Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T07:49:57.410Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Anthropogenic origins of a late Holocene, basin-wide unconformity in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, the Luoyang Basin, Henan Province, China

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2017

Michael J. Storozum ,
Duowen Mo ,
Hui Wang ,
Xiaolin Ren ,
Yifei Zhang  and
Tristram R. Kidder
Michael J. Storozum*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
Duowen Mo
Affiliation:
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Hui Wang
Affiliation:
Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 100710, China
Xiaolin Ren
Affiliation:
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Yifei Zhang
Affiliation:
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Tristram R. Kidder
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
*
*Corresponding author at: One Brookings Drive, Department of Anthropology, CB 1114, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA. E-mail address: [email protected] (M.J. Storozum).
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

We evaluate the relative importance of climate change, fluvial dynamics, and anthropogenic environmental modification in forming the Holocene sedimentary record of the Luoyang Basin, a tributary drainage basin of the Yellow River, located in western Henan Province, China. Our 2011 fieldwork south of the Erlitou site in the Luoyang Basin indicates that an unconformity dating to ca. AD 1100 is roughly coincident with a major southward shift in the lower course of the Yellow River. In AD 1128, the governor of Kaifeng breached the dikes of the Yellow River to impede an advancing army, causing the Yellow River to flow south out to the Yellow Sea. We argue that the dike breach not only changed the fluvial dynamics of the Yellow River but also switched the rivers in the Luoyang Basin from an aggrading to an incising system. The resumption of sedimentation in the Luoyang Basin is roughly coincident with the next major shift of the Yellow River’s main course northward to the Bohai Sea in AD 1855. The unconformity found in the Luoyang Basin may be a legacy of historically contingent human agency rather than climatic shifts or gradual environmental modification.

Keywords

GeoarchaeologyArchaeologyChinaLate HoloceneYellow RiverUnconformityYiluo RiverFloodsNorth China Plain
Type
Research Article
Information
Quaternary Research , Volume 87 , Issue 3 , May 2017 , pp. 423 - 441
Copyright
Copyright © University of Washington. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adamiec, G., Aitken, M.J., 1998. Dose-rate conversion factors: update. Ancient TL 16, 37–50.Google Scholar
An, C.-B., Feng, Z.-D., Barton, L., 2006. Dry or humid? Mid-Holocene humidity changes in arid and semi-arid China. Quaternary Science Reviews 25, 351–361.Google Scholar
An, C.-B., Feng, Z.-D., Tang, L., 2004. Environmental change and cultural response between 8000 and 4000 cal. yr BP in the western Loess Plateau, northwest China. Journal of Quaternary Science 19, 529–535.Google Scholar
Aqrawi, A.M., 2001. Stratigraphic signatures of climatic change during the Holocene evolution of the Tigris–Euphrates delta, lower Mesopotamia. Global and Planetary Change 28, 267–283.Google Scholar
Bielenstein, H., 1976. Lo-Yang in Later Han Times. Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm.Google Scholar
Birkeland, P.W., 1999. Soils and Geomorphology. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, C., 2009. Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon 51, 337–360.Google Scholar
