Hostname: page-component-669899f699-ggqkh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-05-02T18:42:05.376Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Socioeconomic status and eating disorder prevalence: at the intersections of gender identity, sexual orientation, and race/ethnicity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 May 2022

Natasha L. Burke Open the ORCID record for Natasha L. Burke [Opens in a new window] ,
Vivienne M. Hazzard Open the ORCID record for Vivienne M. Hazzard [Opens in a new window] ,
Lauren M. Schaefer Open the ORCID record for Lauren M. Schaefer [Opens in a new window] ,
Melissa Simone Open the ORCID record for Melissa Simone [Opens in a new window] ,
Jennifer L. O'Flynn  and
Rachel F. Rodgers Open the ORCID record for Rachel F. Rodgers [Opens in a new window]
Natasha L. Burke*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Fordham University, 441 East Fordham Road, Dealy Hall, Bronx, NY 10458, USA
Vivienne M. Hazzard
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55454 Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55454
Lauren M. Schaefer
Affiliation:
Sanford Center for Bio-Behavioral Research, 120 Eighth Street South, Fargo, ND 58103, USA Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1919 Elm Street N, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
Melissa Simone
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55454 Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55454
Jennifer L. O'Flynn
Affiliation:
Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
Rachel F. Rodgers
Affiliation:
Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, France
*
Author for correspondence: Natasha L. Burke, E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Longstanding biases have fostered the erroneous notion that only those of higher socioeconomic status (SES) experience eating disorders (EDs); however, EDs present across all SES strata. Considering the dearth of ED research among those of lower SES, this study examined (1) the overall association between SES and ED prevalence, and (2) ED prevalence in the context of four relevant social identities (i.e. SES, gender identity, sexual orientation, and race/ethnicity) from an intersectional perspective, as unique combinations of multiple social identities may differentially influence risk.

Methods

A sample of 120 891 undergraduate/graduate students from the Healthy Minds Study self-reported family SES with a single-item question, gender identity, sexual orientation, and race/ethnicity, and were screened for ED risk.

Results

Participants of lower SES had 1.27 (95% CI 1.25–1.30) times greater prevalence of a positive ED screen than those of higher SES. Substantial heterogeneity was observed across the four social identities beyond the association with SES. For example, positive ED screens were particularly common among lower SES, Latinx, sexual minority cisgender men and women, with 52% of bisexual men and 52% of lesbian women of Latinx ethnicity and lower SES screening positive.

Conclusions

Although positive ED screens were more common among undergraduate/graduate students of lower SES, the particularly high ED risk reported by certain groups of lower SES with multiple minority identities reinforces the importance of investigating multi-layered constructs of identity when identifying groups at disproportionate risk.

