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A comparative study of woolly mammoths from the Gravettian site Kraków Spadzista (Poland), based on estimated shoulder heights, demography, and life conditions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 August 2018

Gary Haynes ,
Janis Klimowicz  and
Piotr Wojtal
Gary Haynes*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89507, USA
Janis Klimowicz
Affiliation:
(Retired) Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada, USA
Piotr Wojtal
Affiliation:
Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
*
*Corresponding author at: Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno, P.O. Box 14305, Reno, Nevada 89507, USA. E-mail address: [email protected] (G. Haynes).
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Abstract

This article interprets the life conditions of woolly mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius) from the Upper Paleolithic archaeological site Kraków Spadzista in Poland. We propose that the mammoths’ irregular mortality profile (also known as age profile) was shaped over several decades by major death events, which serially depleted the youngest cohorts. Taphonomic data and comparisons with other Eurasian archaeological and nonarchaeological sites provide context for hypothesizing that the mammoth-bone assemblage was accumulated at least partly through opportunistic human hunting of the most vulnerable animals in mixed herds. Humans exploited heightened mammoth vulnerability during climatic stress periods, killing and butchering most of the animals, although some mammoths in the assemblage may have died from natural causes. The evidence for environmental stress affecting the mammoths includes paleoecological data about local climatic conditions, the abundant signs of mammoth-bone abnormalities in the assemblage, the relatively smaller size of adult female mammoths compared with those from the similarly dated archaeological site Milovice I (Czech Republic), and the unusually high proportion of juvenile mammoths in the assemblage.

Keywords

Kraków SpadzistaMammoth shoulder heightsMammoth mortality profilesGravettian hunting
Type
Research Article
Information
Quaternary Research , Volume 90 , Special Issue 3: Gravettian Hunters , November 2018 , pp. 483 - 502
Copyright
Copyright © University of Washington. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2018 

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