Brown, A.G., 1997. Alluvial Geoarchaeology: Floodplain Archaeology and Environmental Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Cai, Y., Tan, L., Cheng, H., An, Z., Edwards, R.L., Kelly, M.J., Kong, X., Wang, X., 2010. The variation of summer monsoon precipitation in central China since the last deglaciation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 291, 21–31.Google Scholar
Chen, H.Z., Zhou, J.S., Guo, L., 2011. Hanwei Luoyangcheng dongyangqu hongchi bei kaogu kancha jianbao. Huaxia Kaogu 2011, 20–25.Google Scholar
Chen, Q., 1983. Zhongguo liuda gudu [Six major ancient capitals of China]. Zhongguo Qingnian Chubanshe, Beijing.Google Scholar
Chen, Y., Syvitski, J.P., Gao, S., Overeem, I., Kettner, A.J., 2012. Socio-economic impacts on flooding: a 4000-year history of the Yellow River, China. Ambio 41, 682–698.Google Scholar
Clift, P.D., Plumb, R.A., 2008. The Asian Monsoon: Causes, History and Effects. Vol. 270. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Coombes, P., Barber, K., 2005. Environmental determinism in Holocene research: causality of coincidence? Area 37, 303–311.Google Scholar
Courty, M.-A., Goldberg, P., Macphail, R., 1989. Soils and Micromorphology in Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Dalan, R.A., Banerjee, S.K., 1996. Soil magnetism: an approach for examining archaeological landscapes. Geophysical Research Letters 23, 185–188.Google Scholar
Dodgen, R.A., 1991. Hydraulic evolution and dynastic decline: the Yellow River conservancy, 1796–1855. Late Imperial China 12, 36–63.Google Scholar
Dodgen, R.A., 2001. Controlling the Dragon: Confucian Engineers and the Yellow River in Late Imperial China. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.Google Scholar
Dong, J., Wang, Y., Cheng, H., Hardt, B., Edwards, R.L., Kong, X., Wu, J., et al., 2010. A high-resolution stalagmite record of the Holocene East Asian monsoon from Mt Shennongjia, central China. Holocene 20, 257–264.Google Scholar
Dotterweich, M., 2008. The history of soil erosion and fluvial deposits in small catchments of central Europe: deciphering the long-term interaction between humans and the environment—a review. Geomorphology 101, 192–208.Google Scholar
Dotterweich, M., 2013. The history of human-induced soil erosion: geomorphic legacies, early descriptions and research, and the development of soil conservation—a global synopsis. Geomorphology 201, 1–34.Google Scholar
Du, P., Koenig, A., 2012. History of water supply in pre-modern China. In: Angelakis, A.N., Mays, L.W., Koutsoyiannis, D., Mamassis, N. (Eds.), Evolution of Water Supply through the Millennia. IWA, London, pp. 169–222.Google Scholar
Duan, C.-Q., Gan, X.-C., Wang, J., Chien, P.K., 1998. Relocation of civilization centers in ancient China: environmental factors. Ambio 27, 572–575.Google Scholar
Duan, P.-Q., 2009. Han-Wei Luoyang City. Cultural Relics Press, Beijing.Google Scholar
Duller, G.A.T., 2003. Distinguishing quartz and feldspar in single grain luminescence measurements. Radiation measurements 37, 161–165.Google Scholar
Ellis, E.C., Kaplan, J.O., Fuller, D.Q., Vavrus, S., Goldewijk, K.K., Verburg, P.H., 2013. Used planet: a global history. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110, 7978–7985.Google Scholar
Fang, J.-Q., Xie, Z., 1994. Deforestation in preindustrial China: the Loess Plateau region as an example. Chemosphere 29, 983–999.Google Scholar
Fang, X.-L., 1999. Suikai Tongjiqu yu luohe gaidao. Kaogu 1999, 74–80.Google Scholar
Feng, Z.-D., An, C.-B., Tang, L., Jull, A.J.T., 2004. Stratigraphic evidence of a Megahumid climate between 10,000 and 4000 years BP in the western part of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Global and Planetary Change 43, 145–155.Google Scholar
Ferring, C.R., 2001. Geoarchaeology in alluvial landscapes. In: Goldberg, P., Holliday, V., Ferring, C.R. (Eds.), Earth Sciences and Archaeology. Springer, New York, pp. 77–106.Google Scholar
