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The serotonin transporter promoter repeat length polymorphism, seasonal affective disorder and seasonality

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 June 2003

C. JOHANSSON ,
M. WILLEIT ,
R. LEVITAN ,
T. PARTONEN ,
C. SMEDH ,
J. DEL FAVERO ,
S. BEL KACEM ,
N. PRASCHAK-RIEDER ,
A. NEUMEISTER  and
M. MASELLIS
...Show all authors
C. JOHANSSON
Affiliation:
Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska Hospital and Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden; Department of General Psychiatry, Vienna University, Vienna, Austria; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Departments of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, and Human Molecular Genetics, National Public Health Institute Helsinki, Finland; Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Inter-university Institute for Biotechnology (VIB8), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Mood and Anxiety Disorders Preogram, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; and Department of Neurochemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
M. WILLEIT
Affiliation:
Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska Hospital and Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden; Department of General Psychiatry, Vienna University, Vienna, Austria; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Departments of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, and Human Molecular Genetics, National Public Health Institute Helsinki, Finland; Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Inter-university Institute for Biotechnology (VIB8), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Mood and Anxiety Disorders Preogram, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; and Department of Neurochemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
R. LEVITAN
Affiliation:
Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska Hospital and Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden; Department of General Psychiatry, Vienna University, Vienna, Austria; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Departments of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, and Human Molecular Genetics, National Public Health Institute Helsinki, Finland; Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Inter-university Institute for Biotechnology (VIB8), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Mood and Anxiety Disorders Preogram, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; and Department of Neurochemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
T. PARTONEN
Affiliation:
Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska Hospital and Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden; Department of General Psychiatry, Vienna University, Vienna, Austria; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Departments of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, and Human Molecular Genetics, National Public Health Institute Helsinki, Finland; Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Inter-university Institute for Biotechnology (VIB8), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Mood and Anxiety Disorders Preogram, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; and Department of Neurochemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
C. SMEDH
Affiliation:
Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska Hospital and Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden; Department of General Psychiatry, Vienna University, Vienna, Austria; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Departments of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, and Human Molecular Genetics, National Public Health Institute Helsinki, Finland; Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Inter-university Institute for Biotechnology (VIB8), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Mood and Anxiety Disorders Preogram, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; and Department of Neurochemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
J. DEL FAVERO
Affiliation:
Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska Hospital and Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden; Department of General Psychiatry, Vienna University, Vienna, Austria; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Departments of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, and Human Molecular Genetics, National Public Health Institute Helsinki, Finland; Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Inter-university Institute for Biotechnology (VIB8), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Mood and Anxiety Disorders Preogram, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; and Department of Neurochemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
S. BEL KACEM
Affiliation:
Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska Hospital and Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden; Department of General Psychiatry, Vienna University, Vienna, Austria; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Departments of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, and Human Molecular Genetics, National Public Health Institute Helsinki, Finland; Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Inter-university Institute for Biotechnology (VIB8), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Mood and Anxiety Disorders Preogram, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; and Department of Neurochemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
N. PRASCHAK-RIEDER
Affiliation:
Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska Hospital and Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden; Department of General Psychiatry, Vienna University, Vienna, Austria; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Departments of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, and Human Molecular Genetics, National Public Health Institute Helsinki, Finland; Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Inter-university Institute for Biotechnology (VIB8), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Mood and Anxiety Disorders Preogram, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; and Department of Neurochemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
A. NEUMEISTER
Affiliation:
Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska Hospital and Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden; Department of General Psychiatry, Vienna University, Vienna, Austria; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Departments of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, and Human Molecular Genetics, National Public Health Institute Helsinki, Finland; Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Inter-university Institute for Biotechnology (VIB8), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Mood and Anxiety Disorders Preogram, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; and Department of Neurochemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
M. MASELLIS
Affiliation:
Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska Hospital and Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden; Department of General Psychiatry, Vienna University, Vienna, Austria; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Departments of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, and Human Molecular Genetics, National Public Health Institute Helsinki, Finland; Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Inter-university Institute for Biotechnology (VIB8), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Mood and Anxiety Disorders Preogram, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; and Department of Neurochemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
V. BASILE
Affiliation:
Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska Hospital and Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden; Department of General Psychiatry, Vienna University, Vienna, Austria; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Departments of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, and Human Molecular Genetics, National Public Health Institute Helsinki, Finland; Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Inter-university Institute for Biotechnology (VIB8), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Mood and Anxiety Disorders Preogram, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; and Department of Neurochemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
P. ZILL
Affiliation:
Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska Hospital and Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden; Department of General Psychiatry, Vienna University, Vienna, Austria; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Departments of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, and Human Molecular Genetics, National Public Health Institute Helsinki, Finland; Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Inter-university Institute for Biotechnology (VIB8), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Mood and Anxiety Disorders Preogram, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; and Department of Neurochemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
B. BONDY
Affiliation:
Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska Hospital and Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden; Department of General Psychiatry, Vienna University, Vienna, Austria; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Departments of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, and Human Molecular Genetics, National Public Health Institute Helsinki, Finland; Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Inter-university Institute for Biotechnology (VIB8), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Mood and Anxiety Disorders Preogram, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; and Department of Neurochemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
T. PAUNIO
Affiliation:
Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska Hospital and Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden; Department of General Psychiatry, Vienna University, Vienna, Austria; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Departments of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, and Human Molecular Genetics, National Public Health Institute Helsinki, Finland; Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Inter-university Institute for Biotechnology (VIB8), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Mood and Anxiety Disorders Preogram, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; and Department of Neurochemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
S. KASPER
Affiliation:
Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska Hospital and Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden; Department of General Psychiatry, Vienna University, Vienna, Austria; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Departments of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, and Human Molecular Genetics, National Public Health Institute Helsinki, Finland; Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Inter-university Institute for Biotechnology (VIB8), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Mood and Anxiety Disorders Preogram, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; and Department of Neurochemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
C. VAN BROECKHOVEN
Affiliation:
Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska Hospital and Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden; Department of General Psychiatry, Vienna University, Vienna, Austria; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Departments of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, and Human Molecular Genetics, National Public Health Institute Helsinki, Finland; Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Inter-university Institute for Biotechnology (VIB8), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Mood and Anxiety Disorders Preogram, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; and Department of Neurochemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
L.-G. NILSSON
Affiliation:
Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska Hospital and Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden; Department of General Psychiatry, Vienna University, Vienna, Austria; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Departments of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, and Human Molecular Genetics, National Public Health Institute Helsinki, Finland; Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Inter-university Institute for Biotechnology (VIB8), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Mood and Anxiety Disorders Preogram, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; and Department of Neurochemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
R. LAM
Affiliation:
Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska Hospital and Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden; Department of General Psychiatry, Vienna University, Vienna, Austria; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Departments of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, and Human Molecular Genetics, National Public Health Institute Helsinki, Finland; Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Inter-university Institute for Biotechnology (VIB8), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Mood and Anxiety Disorders Preogram, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; and Department of Neurochemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
M. SCHALLING
Affiliation:
Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska Hospital and Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden; Department of General Psychiatry, Vienna University, Vienna, Austria; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Departments of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, and Human Molecular Genetics, National Public Health Institute Helsinki, Finland; Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Inter-university Institute for Biotechnology (VIB8), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Mood and Anxiety Disorders Preogram, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; and Department of Neurochemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
R. ADOLFSSON
Affiliation:
Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska Hospital and Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden; Department of General Psychiatry, Vienna University, Vienna, Austria; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Departments of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, and Human Molecular Genetics, National Public Health Institute Helsinki, Finland; Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Inter-university Institute for Biotechnology (VIB8), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Mood and Anxiety Disorders Preogram, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; and Department of Neurochemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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Abstract

