Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T01:31:33.219Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Ancient canids of the Aleutian Islands (new archaeological discoveries from the Islands of Four Mountains)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 May 2019

Dmitry D. Vasyukov ,
Olga A. Krylovich ,
Dixie L. West ,
Virginia Hatfield  and
Arkady B. Savinetsky
Dmitry D. Vasyukov*
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Historical Ecology, Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, 119071, Moscow, Russia
Olga A. Krylovich
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Historical Ecology, Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, 119071, Moscow, Russia
Dixie L. West
Affiliation:
Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
Virginia Hatfield
Affiliation:
Museum of the Aleutians, 314 Salmon Way, Unalaska, Alaska, 99685, USA
Arkady B. Savinetsky
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Historical Ecology, Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, 119071, Moscow, Russia
*
*Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

We discuss the cultural roles of dog and red fox recovered from Carlisle Island, Islands of Four Mountains, Alaska, within the context of Aleutian ethnographic and zooarchaeological records. Three dog bones were recovered from the Ulyagan archaeological site, Unit 5, in levels that date to AD 1450–1645. Three red fox bones come from the Ulyagan site, Unit 4, in levels that date 460 BC–AD 95. Our analyses show that both red fox and domestic dog date earlier than the contact with Russians and that these canids do not extend west of the Islands of Four Mountains archipelago. Given the rich history of human intervention on the Aleutians ecosystems over the last 250 years, we argue that indigenous red fox inhabited the Islands of the Four Mountains region prior to western contact; however, foxes did not have a pronounced cultural role for prehistoric Aleuts. Domestic dogs accompanied humans in the Aleutians after AD 950, suggesting that these canids might be linked with the Neo-Aleut culture. In the light of Arctic and oceanic cases of human use of dogs considered in the paper, we suggest that dogs might have served as reserve food sources during long trips for people migrating west.

Keywords

Aleutian IslandsThe Islands of Four MountainsAleutsDogsFoxesZooarchaeology
Type
Aleutians Special Issue
Information
Quaternary Research , Volume 91 , Issue 3 , May 2019 , pp. 1028 - 1044
Copyright
Copyright © University of Washington. Published by Cambridge University Press 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Aigner, J.S., 1977. Anangula: an 8,500 B.P. coastal occupation in the Aleutian Islands. Sonderdruck aus Quartar 27, 65–102.Google Scholar
Allen, G.M., 1939. Dog skulls from Uyak Bay, Kodiak Island. Journal of Mammalogy 20, 336–340.Google Scholar
Anderson, A., 2009. The rat and the octopus: initial human colonization and the prehistoric introduction of domestic animals to Remote Oceania. Biological Invasions 11, 1503–1519.Google Scholar
Aubry, K.B., Statham, M.J., Sacks, B.N., Perrine, J.D., Wisely, S.M., 2009. Phylogeography of the North American red fox: vicariance in Pleistocene forest refugia. Molecular Ecology 18, 2668–2686.Google Scholar
Bailey, E.P., 1992. Red Foxes, Vulpes vulpes, as biological control agents for introduced Arctic Foxes, Alopex lagopus, on Alaskan lslands. Canadian Field-Naturalist 106, 200–205.Google Scholar
Bailey, E.P., 1993. Introduction of Foxes to Alaskan Islands — History, Effects on Avifauna, and Eradication. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USA) Resource Publication 193, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Barabash-Nikiforov, I., 1938. Mammals of the Commander Islands and the surrounding sea. Journal of Mammalogy 19, 423–429.Google Scholar
Baryshnikov, G.F., Averyanov, A.O., 1993. Deciduous teeth of carnivorous mammals (order Carnivora). Part IV. Families Amphicyonidae and Canidae. [In Russian.] In: Baryshnikov, G.F., Kuzmina, I.E. (Eds.), Materials of Mezozoic and Cenozoic History of Terrestrial Vertebrates. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute. Vol. 249, Zoological Institute of RAS, St.-Petersburg, pp. 158–197.Google Scholar
Black, L.T., 1984. Atka: An Ethnohistory of the Western Aleutians. Limestone Press, Kingston.Google Scholar
