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The Bi-Factor Method

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2025

Karl J. Holzinger  and
Frances Swineford
Karl J. Holzinger
Affiliation:
University of Chicago
Frances Swineford
Affiliation:
University of Chicago
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Abstract

The Bi-factor Method of factor analysis is described and illustrated with a small group of fourteen tests. A detailed illustration is given of how the method may be modified to the case of overlapping group factors. It is advocated that the Bi-factor pattern in unmodified form be used to determine the adequacy of tests for the measurement of unitary traits.

Type
Original Paper
Information
Psychometrika , Volume 2 , Issue 1 , March 1937 , pp. 41 - 54
Copyright
Copyright © 1937 The Psychometric Society

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References

* Preliminary Reports on Spearman-Holzinger Unitary Trait Study, Nos. 1-8 (9 in preparation). Prepared at the Statistical Laboratory, Department of Education, University of Chicago, 1930-36.

† It is assumed that all intercorrelations are positive or insignificantly negative for mental variables. In case most of the correlations of a variable xi with the other variables are negative, the variable –xi may be used to yield positive values.