Background. Conflicting results have been reported in previous association studies of the serotonin transporter promoter repeat length polymorphism (5-HTTLPR), seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and seasonality (seasonal variations in mood and behaviour). The aim of this study was to test for association in new case–control and population-based materials, and to perform a combined analysis of all published studies of 5-HTTLPR and SAD.

Method. One hundred and forty-seven new SAD cases and 115 controls were genotyped for 5-HTTLPR and in total 464 patients and 414 controls were included in the pooled analysis. In addition, 226 individuals selected for unusually high or low seasonality scores from a population based material and 46 patients with non-seasonal depression were analysed. Different genetic models were tested and seasonality was analysed both as a qualitative (high v. low) and as a quantitative trait in the different sample sets.

Results. No association between 5-HTTLPR and SAD was found in the new case–control material, in the combined analysis of all samples, or when only including 316 patients with controls (N=298) selected for low seasonality. A difference was detected between the population based high and low seasonality groups, when assuming a recessive effect of the short allele (20% and 10% short allele homozygotes, respectively, OR (95% CI): 2·24 (1·03–4·91)). Quantitative analysis of seasonality revealed no association with 5-HTTLPR in any sample set.

Conclusions. These results do not suggest a major role of the short variant of 5-HTTLPR in susceptibility to SAD, but provide modest evidence for an effect on seasonality.

Type
Research Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 33 , Issue 5 , July 2003 , pp. 785 - 792
Copyright
© 2003 Cambridge University Press

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