Black, R.F., 1976. Influence of Holocene climatic changes on Aleut expansion into the Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 18, 31–42.Google Scholar
Bogoras, W., 1901. The Chukchi of Northeastern Asia. American Anthropologist 3, 80–108.Google Scholar
Bogoras, W., 1904. Part I. – The Chukchee – Material culture. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 11. E. J. Brill, Leiden, pp. 1–279.Google Scholar
Brown, J.H., Lomolino, M.V., 1998. Biogeography. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Brown, S.K., Darwent, C.M., Sacks, B.N., 2013. Ancient DNA evidence for genetic continuity in Arctic dogs. Journal of Archaeological Science 40, 1279–1288.Google Scholar
Brown, S.K., Darwent, C.M., Wictum, E.J., Sacks, B.N., 2015. Using multiple markers to elucidate the ancient, historical and modern relationships among North American Arctic dog breeds. Heredity 115, 488.Google Scholar
Burney, D.A., James, H.F., Burney, L.P., Olson, S.L., Kikuchi, W., Wagner, W.L., Burney, M., et al. , 2001. Fossil evidence for a diverse biota from Kaua'i and its transformation since human arrival. Ecological Monographs 71, 615–641.Google Scholar
Byers, D.A., Yesner, D.R., Broughton, J.M., Coltrain, J.B., 2011. Stable isotope chemistry, population histories and Late Prehistoric subsistence change in the Aleutian Islands. Journal of Archaeological Science 38, 183–196.Google Scholar
Carmichael, L.E., Krizan, J., Nagy, J.A., Fuglei, E., Dumond, M., Johnson, D., Veitch, A., Berteaux, D., Strobeck, C., 2007. Historical and ecological determinants of genetic structure in Arctic canids. Molecular Ecology 16, 3466–3483.Google Scholar
Chesemore, D.L., 1975. Ecology of the Arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) in North America: a review. In: Fox, M.W. (Ed.), The Wild Canids: Their Systematics, Behavioral Ecology and Evolution. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 143–163.Google Scholar
Clark, D.W., 1974. Koniag Prehistory: Archaeological Investigations at Late Prehistoric Sites on Kodiak Island, Alaska. Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Clark, G., 1996. Animal burials from Polynesia. Archaeology in New Zealand 39, 30–38.Google Scholar
Clark, G.R., 1997a. Anthropogenic factors and prehistoric dog morphology: a case study from Polynesia. Archaeology in Oceania 32, 124–130.Google Scholar
Clark, G.R. 1997b. Maori subsistence change: zooarchaeological evidence from the prehistoric dog of New Zealand. Asian Perspectives 36, 200–219.Google Scholar
Colson, K.E., Smith, J.D., Hundertmark, K.J., 2017. St. Matthew Island colonized through multiple long-distance red fox (Vulpes vulpes) dispersal events. Canadian Journal of Zoology 95, 607–609.Google Scholar
Coltrain, J.B., 2010. Temporal and dietary reconstruction of past Aleut populations: stable- and radio-isotope evidence revisited. Arctic 63, 391–398.Google Scholar
Coltrain, J.B., Hayes, M.G., O'Rourke, D.H., 2006. Hrdlička's Aleutian population-replacement hypothesis: a radiometric evaluation. Current Anthropology 47, 537–548.Google Scholar
Cook, F.A., 1911. My Attainment of the Pole. Polar Publishing, New York.Google Scholar
Cooper, D.R., 1991. Report of investigation for site CR-2, 1991. The Aleut Corporation Bureau of Land Management AA-12203. On file at the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs, Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act Office, Anchorage, Alaska.Google Scholar
Corbett, D., Lefèvre, C., West, D., 2010. Chronology and settlement patterns: Shemya and the Semichi Islands. In: Corbett, D., West, D., Lefèvre, C. (Eds.), The People at the End of the World: The Western Aleutians Project and the Archaeology of Shemya Island. Aurora, Alaska Anthropological Association Monograph Series, No. 8, Alaska Anthropological Association, Anchorage, pp. 197–207.Google Scholar
Coutouly, Y.A.G., Holmes, C., 2018. The microblade industry from Swan Point cultural zone 4b: technological and cultural implications from the earliest human occupation in Alaska. American Antiquity 83, 735–752.Google Scholar
Cox, S.L., Spiess, A., 1980. Dorset settlement and subsistence in Northern Labrador. Arctic 33, 659–669.Google Scholar
