levels in the Erie Basin of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Journal of Paleolimnology 47, (2012). 493–511.Google Scholar
Lima-Ribeiro, M.S., and Diniz-Filho, J.A.F. American megafaunal extinctions and human arrival: improved evaluation using a meta-analytical approach. Quaternary International 299, (2013). 38–52.Google Scholar
Makarov, M.I. The nitrogen isotopic composition in soils and plants: its use in environmental studies (a review). Eurasian Soil Science 42, (2009). 1335–1347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAndrews, J.H. Postglacial ecology of the Hiscock site. Laub, R.S. The Hiscock Site: Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Paleoecology and Archaeology of Western New York State: Proceedings of the Second Smith Symposium, held at the Buffalo Museum of Science, October 14–15, 2001. (2003). Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Buffalo. 190–198.Google Scholar
McAndrews, J.H., and Jackson, L.J. Age and environment of Late Pleistocene mastodont and mammoth in southern Ontario. Laub, R.S., Miller, N.G., and Steadman, D.W. Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Paleoecology and Archeology of the Eastern Great Lakes Region: Proceedings of the Smith Symposium. (1988). Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Buffalo. 161–172.Google Scholar
McCue, M.D., and Pollock, E.D. Stable isotopes may provide evidence for starvation in reptiles. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 22, (2008). 2307–2314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Metcalfe, J.Z. Late Pleistocene Climate and Proboscidean Paleoecology in North America: insights from stable isotope compositions of skeletal remains. (PhD Thesis) (2011). The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario.Google Scholar
Metcalfe, J.Z., and Longstaffe, F.J. Mammoth tooth enamel growth rates inferred from stable isotope analysis and histology. Quaternary Research 77, (2012). 424–432.Google Scholar
Metcalfe, J.Z., Longstaffe, F.J., and White, C.D. Method-dependent variations in stable isotope results for structural carbonate in bone bioapatite. Journal of Archaeological Science 36, (2009). 110–121.Google Scholar
Metcalfe, J.Z., Longstaffe, F.J., and Zazula, G.D. Nursing, weaning, and tooth development in woolly mammoths from Old Crow, Yukon, Canada: implications for Pleistocene extinctions. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 298, (2010). 257–270.Google Scholar
Metcalfe, J.Z., Longstaffe, F.J., Ballenger, J.A.M., and Haynes, C.V. Isotopic paleoecology of Clovis mammoths from Arizona. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, (2011). 17916–17920.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Metcalfe, J.Z., Longstaffe, F.J., and Hodgins, G. Proboscideans and paleoenvironments of the Pleistocene Great Lakes: landscape, vegetation, and stable isotopes. Quaternary Science Reviews 76, (2013). 102–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, N.G. The late Quaternary Hiscock site, Genesee County, New York: Paleoecological studies based on pollen and plant macrofossils. Laub, R.S., Miller, N.G., and Steadman, D.W. Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Paleoecology and Archeology of the Eastern Great Lakes Region: Proceedings of the Smith Symposium. (1988). Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Buffalo. 83–93.Google Scholar
Milligan, H. Aquatic and Terrestrial Foraging by a Subarctic Hebivore: The Beaver, Natural Resource Science. (M.Sc. Thesis) (2008). McGill University, Montreal, Quebec.Google Scholar
Muller, E.H., and Calkin, P.E. Late Pleistocene and Holocene geology of the eastern Great Lakes region: geologic setting of the Hiscock paleontological site, western New York. Laub, R.S., Miller, N.G., and Steadman, D.W. Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Paleoecology and Archeology of the Eastern Great Lakes Region: Proceedings of the Smith Symposium. (1988). Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Buffalo. 53–63.Google Scholar
Murphy, B.P., and Bowman, D. The carbon and nitrogen isotope composition of Australian grasses in relation to climate. Functional Ecology 23, (2009). 1040–1049.Google Scholar
O'Leary, M. Carbon isotopes in photosynthesis. Bioscience 38, (1988). 328–336.Google Scholar