Frechen, M., Schweitzer, U., Zander, A., 1996. Improvements in sample preparation for the fine grain technique. Ancient TL 14, 15–17.Google Scholar
Ge, Q., Hao, Z., Zheng, J., Shao, X., 2013. Temperature changes over the past 2000 yr in China and comparison with the Northern Hemisphere. Climate of the Past 9, 1153–1160.Google Scholar
Goldberg, P., Aldeias, V., 2016. Why does (archaeological) micromorphology have such little traction in (geo) archaeology? Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences (in press). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12520-016-0353-9.Google Scholar
Grun, R., 2009. The “AGE” program for the calculation of luminescence age estimates. Ancient TL 27, 45–46.Google Scholar
Han, G.Q., Huang, W.G., 2008. Pacific decadal oscillation and sea level variability in the Bohai, Yellow, and East China Seas. Journal of Physical Oceanography 38, 2772–2783.Google Scholar
He, X.-B., Tang, K., Zhang, X., 2004. Soil erosion dynamics on the Chinese Loess Plateau in the last 10,000 years. Mountain Research and Development 24, 342–347.Google Scholar
Heiri, O., Lotter, A.F., Lemcke, G., 2001. Loss on ignition as a method for estimating organic and carbonate content in sediments: reproducibility and comparability of results. Journal of Paleolimnology 25, 101–110.Google Scholar
Ho, P.-T., 1966. Lo-yang, AD 495–534: a study of the physical and socioeconomic planning of a metropolitan area. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 26, 52–101.Google Scholar
Holliday, V.T., 2004. Soils in Archaeological Research. Oxford University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Huang, C.C., Pang, J., Su, H., Li, S., Ge, B., 2009. Holocene environmental change inferred from the loess–palaeosol sequences adjacent to the floodplain of the Yellow River, China. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 2633–2646.Google Scholar
Huang, C.C., Zhao, S., Pang, J., Zhou, Q., Chen, S., Li, P., Mao, L., Ding, M., 2003. Climatic aridity and the relocations of the Zhou culture in the southern Loess Plateau of China. Climatic Change 61, 361–378.Google Scholar
James, L.A., 2013. Legacy sediment: definitions and processes of episodically produced anthropogenic sediment. Anthropocene 2, 16–26.Google Scholar
James, L.A., Marcus, W.A., 2006. The human role in changing fluvial systems: retrospect, inventory and prospect. Geomorphology 79, 152–171.Google Scholar
Jin, G., Liu, D., 2002. Mid-Holocene climate change in North China, and the effect on cultural development. Chinese Science Bulletin 47, 408–413.Google Scholar
Kidder, T., Liu, H., Xu, Q., Li, M., 2012. The alluvial geoarchaeology of the Sanyangzhuang site on the Yellow River floodplain, Henan Province, China. Geoarchaeology 27, 324–343.Google Scholar
Kidder, T. R., Liu, H., 2014. Bridging theoretical gaps in geoarchaeology: archaeology, geoarchaeology, and history in the Yellow River valley, China. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences (in press). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12520-014-0184-5.Google Scholar
Kidder, T.R., Zhuang, Y., 2015. Anthropocene archaeology of the Yellow River, China, 5000–2000 BP. Holocene 25, 1627–1639.Google Scholar
Kirch, P.V., 2005. Archaeology and global change: the Holocene record. Annual Reviews Environmental Resources 30, 409–440.Google Scholar
Lamouroux, C., 1998. From the Yellow River to the Huai: new representations of a river network and the hydraulic crisis of 1128. In: Elvin, M., Liu, T.-J. (Eds.), Sediments of Time: Environment and Society in Chinese History. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 545–584.Google Scholar
Lee, H., French, C., Macphail, R.I., 2014. Microscopic examination of ancient and modern irrigated paddy soils in South Korea, with special reference to the formation of silty clay concentration features. Geoarchaeology 29, 326–348.Google Scholar