Crockford, S., Frederick, G., Wigen, R., McKechnie, I., 2004. Analysis of the Vertebrate Fauna from Amaknak Bridge UNL-50, Unalaska, AK. In: Unalaska South Channel Bridge Project # MGS-STP-BR-0310(S)/52930. Amaknak Bridge Site Data Recovery Final Report, by Knecht, Richard and Davis, Richard, supplement. Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities, Anchorage.Google Scholar
Crockford, S.J., 2009. A Practical Guide to In Situ Dog Remains for the Field Archaeologist. Pacific Identifications, Victoria.Google Scholar
Crockford, S.J., 2012. Archaeozoology of Adak Island: 6000 years of subsistence history in the central Aleutians. In: West, D., Hatfield, V., Wilmerding, E., Lefèvre, C., Gualtieri, L. (Eds.), The People Before: The Geology, Paleoecology and Archaeology of Adak Island, Alaska. BAR International Series 2322. Archaeopress, Oxford, pp. 107–143.Google Scholar
Crockford, S.J., Frederick, S.G., 2007. Sea ice expansion in the Bering Sea during the Neoglacial: evidence from archaeozoology. The Holocene 17, 699–706.Google Scholar
Darwent, C.M., 2004. The highs and lows of high Arctic mammals: temporal change and regional variability in Paleoeskimo subsistence. In: Mondini, M., Muñoz, S., Wickler, S. (Eds), Colonisation, Migration and Marginal Areas: A Zooarchaeological Approach. Proceedings of the 9th Conference of the International Council of Archaeozoology, Durham, August 2002. Oxbow Books, Oxford, pp. 62–73.Google Scholar
Darwent, C.M., 2006. Reassessing the Old Whaling Locality at Cape Krusenstern, Alaska. In: Arnebord, J., GrØnnow (Eds.), Dynamics of Northern Societies Proceedings of the SILA/NABO Conference on Arctic and North Atlantic Archaeology, Copenhagen, May 10th–14th, 2004. PNM, Copenhagen, pp. 95–101.Google Scholar
Davis, B., 2001. Sea mammals hunting and the Neoglacial: environmental change and subsistence technology at Margaret bay. Archaeology in the Aleut zone of Alaska: some recent research. University of Oregon Anthropological Papers 58, 71–85.Google Scholar
Davis, R., Rogers, J., Knecht, R., 2016. First maritime cultures of the Aleutians. In: Friesen, M., Mason, O. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Prehistoric Arctic. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 279–302.Google Scholar
Davis, R.S., Knecht, R., 2010. Continuity and change in the eastern Aleutian archaeological sequence. Human Biology 82, 507–524.Google Scholar
DeNiro, M.J., Epstein, S., 1978. Influence of diet on the distribution of carbon isotopes in animals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 42, 495–506.Google Scholar
DeNiro, M.J., Epstein, S., 1981. Influence of diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in animals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 45, 341–351.Google Scholar
Denniston, G.B., 1972. Ashishik Point: An Economic Analysis of a Prehistoric Aleutian Community. PhD dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Madison.Google Scholar
Desautels, R.J., McCurdy, A.J., Flynn, J.D., Ellis, R.R., 1971. Archaeological report. Amchitka Island, Alaska 1969–1970. Archaeological Research Inc., Costa Mesa, U.S. AEC report TID-25481.Google Scholar
Dinesman, L.G., Kiseleva, N.K., Savinetsky, A.B., Khassanov, B.F., 1999. Secular Dynamics of Coastal Zone Ecosystems of the Northeastern Chukchi peninsula (Chukotka: Cultural Layers and Natural Depositions from the Last Millennia). Mo Vince, Tübingen.Google Scholar
Dzhikiya, E.L., Ploshnitsa, A.I., Kolesnikov, A.A., Goltsman, M.E., 2008. Genetic monomorphism of the second exon of the drb1 gene in the major histocompatibility complex of the arctic fox of Mednyi Island (Alopex lagopus semenovi Ognev, 1931). Doklady Biological Sciences 418, 37–38.Google Scholar
Etnier, M.A., Partflow, M.A., Foster, N.R., 2016. Alutiq subsistence economy at Igvak, a Russian-American Artel in the Kodiak Archipelago. Arctic Anthropology 53, 52–68.Google Scholar
Evermann, B.W., 1913. Fishery and Fur Industries of Alaska in 1912. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 780. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Fiedel, S.J., 2000. The peopling of the New World: present evidence, new theories, and future directions. Journal of Archaeological Research 8, 39–103.Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, S.M., Callaghan, R., 2009. Examining dispersal mechanisms for the translocation of chicken (Gallus gallus) from Polynesia to South America. Journal Of Archaeological Science 36, 214–223.Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, S.M., Thompson, V.D., Poteate, A.S., Napolitano, M.F., Erlandson, J.M., 2016. Marginalization of the Margins: the importance of smaller islands in human prehistory. The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 11, 155–170.Google Scholar