Ometto, J.P.H.B., Ehleringer, J.R., Domingues, T.F., Berry, J.A., Ishida, F.Y., Mazzi, E., Higuchi, N., Flanagan, L.B., Nardoto, G.B., and Martinelli, L.A. The stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of vegetation in tropical forests of the Amazon Basin, Brazil. Biogeochemistry 79, (2006). 251–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Passey, B.H., and Cerling, T.E. Tooth enamel mineralization in ungulates: implications for recovering a primary isotopic time-series. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 66, (2002). 3225–3234.Google Scholar
Passey, B.H., and Cerling, T.E. Response to the comment by M.J. Kohn on "Tooth enamel mineralization in ungulates: Implications for recovering a primary isotopic time-series," by B.H. Passey and T.E. Cerling (2002). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 68, (2004). 407–409.Google Scholar
Pazdur, A., Goslar, T., Pawlyta, M., Hercman, H., and Gradzinski, M. Variations of isotopic composition of carbon in the karst environment from southern Poland, present and past. Radiocarbon 41, (1999). 81–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ponomarenko, E., and Telka, A. Geochemical evidence of a salt lick at the Hiscock site. Laub, R.S. The Hiscock Site: Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Paleoecology and Archaeology of Western New York State: Proceedings of the Second Smith Symposium, Held at the Buffalo Museum of Science, October 14–15, 2001. (2003). Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Buffalo. 199–211.Google Scholar
Reimer, P.J., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J.W., Blackwell, P.G., Ramsey, C.B., Buck, C.E., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., Friedrich, M., Grootes, P.M., Guilderson, T.P., Haflidason, H., Hajdas, I., Hatte, C., Heaton, T.J., Hoffmann, D.L., Hogg, A.G., Hughen, K.A., Kaiser, K.F., Kromer, B., Manning, S.W., Niu, M., Reimer, R.W., Richards, D.A., Scott, E.M., Southon, J.R., Staff, R.A., Turney, C.S.M., and van der Plicht, J. IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55, (2013). 1869–1887.Google Scholar
Richards, M.P., and Hedges, R.E.M. Variations in bone collagen δ13C and δ15N values of fauna from Northwest Europe over the last 40 000 years. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 193, (2003). 261–267.Google Scholar
Rozanski, K., Araguas-Araguas, L., and Gonfiantini, R. Isotopic patterns in modern global precipitation. Swart, P.K., McKenzie, J., Lohmann, K.C., and Savin, S. Climate Change in Continental Isotope Records. (1993). American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC. 1–36.Google Scholar
Saunders, J.J. Late Pleistocene vertebrates of the Western Ozark Highland, Missouri. Illinois State Museum Reports of Investigations #33. (1977). Google Scholar
Saunders, J.J., Grimm, E.C., Widga, C.C., Campbell, G.D., Curry, B.B., Grimley, D.A., Hanson, P.R., McCullum, J.P., Oliver, J.S., and Treworgy, J.D. Paradigms and proboscideans in the southern Great Lakes region, USA. Quaternary International 217, (2010). 175–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmitt, J., Schneider, R., Elsig, J., Leuenberger, D., Lourantou, A., Chappellaz, J., Koehler, P., Joos, F., Stocker, T.F., Leuenberger, M., and Fischer, H. Carbon isotope constraints on the deglacial CO2 rise from ice cores. Science 336, (2012). 711–714.Google Scholar
Schrag, D.P., Adkins, J.F., McIntyre, K., Alexander, J.L., Hodell, D.A., Charles, C.D., and McManus, J.F. The oxygen isotopic composition of seawater during the Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews 21, (2002). 331–342.Google Scholar
Severud, W.J., Windels, S.K., Belant, J.L., and Bruggink, J.G. The role of forage availability on diet choice and body condition in American beavers (Castor canadensis). Mammalian Biology 78, (2013). 87–93.Google Scholar
Shellis, R.P. Variations in growth of the enamel crown in human teeth and a possible relationship between growth and enamel structure. Archives of Oral Biology 29, (1984). 697–705.Google Scholar
Smith, T.M., Reid, D.J., and Sirianni, J.E. The accuracy of histological assessments of dental development and age at death. Journal of Anatomy 208, (2006). 125–138.Google Scholar
Stevens, R.E., and Hedges, R.E.M. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis of northwest European horse bone and tooth collagen, 40,000 BP-present: palaeoclimatic interpretations. Quaternary Science Reviews 23, (2004). 977–991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Storck, P.L., and Holland, J.D. From text to context: Hiscock in the Paleoindian world. Laub, R.S. The Hiscock Site: Late Pleistocene and Holocene Paleoecology and Archaeology of Western New York State: Proceedings of the Second Smith Symposium, Held at the Buffalo Museum of Science, October 14–15, 2001. (2003). Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Buffalo. 281–300.Google Scholar