Li, B., Liu, H., Wu, L., McCloskey, T.A., Li, K., Gao, L., 2013. Linking the vicissitude of Neolithic cities with mid Holocene environment and climate changes in the middle Yangtze River, China. Quaternary International 321, 22–28.Google Scholar
Li, G.-Q., Dong, G.-H., Wen, L.-J., Chen, F.-H., 2014. Overbank flooding and human occupation of the Shalongka site in the Upper Yellow River Valley, northeast Tibet Plateau in relation to climate change since the last deglaciation. Quaternary Research 82, 354–365.Google Scholar
Li, Y., 2007. Gudai Huanghe zhongyou de huanjing bianhua he zaihai: dui ducheng qianyi fazhan de yingxiang. Ziran Zaihai Xuebao 16, 8–14.Google Scholar
Liu, D.-L., Lu, X.-Z., Lai, X.-Z. (Eds.), 1995. Luoyang shi zhi. Vol. 14. Zhongzhou Guji Chubanshe, Zhengzhou, China.Google Scholar
Liu, F., Feng, Z., 2012. A dramatic climatic transition at ~4000 cal. yr BP and its cultural responses in Chinese cultural domains. Holocene 22, 1181–1197.Google Scholar
Liu, L., Chen, X., 2003. State Formation in Early China. Duckworth, London.Google Scholar
Liu, L., Chen, X., Lee, Y.K., Wright, H., Rosen, A.M., 2004. Settlement patterns and development of social complexity in the Yiluo region, north China. Journal of Field Archaeology 29, 75–100.Google Scholar
Liu, Z., Wen, X., Brady, E.C., Otto-Bliesner, B., Yu, G., Lu, H., Cheng, H., et al., 2014. Chinese cave records and the East Asia summer monsoon. Quaternary Science Reviews 83, 115–128.Google Scholar
Macklin, M.G., Lewin, J., 2015. The rivers of civilization. Quaternary Science Reviews 114, 228–244.Google Scholar
Marks, R.B., 2012. China: Its Environment and History. Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham, MD.Google Scholar
Meybeck, M., 2003. Global analysis of river systems: from Earth system controls to Anthropocene syndromes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences 358, 1935–1955.Google Scholar
Milliman, J.D., Qin, Y.-S., Ren, M.-E., Saito, Y., 1987. Man’s influence on the erosion and transport of sediment by Asian rivers: the Yellow River (Huanghe) example. Journal of Geology 95, 751–762.Google Scholar
Murray, A.S., Wintle, A.G., 2000. Luminescence dating of quartz using an improved single aliquot regenerative-dose protocol. Radiation Measurements 32, 57–73.Google Scholar
Nearing, M., Pruski, F., O’Neal, M., 2004. Expected climate change impacts on soil erosion rates: a review. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 59, 43–50.Google Scholar
Nelson, D.W., Sommers, L.E., 1996. Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter. In: Sparks, D.L., Page, A.L., Helmke, P.A., Loeppert, R.H., Soltanpour, P.N., Tabatabai, M.A., Johnston, C.T., Sumner, M.E. (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 3—Chemical Methods. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, pp. 961–1010.Google Scholar
Poeppl, R.E., Keesstra, S.D., Maroulis, J., 2017. A conceptual connectivity framework for understanding geomorphic change in human-impacted fluvial systems. Geomorphology 277, 237–250.Google Scholar
Pomeranz, K., 2010. Calamities without collapse: environment, economy, and society in China, ca. 1800–1949. In: McAnany, P.A., Yoffee, N. (Eds.), Questioning Collapse: Human Resilience, Ecological Vulnerability and the Aftermath of Empire. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 71–111.Google Scholar
Price, S.J., Ford, J.R., Cooper, A.H., Neal, C., 2011. Humans as major geological and geomorphological agents in the Anthropocene: the significance of artificial ground in Great Britain. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 369, 1056–1084.Google Scholar