Keywords

Disparitieseating disordersgender identityintersectionalitymultiply marginalizedprevalencerace/ethnicityscreeningsexual orientationsocioeconomic status
Type
Original Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 53 , Issue 9 , July 2023 , pp. 4255 - 4265
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance (ACSFA). (2001). Access denied: Restoring the nation's commitment to equal educational opportunity. Washington, DC: Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance (ACSFA). https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED453770.pdf.Google Scholar
Arcelus, J., Haslam, M., Farrow, C., & Meyer, C. (2013). The role of interpersonal functioning in the maintenance of eating psychopathology: A systematic review and testable model. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(1), 156–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.10.009.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Austin, S. B., Nelson, L. A., Birkett, M. A., Calzo, J. P., & Everett, B. (2013). Eating disorder symptoms and obesity at the intersections of gender, ethnicity, and sexual orientation in US high school students. American Journal of Public Health, 103(2), e16–e22. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2012.301150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bauer, G. R. (2014). Incorporating intersectionality theory into population health research methodology: Challenges and the potential to advance health equity. Social Science & Medicine, 110, 10–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.03.022.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beale, F. (1970). Double jeopardy: To be black and female. In Cade, T. (Ed.), The Black woman: An anthology (pp. 90–100). New York: Signet.Google Scholar
Beccia, A. L., Baek, J., Austin, S. B., Jesdale, W. M., & Lapane, K. L. (2021). Eating-related pathology at the intersection of gender identity and expression, sexual orientation, and weight status: An intersectional multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (MAIHDA) of the growing up today study cohorts. Social Science & Medicine, 281, 114092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114092.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beccia, A. L., Baek, J., Jesdale, W. M., Austin, S. B., Forrester, S., Curtin, C., & Lapane, K. L. (2019). Risk of disordered eating at the intersection of gender and racial/ethnic identity among U.S. high school students. Eating Behaviors, 34, 101299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2019.05.002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Becker, A. E., Franko, D. L., Speck, A., & Herzog, D. B. (2003). Ethnicity and differential access to care for eating disorder symptoms. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 33(2), 205–212. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.10129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Becker, C. B., Middlemass, K. M., Gomez, F., & Martinez-Abrego, A. (2019). Eating disorder pathology among individuals living with food insecurity: A replication study. Clinical Psychological Science, 7(5), 1144–1158. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702619851811.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowleg, L. (2008). When Black + Lesbian + Woman ≠ Black Lesbian Woman: The methodological challenges of qualitative and quantitative intersectionality research. Sex Roles, 59(5–6), 312–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-008-9400-z.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brewerton, T. D. (2007). Eating disorders, trauma, and comorbidity: Focus on PTSD. Eating Disorders, 15(4), 285–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640260701454311.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruch, H. (1975). Obesity and anorexia nervosa: Psychosocial aspects. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 9(3), 159–161. https://doi.org/10.3109/00048677509159842.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burke, N. L., Hazzard, V. M., Karvay, Y. G., Schaefer, L. M., Lipson, S. K., & Rodgers, R. F. (2021a). Eating disorder prevalence among multiracial US undergraduate and graduate students: Is multiracial risk different than the sum of each identity? Eating Behaviors, 41, 101501. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2021.101501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burke, N. L., Schaefer, L. M., Hazzard, V. M., & Rodgers, R. F. (2020). Where identities converge: The importance of intersectionality in eating disorders research. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 53(10), 1605–1609. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23371.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burke, N. L., Schaefer, L. M., Karvay, Y. G., Bardone-Cone, A. M., Frederick, D. A., Schaumberg, K., … Thompson, J. K. (2021b). Does the tripartite influence model of body image and eating pathology function similarly across racial/ethnic groups of White, Black, Latina, and Asian women? Eating Behaviors, 42, 101519. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2021.101519.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calzo, J. P., Blashill, A. J., Brown, T. A., & Argenal, R. L. (2017). Eating disorders and disordered weight and shape control behaviors in sexual minority populations. Current Psychiatry Reports, 19(8), 49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0801-y.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carlson, S., Llobrera, J., & Keith-Jennings, B. (2021). More Adequate SNAP Benefits Would Help Millions of Participants Better Afford Food. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. https://www.cbpp.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/7-30-19fa.pdfGoogle Scholar
Cole, E. R. (2009). Intersectionality and research in psychology. American Psychologist, 64(3), 170–180. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014564.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coleman-Jensen, A., Rabbitt, M. P., Gregory, C. A., & Singh, A. (2019). Household food security in the United States in 2018, ERR-270. Washington, D.C: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.Google Scholar
Combahee River Collective. (1995). Combahee river collective statement. In Guy-Sheftall, B. (Ed.), Words of fire: An anthology of African American feminist thought (pp. 232–240). New York: New Press. (Original work published 1977).Google Scholar