Foot, D.C., 1965. Exploration and resource utilization in Northwestern Arctic Alaska before 1855. PhD dissertation, McGill University, Montreal.Google Scholar
Geffen, E., Waidyaratne, S., Dalén, L., Angerbjörn, A., Vila, C., Hersteinsson, P., Fuglei, E., et al. , 2007. Sea ice occurrence predicts genetic isolation in the Arctic fox. Molecular Ecology 16, 4241–4255.Google Scholar
Giddings, J.L., Anderson, D.D., 1986. Beach ridge archeology of Cape Krusenstern. Eskimo and Pre-Eskimo settlements around Kotzebue Sound, Alaska. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Giovas, C.M., 2006. No Pig Atoll: island biogeography and the extirpation of a Polynesian domesticate. Asian Perspectives 45, 69–95.Google Scholar
Grayson, D.K., 1984. Quantitative Zooarchaeology:Topics in the Analysis of Archaeological Faunas. Academic Press, Orlando.Google Scholar
Gritsenko, V.V., Kreslavsky, A.G., Mikheev, A.V., Severtsov, A.S., Solomatin, V.M., 1983. Species Concepts and Sympatric Speciation. [In Russian.] Moscow State University, Moscow.Google Scholar
Gromova, V., 1950. The key for identifying skeletal elements of mammals of the USSR. [In Russian.] Gromov, V.I. (Ed), Proceedings of the Commission for the Study of the Quaternary Period Vol. 9. RAS, Moscow.Google Scholar
Guiry, E.J., Grimes, V., 2013. Domestic dog (Canis familiaris) diets among coastal Late Archaic groups of northeastern North America: a case study for the canine surrogacy approach. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 32, 732–745.Google Scholar
Haldane, J.B.S., 1942. The selective elimination of silver foxes in Eastern Canada. Journal of Genetics 44, 296–304.Google Scholar
Harcourt, R.A., 1974. The dog in prehistoric and early historic Britain. Journal of Archaeological Science 1, 151–175.Google Scholar
Harris, S., 1978. Age determination in the Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) - an evaluation of technique efficiency as applied to a sample of suburban foxes. Journal of Zoology 184, 91–117.Google Scholar
Hatfield, V., Bruner, K., West, D., Savinetsky, A., Krylovich, O., Khasanov, B., Vasyukov, D., et al. , 2016. At the foot of the Smoking Mountains: the 2014 scientific investigations in the Islands of the Four Mountains. Arctic Anthropology 53, 141–159.Google Scholar
Hatfield, V., West, D., Bruner, K., Savinetsky, A., Krylovich, O., Vasyukov, D., Khasanov, B., Nicolaysen, K., Okuno, M., 2019. Human resilience and resettlement among the Islands of Four Mountains, Aleutians, Alaska. Quaternary Research, this volume. https://doi.org/10.1017/qua.2018.149.Google Scholar
Hersteinsson, P., MacDonald, D.W., 1982. Some comparisons between red and Arctic foxes, Vulpes vulpes and Aloapex lagopus, as revealed by radio tracking. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 49, 259–289.Google Scholar
Hersteinsson, P., Macdonald, D.W., 1992. Interspecific competition and the geographical distribution of red and Arctic foxes Vulpes vulpes and Alopex lagopus. Oikos 64, 505–515.Google Scholar
Holland, K., 1982. Chulka Bone Artifacts, Akun Island, Alaska: Analysis and Description. Master's thesis, Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Holland, K.M., 2004. A brief note on the significance of prehistoric dogs from the eastern Aleutian Islands. Arctic Anthropology 41, 50–54.Google Scholar
Holland, K.M., Turner, C.G. II, 1987. Prehistoric Aleutian Dogs. Paper prepared for the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Toronto, Canada, May 6–10, 1987.Google Scholar
Holland, K.M., Turner, C.G. II, 1988. A 1,000 Year Akun - Kodiak Interaction Sphere. In: Shaw, R.D., Harritt, R.K., Dumond, D.E. (Eds), The Late Prehistoric Development of Alaska's Native People. Aurora: Alaska Anthropological Association Monograph Series No. 4, Anchorage, pp. 307–317.Google Scholar
Hood, D.W., 1981. Introduction. In: Hood, D.W., Calder, J.A. (Eds.), The Eastern Bering Sea Shelf: Oceanography and Resources, Vol. 1. University of Washington Press, Seattle, pp. xiii-xviii.Google Scholar