Qian, N., 1990. Fluvial processes in the lower Yellow River after levee breaching at Tongwaxiang in 1855. International Journal of Sedimentological Research 5, 1–13.Google Scholar
Qiao, Y., 2007. Development of complex societies in the Yiluo region: a GIS based population and agricultural area analysis. Journal of Indo-Pacific Archaeology 27, 61–75.Google Scholar
Rapp, G., Jing, Z., 2011. Human-environment interactions in the development of early Chinese civilization. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 352, 125–136.Google Scholar
Rees-Jones, J., 1995. Optical dating of young sediments using fine-grain quartz. Ancient TL 13, 9–14.Google Scholar
Reimer, P.J., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J.W., Blackwell, P.G., Ramsey, C.B., Buck, C.E., et al., 2013. IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55, 1869–1887.Google Scholar
Ren, M.-E., Shi, T.-L., 1986. Sediment discharge of the Yellow River, China and its effect on the sedimentation of the Bohai and the Yellow Sea. Continental Shelf Research 6, 785–810.Google Scholar
Ren, M.-E., Zhu, X., 1994. Anthropogenic influences on changes in the sediment load of the Yellow River, China, during the Holocene. Holocene 4, 314–320.Google Scholar
Rosen, A.M., 2007a. Civilizing Climate: Social Responses to Climate Change in the Ancient Near East. Rowman Altamira, Lanham, MD.Google Scholar
Rosen, A.M., 2007b. [Special section on the Yiluo project] The role of environmental change in the development of complex societies in China: a study from the Huizui site. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Association 27, 39–48.Google Scholar
Rosen, A.M., 2008. The impact of environmental change and human land use on alluvial valleys in the Loess Plateau of China during the Middle Holocene. Geomorphology 101, 298–307.Google Scholar
Rosen, A.M., Macphail, R., Liu, L., Chen, X., Weisskopf, A., 2015. Rising social complexity, agricultural intensification, and the earliest rice paddies on the Loess Plateau of northern China. Quaternary International (in press). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.013.Google Scholar
Saito, Y., Wei, H., Zhou, Y., Nishimura, A., Sato, Y., Yokota, S., 2000. Delta progradation and chenier formation in the Huanghe (Yellow River) delta, China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 18, 489–497.Google Scholar
Saito, Y., Yang, Z., Hori, K., 2001. The Huanghe (Yellow River) and Changjiang (Yangtze River) deltas: a review on their characteristics, evolution and sediment discharge during the Holocene. Geomorphology 41, 219–231.Google Scholar
Schumm, S.A., 1993. River response to base level change: implications for sequence stratigraphy. Journal of Geology 101, 279–294.Google Scholar
Shelach, G., Jaffe, Y., 2014. The earliest states in China: a long-term trajectory approach. Journal of Archaeological Research 22, 327–364.Google Scholar
Shi, C., Zhang, L., Xu, J., Guo, L., 2010. Sediment load and storage in the lower Yellow River during the late Holocene. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography 92, 297–309.Google Scholar
Shi, F., Yi, Y., Han, M., 1987. Investigation and verification of extraordinarily large floods on the Yellow River. Journal of Hydrology 96, 69–78.Google Scholar
Staff, S.S., 1999. Soil Taxonomy. Natural Resource Conservation Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Steinhardt, N.S., 1999. Chinese Imperial City Planning. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.Google Scholar
Stoops, G., 2003. Guidelines for Analysis and Description of Soil and Regolith Thin Sections. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI.Google Scholar
Syvitski, J.P., Kettner, A., 2011. Sediment flux and the Anthropocene. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 369, 957–975.Google Scholar