Suga, S. Comparative histology of progressive mineralization pattern of developing incisor enamel of rodents. Journal of Dental Research 58, (1979). 1025–1026.Google Scholar
Suga, S. Enamel hypomineralization viewed from the pattern of progressive mineralization of human and monkey developing enamel. Advances in Dental Research 3, (1989). 188–198.Google Scholar
Surovell, T.A., and Waguespack, N.M. Human prey choice in the late Pleistocene and its relation to megafaunal extinctions. Haynes, G. American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene. (2009). Springer, Netherlands. 77–106.Google Scholar
Szpak, P., Grocke, D.R., Debruyne, R., MacPhee, R.D.E., Guthrie, R.D., Froese, D., Zazula, G.D., Patterson, W.P., and Poinar, H.N. Regional differences in bone collagen δ13C and δ15N of Pleistocene mammoths: implications for paleoecology of the mammoth steppe. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 286, (2010). 88–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tafforeau, P., Bentaleb, I., Jaeger, J.J., and Martin, C. Nature of laminations and mineralization in rhinoceros enamel using histology and X-ray synchrotron microtomography: potential implications for palaeoenvironmental isotopic studies. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 246, (2007). 206–227.Google Scholar
Teale, C.L., and Miller, N.G. Mastodon herbivory in mid-latitude late-Pleistocene boreal forests of eastern North America. Quaternary Research 78, (2012). 72–81.Google Scholar
Tieszen, L.L. Natural variations in the carbon isotope values of plants: Implications for archaeology, ecology, and paleoecology. Journal of Archaeological Science 18, (1991). 227–248.Google Scholar
Tieszen, L.L., and Boutton, T.W. Stable carbon isotopes in terrestrial ecosystem research. Ecological Studies 68, (1989). 167–195.Google Scholar
Tomenchuk, J. Analysis of Pleistocene bone artifacts from the Hiscock site. Laub, R.S. The Hiscock Site: Late Pleistocene and Holocene Paleoecology and Archaeology of Western New York State: Proceedings of the Second Smith Symposium, Held at the Buffalo Museum of Science, October 14–15, 2001. (2003). Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Buffalo. 238–260.Google Scholar
Toolin, L.J., and Eastoe, C.J. Late Pleistocene recent atmospheric δ13C record in C4 grasses. Radiocarbon 35, (1993). 263–269.Google Scholar
Uno, K.T., Quade, J., Fisher, D.C., Wittemyer, G., Douglas-Hamilton, I., Andanje, S., Omondi, P., Litoroh, M., and Cerling, T.E. Bomb-curve radiocarbon measurement of recent biologic tissues and applications to wildlife forensics and stable isotope (paleo)ecology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110, (2013). 11736–11741.Google Scholar
van der Merwe, N.J., and Medina, E. The canopy effect, carbon isotope ratios and foodwebs in Amazonia. Journal of Archaeological Science 18, (1991). 249–260.Google Scholar
Wooller, M.J., Zazula, G.D., Blinnikov, M., Gaglioti, B.V., Bigelow, N.H., Sanborn, P., Kuzmina, S., and La Farge, C. The detailed palaeoecology of a mid-Wisconsinan interstadial (ca. 32 000 14C a BP) vegetation surface from interior Alaska. Journal of Quaternary Science 26, (2011). 746–756.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yansa, C.H., and Adams, K.M. Mastodons and mammoths in the Great Lakes region, USA and Canada: new insights into their diets as they neared extinction. Geography Compass 6, (2012). 175–188.Google Scholar
Yu, Z.C. Ecosystem response to Lateglacial and early Holocene climate oscillations in the Great Lakes region of North America. Quaternary Science Reviews 19, (2000). 1723–1747.Google Scholar
Yu, Z.C. Late Quaternary dynamics of tundra and forest vegetation in the southern Niagara Escarpment, Canada. New Phytologist 157, (2003). 365–390.Google Scholar
Yu, Z.C., and Eicher, U. Abrupt climate oscillations during the last deglaciation in central North America. Science 282, (1998). 2235–2238.Google Scholar
Zazzo, A., Balasse, M., and Patterson, W.P. High-resolution δ13C intratooth profiles in bovine enamel: implications for mineralization pattern and isotopic attenuation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 69, (2005). 3631–3642.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Metcalfe and Longstaffe supplementary material

Table S1

Download Metcalfe and Longstaffe supplementary material(File)
File 16.3 KB
Supplementary material: File

Metcalfe and Longstaffe supplementary material

Table S2

Download Metcalfe and Longstaffe supplementary material(File)
File 35.4 KB