Hooper, R.N., 1853. Ten Months among the Tents of the Tuski, with Incidents of an Arctic Boat Expedition in Search of Sir John Franklin, as Far as the Mackenzie river, and Cape Bathurst. John Murray, London.Google Scholar
Hrdlička, A.,1945. The Aleutian and Commander Islands and Their Inhabitants. The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Hunt, G.L., Stabeno, P.J., 2005. Oceanography and ecology of the Aleutian Archipelago: spatial and temporal variation. Fisheries Oceanography 14, 292–306.Google Scholar
Iljina, E.D., 1950. Ostrovnoe Zverovodstvo (Island fur-farming). [In Russian.] Mezdunarodnaya kniga, Moscow.Google Scholar
Intoh, M., Shigehara, N., 2004. Prehistoric pig and dog remains from Fais Island, Micronesia. Anthropological Science 112, 257–267.Google Scholar
Jenkins, S.G., Partridge, S.T., Stephenson, T.R., Farley, S.D., Robbins, C.T., 2001. Nitrogen and carbon isotope fractionation between mothers, neonates, and nursing offspring. Oecologia 129, 336–341.Google Scholar
Jenness, D., 1940. Prehistoric culture waves from Asia to America. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 30, 1–15.Google Scholar
Khlebnikov, K.T., 1979. Russian America in unpublished notes of K.T. Khlebnikov. [In Russian.] Nauka, Leningrad.Google Scholar
Knecht, R., Davis, R., 2003. Archaeological Evaluation of Tanaxtaxak, The Amaknak Spit Site (UNL-00055). Final Report. The Museum of the Aleutians, Unalaska, AK.Google Scholar
Krylovich, O., Vasyukov, D., Khasanov, B., Hatfield, V., West, D., Savinetsky, A., 2019. Hunter-gatherers subsistence and impact on fauna in the Islands of Four Mountains, Eastern Aleutians, Alaska, over 3000 yr. Quaternary Research, this volume. https://doi.org/10.1017/qua.2018.127.Google Scholar
Lamb, H.H., 1995. Climate, History and the Modern World. Routledge, London and New York.Google Scholar
Lambeck, K., 1990. Late Pleistocene, Holocene and present sea-levels: constraints on future change. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 89, 205–217.Google Scholar
Lantis, M., 1984. Aleut. In: Sturtevant, W.C., Damas, D. (Eds.), Arctic, Handbook of North American Indians, >Vol. 5. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, pp. 161–184.Vol.+5.+Smithsonian+Institution,+Washington,+DC,+pp.+161–184.>Google Scholar
Laughlin, W.S., 1974. Holocene history of Nikolski Bay, Alaska, and Aleut evolution. Folk 16/17, 95–115.Google Scholar
Laughlin, W.S., 1975. Aleuts: ecosystem, Holocene history, and Siberian origin. Science 189, 507–515.Google Scholar
Leach, H., 2003. Did East Polynesians have a concept of luxury foods? World Archaeology 34, 442–457.Google Scholar
Leach, F., Quinn, C., Morrison, J., Lyon, G., 2003. The use of multiple isotope signatures in reconstructing prehistoric human diet from archaeological bone from the Pacific and New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology 23, 31–98.Google Scholar
Lefèvre, C., Corbett, D., Crockford, S., Czederpilz, J., Partlow, M., West, D., 2010. Faunal Remains and Intersite Comparisons. In: Corbertt, D., West, D., Lefèvre, C. (Eds.), The People at the End of the World: The Western Aleutians Project and the Archaeology of Shemya Island. Aurora Alaska Anthropological Association Monograph Series, Vol. 3. Alaska Anthropological Association, Anchorage, pp. 133–158.Google Scholar
Lefèvre, C., West, D., Corbett, D.G., 2011. Zooarchaeological analysis at ADK-011, Adak Island, Central Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Arctic Anthropology 48, 69–82.Google Scholar
Leonard, J.A., Wayne, R.K., Wheeler, J., Valadez, R., Guillen, S., Vila, C., 2002. Ancient DNA evidence for Old World origin of New World dogs. Science 298, 1613–1616.Google Scholar
Lippold, L.K., 1991. Animal resources utilized by Saladoid People at Pearls, Grenada, West Indies. In: Ayubi, E.N., Haviser, J.B. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Congress for Caribbean Archaeology. Reports of the Archaeological-Anthropological Institute of the Netherlands Antilles, Curaçao, pp. 264–268.Google Scholar
Lippold, L.K., 1966. Chaluka: the economic base. Arctic Anthropology 3, 125–131.Google Scholar
Longin, R., 1971. New method of collagen extraction for radiocarbon dating. Nature 230, 241–242.Google Scholar
Luomala, K., 1960. A History of the Binomial Classification of the Polynesian Native Dog. Pacific Science 14, 193–223.Google Scholar