Crenshaw, K. (1993). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. In Weisbert, D. K. (Ed.), Feminist legal theory: Foundations (pp. 383–395). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Deloitte Access Economics. (2020). The social and economic cost of eating disorders in the United States of America: A report for the strategic training initiative for the prevention of eating disorders and the Academy for Eating Disorders. Deloitte Access Economics. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/striped/report-economic-costs-of-eating-disorders/.Google Scholar
Diemer, M. A., Mistry, R. S., Wadsworth, M. E., López, I., & Reimers, F. (2013). Best practices in conceptualizing and measuring social class in psychological research. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 13(1), 77–113. https://doi.org/10.1111/asap.12001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, C. R., Williams, D. R., Onnela, J. P., & Subramanian, S. V. (2018). A multilevel approach to modeling health inequalities at the intersection of multiple social identities. Social Science and Medicine, 203, 64–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.11.011.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fairburn, C. G., Cooper, Z., & Shafran, R. (2003). Cognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders: A “transdiagnostic” theory and treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(5), 509–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(02)00088-8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feldman, M. B., & Meyer, I. H. (2007). Eating disorders in diverse lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 40(3), 218–226. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20360.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feldman, S. E., & Wright, A. J. (2013). Dual impact: Outness and LGB identity formation on mental health. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 25(4), 443–464. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538720.2013.833066.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Field, A. E., Sonneville, K. R., Micali, N., Crosby, R. D., Swanson, S. A., Laird, N. M., … Horton, N. J. (2012). Prospective association of common eating disorders and adverse outcomes. Pediatrics, 130(2), e289–e295. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-3663.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gard, M. C., & Freeman, C. P. (1996). The dismantling of a myth: A review of eating disorders and socioeconomic status. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 20(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199607)20:1<1::Aid-eat1>3.0.Co;2-m.3.0.CO;2-M>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giano, Z., Currin, J. M., Wheeler, D. L., & Hubach, R. D. (2020). Outness amplifies the negative effect of gay related rejection in rural, but not urban sexual minority men. Psychology & Sexuality, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2020.1765411.Google Scholar
Hazzard, V. M., Loth, K. A., Hooper, L., & Becker, C. B. (2020a). Food insecurity and eating disorders: A review of emerging evidence. Current Psychiatry Reports, 22(12), 74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-020-01200-0.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hazzard, V. M., Simone, M., Borg, S. L., Borton, K. A., Sonneville, K. R., Calzo, J. P., & Lipson, S. K. (2020b). Disparities in eating disorder risk and diagnosis among sexual minority college students: Findings from the national healthy minds study. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 53(9), 1563–1568. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Healthy Minds Network (2022). Healthy Minds Study among Colleges and Universities, 2014-2019 [Data set]. Healthy Minds Network, University of Michigan, University of California Los Angeles, Boston University, and Wayne State University. https://healthymindsnetwork.org/reserach/data-for-researchers.Google Scholar
Hill, L. S., Reid, F., Morgan, J. F., & Lacey, J. H. (2010). SCOFF, the development of an eating disorder screening questionnaire. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 43(4), 344–351. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20679.Google ScholarPubMed
Homan, P., Brown, T. H., & King, B. (2021). Structural intersectionality as a new direction for health disparities research. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 62(3), 350–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/00221465211032947.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horowitz, J. M. (2013). Americans are less accepting of homosexuality than other westerners – religion may be one reason. Washington, D.C: Pew Research Center https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/06/12/americans-are-less-accepting-of-homosexuality-than-canadians-western-europeans-and-religion-may-be-one-explanation/.Google Scholar
Huryk, K. M., Drury, C. R., & Loeb, K. L. (2021). Diseases of affluence? A systematic review of the literature on socioeconomic diversity in eating disorders. Eating Behaviors, 43, 101548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2021.101548.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kamody, R. C., Grilo, C. M., & Udo, T. (2020). Disparities in DSM-5 defined eating disorders by sexual orientation among U.S. adults. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 53(2), 278–287. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelly, N. R., Mitchell, K. S., Gow, R. W., Trace, S. E., Lydecker, J. A., Bair, C. E., & Mazzeo, S. (2012). An evaluation of the reliability and construct validity of eating disorder measures in white and black women. Psychological Assessment, 24(3), 608–617. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kivimäki, M., Batty, G. D., Pentti, J., Shipley, M. J., Sipilä, P. N., Nyberg, S. T., … Vahtera, J. (2020). Association between socioeconomic status and the development of mental and physical health conditions in adulthood: A multi-cohort study. The Lancet Public Health, 5(3), e140–e149. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(19)30248-8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kosciw, J. G., Palmer, N. A., & Kull, R. M. (2015). Reflecting resiliency: Openness about sexual orientation and/or gender identity and its relationship to well-being and educational outcomes for LGBT students. American Journal of Community Psychology, 55(1–2), 167–178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-014-9642-6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis-Fernandez, R., Aggarwal, N. K., Baarnhielm, S., Rohlof, H., Kirmayer, L. J., Weiss, M. G., … Lu, F. (2014). Culture and psychiatric evaluation: Operationalizing cultural formulation for DSM-5. Psychiatry, 77(2), 130–154. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2014.77.2.130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis-Fernandez, R., Aggarwal, N. K., & Kirmayer, L. J. (2020). The cultural formulation interview: Progress to date and future directions. Transcultural Psychiatry, 57(4), 487–496. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461520938273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lydecker, J. A., & Grilo, C. M. (2019). Food insecurity and bulimia nervosa in the United States. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 52(6), 735–739. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23074.Google ScholarPubMed
Marques, L., Alegria, M., Becker, A. E., Chen, C. N., Fang, A., Chosak, A., & Diniz, J. B. (2011). Comparative prevalence, correlates of impairment, and service utilization for eating disorders across US ethnic groups: Implications for reducing ethnic disparities in health care access for eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 44(5), 412–420. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20787.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mayer, K. H., Bradford, J. B., Makadon, H. J., Stall, R., Goldhammer, H., & Landers, S. (2008). Sexual and gender minority health: What we know and what needs to be done. American Journal of Public Health, 98(6), 989–995. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2007.127811.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyer, O. L., Castro-Schilo, L., & Aguilar-Gaxiola, S. (2014). Determinants of mental health and self-rated health: A model of socioeconomic status, neighborhood safety, and physical activity. American Journal of Public Health, 104(9), 1734–1741. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Micali, N., Solmi, F., Horton, N. J., Crosby, R. D., Eddy, K. T., Calzo, J. P., … Field, A. E. (2015). Adolescent eating disorders predict psychiatric, high-risk behaviors and weight outcomes in young adulthood. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(8), 652–659.e651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2015.05.009.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, J. M., & Luk, J. W. (2019). A systematic review of sexual orientation disparities in disordered eating and weight-related behaviors among adolescents and young adults: Toward a developmental model. Adolescent Research Review, 4(2), 187–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-018-0079-2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, K. S., Masheb, R., Smith, B. N., Kehle-Forbes, S., Hardin, S., & Vogt, D. (2021). Eating disorder measures in a sample of military veterans: A focus on gender, age, and race/ethnicity. Psychological Assessment, 33(12), 1226–1238. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0001050.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mond, J. M., Myers, T. C., Crosby, R. D., Hay, P. J., Rodgers, B., Morgan, J. F., … Mitchell, J. E. (2008). Screening for eating disorders in primary care: EDE-Q versus SCOFF. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(5), 612–622. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.02.003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morgan, J. F., Reid, F., & Lacey, J. H. (1999). The SCOFF questionnaire: Assessment of a new screening tool for eating disorders. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 319(7223), 1467–1468. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.319.7223.1467.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mulders-Jones, B., Mitchison, D., Girosi, F., & Hay, P. (2017). Socioeconomic correlates of eating disorder symptoms in an Australian population-based sample. PLoS ONE, 12(1), e0170603. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mullainathan, S., & Shafir, E. (2013). Scarcity: The new science of having less and how it defines our lives. New York: Times Books, Henry Holt.Google Scholar
Mulvaney-Day, N., Marshall, T., Downey Piscopo, K., Korsen, N., Lynch, S., Karnell, L. H., … Ghose, S. S. (2018). Screening for behavioral health conditions in primary care settings: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 33(3), 335–346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-017-4181-0.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray, S. B. (2017). Gender identity and eating disorders: The need to delineate novel pathways for eating disorder symptomatology. Journal of Adolescent Health, 60(1), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.10.004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray, S. B., Nagata, J. M., Griffiths, S., Calzo, J. P., Brown, T. A., Mitchison, D., … Mond, J. M. (2017). The enigma of male eating disorders: A critical review and synthesis. Clinical Psychology Review, 57, 1–11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.08.001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nagata, J. M., Ganson, K. T., & Austin, S. B. (2020). Emerging trends in eating disorders among sexual and gender minorities. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 33(6), 562–567. https://doi.org/10.1097/yco.0000000000000645.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neumark-Sztainer, D., Wall, M. M., Choi, J., Barr-Anderson, D. J., Telke, S., & Mason, S. M. (2020). Exposure to adverse events and associations with stress levels and the practice of yoga: Survey findings from a population-based study of diverse emerging young adults. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 26(6), 482–490. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2020.0077.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poushter, J., & Kent, N. (2020). The global divide on homosexuality persists. Washington, D.C: Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/06/PG_2020.06.25_Global-Views-Homosexuality_FINAL.pdf.Google Scholar
