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Severity of depressive symptoms as a predictor of mortality: the English longitudinal study of ageing

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 May 2015

J. White ,
P. Zaninotto ,
K. Walters ,
M. Kivimäki ,
P. Demakakos ,
A. Shankar ,
M. Kumari ,
J. Gallacher  and
G. D. Batty
J. White*
Affiliation:
School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
P. Zaninotto
Affiliation:
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
K. Walters
Affiliation:
Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
M. Kivimäki
Affiliation:
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
P. Demakakos
Affiliation:
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
A. Shankar
Affiliation:
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
M. Kumari
Affiliation:
Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
J. Gallacher
Affiliation:
School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
G. D. Batty
Affiliation:
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
*
*Address for correspondence: J. White, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4YS, UK. (Email: [email protected])
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Abstract

Background

Major depressive disorder and subthreshold depression have been associated with premature mortality. We investigated the association between depressive symptoms and mortality across the full continuum of severity.

Method

We used Cox proportional hazards models to examine the association between depressive symptom severity, assessed using the eight-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; range 0–8), and the risk of all-cause mortality over a 9-year follow-up, in 11 104 members of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing.

Results

During follow-up, one fifth of study members died (N = 2267). Depressive symptoms were associated with increased mortality across the full range of severity (ptrend < 0.001). Relative to study members with no symptoms, an increased risk of mortality was found in people with depressive symptoms of a low [hazard ratio (HR) for a score of 2 was 1.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.40–1.82], moderate (score of 4: HR 1.80, 95% CI 1.52–2.13) and high (score of 8: HR 2.27, 95% CI 1.69–3.04) severity, suggesting risk emerges at low levels but plateaus thereafter. A third of participants (36.4%, 95% CI 35.5–37.3) reported depressive symptoms associated with an increased mortality risk. Adjustment for physical activity, physical illnesses, and impairments in physical and cognitive functioning attenuated this association (ptrend = 0.25).

Conclusions

Depressive symptoms are associated with an increased mortality risk even at low levels of symptom severity. This association is explained by physical activity, physical illnesses, and impairments in physical and cognitive functioning.

Keywords

Cohort studydepressionmortality
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 45 , Issue 13 , October 2015 , pp. 2771 - 2779
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

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