Lyman, R.L., 2008. Quantitative Paleozoology. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
MacArthur, R.H., Wilson, E.O., 1967. The Theory of Island Biogeography. Monographs in Population Biology, No. 1. Princeton University Press, Princeton.Google Scholar
Makarova, R.V., 1968. Russians in the Pacific in the second half of the 18th century. [In Russian.] Nauka, Moscow.Google Scholar
Malaurie, J., 1965. Les derniers Rois de Thulé. 10/18, Paris.Google Scholar
Margaris, A., 2009. The mechanical properties of marine and terrestrial skeletal materials. Ethnoarchaeology 1, 163–184.Google Scholar
Mathiassen, T., 1927. Archaeology of the Central Eskimos, the Thule Culture and Its Position within the Eskimo Culture. Report of the Fifth Thule Expedition 1921–1924, Vol. 4. Gyldendal, Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Maxwell, M.S., 1985. Prehistory of the Eastern Arctic. Orlando, Academic Press.Google Scholar
McCartney, A., 1967. An Analysis of the Bone Industry from Amaknak Island, Alaska. Master's Thesis. University of Wisconsin.Google Scholar
McGhee, R., 1996. Ancient people of the Arctic. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.Google Scholar
Miller, M., Christensen, G.C., Evans, H.E., 1964. Anatomy of the Dog. W.B. Saunders Company, London.Google Scholar
Misarti, N., Maschner, H.D.G., 2015. The Paleo-Aleut to Neo-Aleut transition revisited. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 37, 67–84.Google Scholar
Monchot, H., Gendron, D., 2010. Disentangling long bones of foxes (Vulpes vulpes and Alopex lagopus) from arctic archaeological sites. Journal of Archaeological Science 37, 799–806.Google Scholar
Monchot, H., Gendron, D., 2011. Fox exploitation by the Paleoeskimo at the Tayara Site, Nunavik. Arctic Anthropology 48, 15–32.Google Scholar
Morey, D.F., 2010. Domestication and the Development of a Social Bond. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Morey, D.F., Aaris-Sørensen, K., 2002. Paleoeskimo dogs of the eastern Arctic. Arctic 55, 44–56.Google Scholar
Murie, O.S., 1936. Dog skulls from St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. In: Geist, O.W., Rainey, F.G. (Eds.), Archaeological Excavations at Kukulik, St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. University of Alaska Miscellaneous Publications. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, pp. 347–357.Google Scholar
Murie, O.J., 1959. Fauna of the Aleutian Islands and Alaska Peninsula, with notes on invertebrates and fishes collected in the Aleutians, 1936–38. North American Fauna 61, 1–406.Google Scholar
Nelson, E.W., 1900. The Eskimo about Bering Strait. Extract from the eighteenth annual report of the Bureau of American Ethnology. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Newsom, L.A., Wing, E.S., 2004. On Land and Sea: Native American Uses of Biological Resources in the West Indies. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa and London.Google Scholar
Nordenskiöld, A.E., 1881. The Voyage of the Vega around Asia and Europe, with a Historical Review of Previous Journeys along the North Coast of the Old World. MacMillan, London.Google Scholar
O'Leary, M., 2001. Volcanic Ash Stratigraphy for Adak Island, Central Aleutian Archipelago. In: Dumond, D. (Ed.), Archaeology in the Aleut Zone of Alaska, Some Recent Research. University of Oregon Anthropological Papers, No. 58. University of Oregon Press, Eugene, pp. 215–234.Google Scholar
Pabi, S., van Dijken, G.L., Arrigo, K.R., 2008. Primary production in the Arctic Ocean, 1998–2006. Journal Of Geophysical Research 113, C08005.Google Scholar
Péwé, T.L., Hopkins, D.M., 1967. Mammal remains of pre-Wisconsin age in Alaska. In: Hopkins, D.M. (Ed.), The Bering Land Bridge. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, pp. 266–287.Google Scholar
R Core Team, 2018. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. URL https://www.R-project.org/Google Scholar
Raab, L.M., Bradford, K.G., Yatsko, A., 1994. Advances in Southern Channel Islands archaeology: 1983 to 1993. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 16, 243–270.Google Scholar
Ransom, J.E., 1946. Aleut natural-food economy. American Anthropologist 48, 607–623.Google Scholar