Price, R. H., Choi, J. N., & Vinokur, A. D. (2002). Links in the chain of adversity following job loss: How financial strain and loss of personal control lead to depression, impaired functioning, and poor health. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7(4), 302–312. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.7.4.302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rakhkovskaya, L. M., & Warren, C. S. (2016). Sociocultural and identity predictors of body dissatisfaction in ethnically diverse college women. Body Image, 16, 32–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.10.004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rasmusson, G., Lydecker, J. A., Coffino, J. A., White, M. A., & Grilo, C. M. (2019). Household food insecurity is associated with binge-eating disorder and obesity. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 52(1), 28–35. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22990.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reiss, F. (2013). Socioeconomic inequalities and mental health problems in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Social Science & Medicine, 90, 24–31. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.04.026.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodgers, R. F., Berry, R., & Franko, D. L. (2018). Eating disorders in ethnic minorities: An update. Current Psychiatry Reports, 20(10), 90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-018-0938-3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodgers, R. F., Watts, A. W., Austin, S. B., Haines, J., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2017). Disordered eating in ethnic minority adolescents with overweight. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 50(6), 665–671. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22652.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rogers Wood, N. A., & Petrie, T. A. (2010). Body dissatisfaction, ethnic identity, and disordered eating among African American women. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57(2), 141–153. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018922.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rouhani, S. (2014). Intersectionality-informed quantitative research: A primer. British Columbia: Institute for Intersectionality Research and Policy, Simon Fraser University.Google Scholar
Sareen, J., Jagdeo, A., Cox, B. J., Clara, I., ten Have, M., Belik, S.-L., … Stein, M. B. (2007). Perceived barriers to mental health service utilization in the United States, Ontario, and the Netherlands. Psychiatric Services, 58, 357–364. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2007.58.3.357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sonneville, K., & Lipson, S. (2018). Disparities in eating disorder diagnosis and treatment according to weight status, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic background, and sex among college students. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 51(6), 518–526. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22846.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stadterman, J., Karvay, Y. G., Feuerstahler, L., & Burke, N. L. (2022). Comparison of ad libitum snack consumption and acquisition between adolescents living with food security and food insecurity: A stage 1 registered report. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 55(33), 406–414. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23693.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steel, L., Dewa, C., & Lee, K. (2007). Socioeconomic status and self-reported barriers to mental health service use. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52(3), 201–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370705200312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sturgeon, J. A., Arewasikporn, A., Okun, M. A., Davis, M. C., Ong, A. D., & Zautra, A. J. (2016). The psychosocial context of financial stress: Implications for inflammation and psychological health. Psychosomatic Medicine, 78(2), 134–143. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tavolacci, M. P., Grigioni, S., Richard, L., Meyrignac, G., Déchelotte, P., & Ladner, J. (2015). Eating disorders and associated health risks among university students. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 47(5), 412–420.e411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2015.06.009.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, P., Lopez, M. H., Martinez, J., & Velasco, G. (2012). When labels don't fit: Hispanics and their views of identity – politics, values and religion. Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2012/04/04/v-politics-values-and-religion/.Google Scholar
Thielemann, D., Richter, F., Strauss, B., Braehler, E., Altmann, U., & Berger, U. (2019). Differential item functioning in brief instruments of disordered eating. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 35(6), 823–833. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, X., Teng, F., Chen, Z., & Poon, K.-T. (2020). Control my appearance, control my social standing: Appearance control beliefs influence American women's (not men's) social mobility perception. Personality and Individual Differences, 155, 109629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109629.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
West, C. E., Goldschmidt, A. B., Mason, S. M., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2019). Differences in risk factors for binge eating by socioeconomic status in a community-based sample of adolescents: Findings from project EAT. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 52(6), 659–668. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23079.Google Scholar
Wilfred, S. A., & Lundgren, J. D. (2021). The double consciousness body image scale: A body image assessment centering the experiences of Black women. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 54(10), 1771–1781. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, D. R., Priest, N., & Anderson, N. (2016). Understanding associations between race, socioeconomic status and health: Patterns and prospects. Health Psychology, 35(4), 407–411. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Burke et al. supplementary material

Burke et al. supplementary material

Download Burke et al. supplementary material(File)
File 27.4 KB