Tan, Q.-X., 1986. The Historical Atlas of China. 8 vols. China Cartographic, Beijing.Google Scholar
Vogel, G., 2002. A Handbook of Soil Description for Archeologists. Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville, AR.Google Scholar
Wang, H., Zhang, H., Zhang, J.-F., Fang, Y.-M., 2015. Henansheng Yuzhou Wadianyizhi de heliu dimao yanhua yi xiangguan wenti. Nanfang Wenwu 2015, 81–87.Google Scholar
Wang, H.-K., 2003. Tangdai Luoyang de shuizai. Henan Keji Daxue Xuebao: Shehui Kexueban 21, 26–31.Google Scholar
Wang, L., Shao, M.A., Wang, Q.J., Gale, W.J., 2006. Historical changes in the environment of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Environmental Science & Policy 9, 675–684.Google Scholar
Wang, X., Chen, F., Zhang, J., Yang, Y., Li, J., Hasi, E., Zhang, C., Xia, D., 2010. Climate, desertification, and the rise and collapse of China’s historical dynasties. Human Ecology 38, 157–172.Google Scholar
Wang, Y.-J., Su, Y.-J., 2011. The geo-pattern of course shifts of the lower Yellow River. Journal of Geographic Sciences 21, 1019–1036.Google Scholar
Wang, Z.Y., Lee, J.H., Melching, C.S., 2014. River Dynamics and Integrated River Management. Springer, Berlin.Google Scholar
Webb, J., Ford, A., Gorton, J., 2007. Influences on selection of lithic raw material sources at Huizui, a Neolithic/Early Bronze Age site in northern China. Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association Bulletin 27, 76–86.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, T.J., Philip, G., Bradbury, J., Dunford, R., Donoghue, D., Galiatsatos, N., Lawrence, D., Ricci, A., Smith, S.L., 2014. Contextualizing early urbanization: settlement cores, early states and agro-pastoral strategies in the Fertile Crescent during the fourth and third millennia BC. Journal of World Prehistory 27, 43–109.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, T.J., Rayne, L., 2010. Hydraulic landscapes and imperial power in the Near East. Water History 2, 115–144.Google Scholar
Wu, Q., Zhao, Z., Liu, L., Granger, D.E., Wang, H., Cohen, D.J., Wu, X., et al., 2016. Outburst flood at 1920 BCE supports historicity of China’s Great Flood and the Xia dynasty. Science 353, 579–582.Google Scholar
Wu, W.-X., Liu, T.-S., 2004. Possible role of the “Holocene Event 3” on the collapse of Neolithic cultures around the Central Plain of China. Quaternary International 117, 153–166.Google Scholar
Xia, Z.-K., Zhang, J.-N., Zhang, X.-H., 2014. Huanjing qihou yanjiu. In: Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (Eds.), Erlitou: 1999–2006. Vol. 3. Cultural Relics Press, Beijing, pp. 1239–1277.Google Scholar
Xu, H., Chen, G.-L., Zhao, H.-C., 2004. Erlitou yizhi juluo xingtai de chubu kaocha. Kaogu 11, 23–31.Google Scholar
Xu, J., 2003. Sedimentation rates in the lower Yellow River over the past 2300 years as influenced by human activities and climate change. Hydrological Processes 17, 3359–3371.Google Scholar
Xu, J., Cheng, D., 2002. Relation between the erosion and sedimentation zones in the Yellow River, China. Geomorphology 48, 365–382.Google Scholar
Xu, J.-J., Mo, D.W., Zhou, K.S., Wang, H., 2013. Tangsong shiqi luoyangcheng hongshui shijian de diceng chenji jilv. Beijing Daxue Xuebao: Ziran Kexueban 49, 621–627.Google Scholar
Xue, C., 1993. Historical changes in the Yellow River delta, China. Marine Geology 113, 321–330.Google Scholar
Yang, D., Yu, G., Xie, Y., Zhan, D., Li, Z., 2000. Sedimentary records of large Holocene floods from the middle reaches of the Yellow River, China. Geomorphology 33, 73–88.Google Scholar
Ye, D., Yang, J., Gao, J., 1956. Precipitation in the Yellow River Basin. Science Press, Beijing.Google Scholar