Rechtman, R.B., 1992. The Evolution of Socio-Political Complexity in the Fiji Islands. PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Reimer, P.J., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J.W., Blackwell, P.G., Bronk Ramsey, C., Grootes, P.M., et al. , 2013. IntCal13 and Marine13 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curves 0–50,000 Years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55, 1869–1887.Google Scholar
Ricca, M.A., Miles, A.K., Anthony, R.G., Deng, X., Hung, S.S.O., 2007. Effect of lipid extraction on analyses of stable carbon and stable nitrogen isotopes in coastal organisms of the Aleutian archipelago. Canadian Journal of Zoology 85, 40–48.Google Scholar
Richards, M.P., West, E., Rolett, B., Dobney, K., 2009. Isotope analysis of human and animal diets from the Hanamiai archaeological site (French Polynesia). Archaeology in Oceania 44, 169–187.Google Scholar
Rick, T.C., Erlandson, J.M., Vellanoweth, R.L., Braje, T.J., Collins, P.W., Guthrie, D.A., Stafford, T.W., 2008a. The origins and antiquity of the island fox (Urocyon littoralis): AMS 14C evidence from California's Channel Islands. Quaternary Research 71, 93–98.Google Scholar
Rick, T.C., Walker, P.L., Willis, L.M., Noah, A.C., Erlandson, J.M., Vellanoweth, R.L., Braje, T.J., Kennet, D.J., 2008b. Dogs, humans and island ecosystems: the distribution, antiquity and ecology of domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) on California's Channel Islands, USA. The Holocene 18, 1077–1087.Google Scholar
Roth, J.D., Hobson, K.A., 2000. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic fractionation between diet and tissue of captive red fox: implications for dietary reconstruction. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, 848–852.Google Scholar
Saladin d'Anglure, B., 1984. Inuit of Quebec. In: Sturtevant, W.C., Damas, D. (Eds.), Arctic, Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 5. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, pp. 476–507.Google Scholar
Sarychev, G.A., 1802. The Voyage of Captain Sarychev's Fleet in the Northeastern Part of Siberia, the Arctic Ocean and the Eastern Ocean, for Eight Years, with the Geographic and Astronomical Marine Expedition, Commanded by the Fleet of Captain Billings from 1785 to 1793 yrs. [In Russian.] Shnorr Typography, St. Petersburg.Google Scholar
Savinetsky, A.B., West, D.L., Antipushina, Z.A., Khassanov, B.F., Kiseleva, N.K., Krylovich, O.A., Pereladov, A.M., 2012. The reconstruction of ecosystems history of Adak Island (Aleutian Islands) during the Holocene. In: West, D., Hatfield, V., Wilmerding, E., Lefèvre, C., Gualtieri, L. (Eds.), The People Before: The geology, paleoecology and archaeology of Adak Island, Alaska. British Archaeological Reports International Series 2322. Archaeopress, Oxford, pp. 75–106.Google Scholar
Schell, D.M., Barnett, B.A., Vinette, K.A., 1998. Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in zooplankton of the Bering, Chukchi and Beaufort seas. Marine Ecology Progress Series 162, 11–23.Google Scholar
Smith, S.E., Hayes, M.G., Cabana, G.S., Huff, C., Coltrain, J.B., O'Rourke, D.H., 2009. Inferring population continuity versus replacement with aDNA: a cautionary tale from the Aleutian Islands. Human Biology 81, 407–426.Google Scholar
Sommer, R., Benecke, N., 2005. Late-Pleistocene and early Holocene history of the canid fauna of Europe (Canidae). Mammalian Biology 70, 227–241.Google Scholar
Stabeno, P.J., Kachel, D.G., Kachel, N.B., Sullivan, M.E., 2005. Observations from moorings in the Aleutian Passes: temperature, salinity and transport. Fisheries Oceanography 14, 39–54.Google Scholar
Stabeno, P.J., Napp, J., Mordy, C., Whitledge, T., 2010. Factors influencing physical structure and lower trophic levels of the eastern Bering Sea shelf in 2005: ice, tides and winds. Progress in Oceanography 85, 180–196.Google Scholar
Starikovskaya, Y.B., Sukernik, R.I., Schurr, T.G., Kogelnik, A.M., Wallace, D.C., 1998. mtDNA diversity in Chukchi and Siberian Eskimos: implications for the genetic history of ancient Beringia and the peopling of the New World. The American Journal of Human Genetics 63, 1473–1491.Google Scholar
Steadman, D.W., 1995. Prehistoric Extinctions of Pacific Island birds: biodiversity meets zooarchaeology. Science, New Series 267, 1123–1131.Google Scholar
Steadman, D.W., Plourde, A., Burley, D.V., 2002. Prehistoric butchery and consumption of birds in the kingdom of Tonga, South Pacific. Journal of Archaeological Science 29, 571–584.Google Scholar
Sullivan, E.G., Haugen, A.O., 1956. Age determination of foxes by x-ray of forefeet. Journal of Wildlife Management 20, 210–212.Google Scholar
Tuck, J.A., 1976. Ancient People of Port au Choix – The Excavation of an Archaic Indian Cemetery in Newfoundland. Institute of Social and Economic Research, Newfoundland Social and Economic Studies, No. 17. Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's.Google Scholar
Turner, C.G., Turner, J.A., 1974. Progress report on evolutionary anthropological study of Akun Strait District, Eastern Aleutians, Alaska, 1970–1971. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 16, 27–57.Google Scholar
Turner, L., 2008. An Aleutian Ethnography. University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks.Google Scholar
Valentin, F., Bocherens, H., Gratuze, B., Sand, C., 2006. Dietary patterns during the late prehistoric/historic period in Cikobia island (Fiji): insights from stable isotopes and dental pathologies. Journal of Archaeological Science 33, 1396–1410.Google Scholar
Veltre, D.W., Yesner, D.R., Crossen, K.J., Graham, R.W., Coltrain, J.B., 2008. Patterns of faunal extinction and paleoclimatic change from mid-Holocene mammoth and polar bear remains, Pribilof Islands, Alaska. Quaternary Research 70, 40–50.Google Scholar
Veniaminov, I., 1984. Notes on the islands of the Unalaska district. Pierce, R.A. (Ed.) and Black, L., Geoghegan, R.H. (translators). Elmer E. Rasmuson Library Translation Program, University of Alaska, Fairbanks. Limestone Press, Kingston, Ontario.Google Scholar
von den Driesch, A., 1976. A guide to the measurement of animal bones from archaeological sites. Peabody Museum Bulletin 1, 1–136.Google Scholar
von Pfeil, D.J.F., DeCamp, C.E., 2009. The Epiphyseal Plate: Physiology, Anatomy, and Trauma. Compendium: continuing education for veterinarians 31, E1–11, quiz E12.Google Scholar
Walton, Z., Samelius, G., Odden, M., Willebrand, T., 2017. Variation in home range size of red foxes Vulpes vulpes along a gradient of productivity and human landscape alteration. PLoS One 12, e0175291.Google Scholar
Wayne, R.K., George, S.B., Gilbert, D., Collins, P.W., Kovach, S.D., Girman, D., Lehman, N., 1991. A morphological and genetic-study of the Island fox, Urocyon littoralis. Evolution 45, 1849–1868.Google Scholar
West, C.F., Jarvis, K.N., 2015. Osteometric variation in domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) from the Kodiak Archipelago, Alaska. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 25, 289–298.Google Scholar
West, D., Coltrain, J.B., Hayes, M.G., O'Rourke, D.O., Lefèvre, C., Corbett, D., Bouchet, F., Savinetsky, A., 2012. A human burial from the Andreanof Islands, Alaska. In: West, D., Hatfield, V., Wilmerding, E., Lefèvre, C., Gualtieri, L. (Eds.), The People Before: The geology, paleoecology and archaeology of Adak Island, Alaska. British Archaeological Reports International Series 2322. Archaeopress, Oxford, pp. 303–316.Google Scholar
West, D., Khasanov, B., Krylovich, O., Hatfield, V., Khasanov, T., Vasyukov, D., Savinetsky, A., 2019. Refining the Paleo-Aleut to Neo-Aleut transition using a new ΔR for the eastern Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Quaternary Research, this volume. https://doi.org/10.1017/qua.2018.91.Google Scholar
West, D., Lefèvre, C., Corbett, D., and Savinetsky, A., 1999. Radiocarbon dates for the Near Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Current Research in the Pleistocene 16, 83–85.Google Scholar
West, E.W., Rudd, R.L., 1983. Biological control of Aleutian Island Arctic fox: a preliminary strategy. International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems 4, 305–311.Google Scholar
Wing, E.S., 1991. Dog Remains from the Sorcé Site on Vieques Island, Puerto Rico. In: Purdue, J.R., Klippel, W.E., Styles, B.W. (Eds.), Beamers, Bobwhites, and Blue-Points: Tributes to the Career of Paul W. Parmalee. Illinois State Museum Scientific Papers, Vol. 23. Illinois State Museum, Springfield, pp. 379–386.Google Scholar
Wolverton, S., Lyman, R.L., 2010. Introduction to Applied Zooarchaeology. In: Wolverton, S., Lyman, R.L. (Eds.), Conservation Biology and Applied Zooarchaeology. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Yesner, D.R. 1977. Prehistoric Subsistence and Settlement in the Aleutian Islands. PhD dissertation, University of Connecticut, Mansfield.Google Scholar