Yang, H.C., 2014. A Record of Buddhist Monasteries in Lo-yang. Princeton University Press, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Ye, Q., 1989. Fluvial processes of the lower Yellow River and estimation of flood conditions. In: Brush, L.M., Wolman, M.G., Huang, B.-W. (Eds.), Taming the Yellow River: Silt and Floods. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, pp. 261–274.Google Scholar
Yin, J., Su, Y., Fang, X., 2016. Climate change and social vicissitudes in China over the past two millennia. Quaternary Research 86, 133–143.Google Scholar
Zaitlin, B.A., Dalrymple, R.W., Boyd, R., 1994. The stratigraphic organization of incised-valley systems associated with relative sea-level change. In: Dalrymple, R.W., Boyd, R., Zaitlin, B.A. (Eds.), Incised-Valley Systems: Origin and Sedimentary Sequences. SEPM Special Publication No. 51. Society for Sedimentary Geology, Tulsa, OK, pp. 45–60.Google Scholar
Zhang, B.-J., Wu, G., 2006. Quanxinshi luoyang pendi de shuixi bianqian yanjiu. Xinyang Shifan Daxue Xuebao: Ziran Kexueban 19, 490–493.Google Scholar
Zhang, D.D., Zhang, J., Lee, H.F., He, Y., 2007. Climate change and war frequency in eastern China over the last millennium. Human Ecology 35, 403–414.Google Scholar
Zhang, J., Chen, F., Holmes, J.A., Li, H., Guo, X., Wang, J., Li, S., Lü, Y., Zhao, Y., Qiang, M., 2011. Holocene monsoon climate documented by oxygen and carbon isotopes from lake sediments and peat bogs in China: a review and synthesis. Quaternary Science Reviews 30, 1973–1987.Google Scholar
Zhang, J.-N., Xia, Z.-K., 2011. Zhongyuan diqu 4 ka BP qianhou yichang hongshui shijian de chenji zhengju. Dili Xuebao 66, 685–697.Google Scholar
Zhang, J.-N., Xia, Z.-K., 2012. Luoyang erlitou yizhi nan chenji pomian de lidu he cihualv fenxi. Beijing Daxue Xuebao: Ziran Kexueban 48, 737–743.Google Scholar
Zhang, L., 2009. Changing with the Yellow River: an environmental history of Hebei 1048-1128. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 69, 1–36.Google Scholar
Zhang, L., 2016. The River, the Plain, and the State: An Environmental Drama in Northern Song China, 1048–1128. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Zhang, P.-Z., Cheng, H., Edwards, L.R., Chen, F., Wang, Y.J., Yang, X.L, Liu, J., et al., 2008. A test of climate, sun, and culture relationships from an 1810-year Chinese cave record. Science 322, 940–942.Google Scholar
Zhang, Y.-Q., 2005. Wo guo shiqian renlei zhishui de kaoguxue zhengming. Zhongyuan Wenwu 2005, 22–26.Google Scholar
Zhang, Y.-Q., 2006. Shilun xiashang chengshi shuili sheji jiqi gongneng. Huaxia Kaogu 2006, 41–47.Google Scholar
Zhao, G., Mu, X., Wen, Z., Wang, F., Gao, P., 2013. Soil erosion, conservation, and eco-environment changes in the loess plateau of China. Land Degradation & Development 24, 499–510.Google Scholar
Zhao, X., Huang, C.C., Pang, J., Zha, X., Guo, Y., Hu, G., 2016. Holocene climatic events recorded in palaeoflood slackwater deposits along the middle Yiluohe River valley, middle Yellow River basin, China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 123, 85–94.Google Scholar
Zhongguo Shehui Kexueyuan Kaogu Yanjiusuo (Eds.), 2014. Suitang Luoyangcheng: 1959–2001 – Nian Kaogu Fajue Baogao. Wenwu Chubanshe, Beijing.Google Scholar
Zhu, Y.-Q., 2006. Etan Tangdai Yiluohe shuixi yu Luoyang chengshuizai. Master’s thesis, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.Google Scholar
Zhuang, Y., Bao, W., French, C., 2016. Loess and early land use: geoarchaeological investigation at the early Neolithic site of Guobei, southern Chinese Loess Plateau. Catena 144, 151–162.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Storozum supplementary material S1

Storozum supplementary material

Download Storozum supplementary material S1(File)
File 3.3 KB
Supplementary material: File

Storozum supplementary material S2

Storozum supplementary material

Download Storozum supplementary material S2(File)
File 32.4 KB