Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-lrblm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-11T06:49:35.074Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Response, remission and drop-out rates following high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for treating major depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind and sham-controlled trials

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 March 2013

M. T. Berlim ,
F. van den Eynde ,
S. Tovar-Perdomo  and
Z. J. Daskalakis
M. T. Berlim*
Affiliation:
Neuromodulation Research Clinic, Douglas Mental Health University Institute and McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada Depressive Disorders Program, Douglas Mental Health University Institute and McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
F. van den Eynde
Affiliation:
Neuromodulation Research Clinic, Douglas Mental Health University Institute and McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
S. Tovar-Perdomo
Affiliation:
Neuromodulation Research Clinic, Douglas Mental Health University Institute and McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
Z. J. Daskalakis
Affiliation:
Brain Stimulation Treatment and Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
*
*Address for correspondence: M. T. Berlim M.D., M.Sc., Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle Blvd, FBC-3 Pavilion, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H4H 1R3. (Email: [email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Meta-analyses have shown that high-frequency (HF) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has antidepressant properties when compared with sham rTMS. However, its overall response and remission rates in major depression (MD) remain unclear. Thus, we have systematically and quantitatively assessed the efficacy of HF-rTMS for MD based on randomized, double-blind and sham-controlled trials (RCTs).

Method

We searched the literature from 1995 through to July 2012 using MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, SCOPUS, and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. We used a random-effects model, odds ratios (ORs) and the number needed to treat (NNT).

Results

Data from 29 RCTs were included, totaling 1371 subjects with MD. Following approximately 13 sessions, 29.3% and 18.6% of subjects receiving HF-rTMS were classified as responders and remitters, respectively (compared with 10.4% and 5% of those receiving sham rTMS). The pooled OR was 3.3 (p < 0.0001) for both response and remission rates (with associated NNTs of 6 and 8, respectively). Furthermore, we found HF-rTMS to be equally effective as an augmentation strategy or as a monotherapy for MD, and when used in samples with primary unipolar MD or in mixed samples with unipolar and bipolar MD. Also, alternative stimulation parameters were not associated with differential efficacy estimates. Moreover, baseline depression severity and drop-out rates at study end were comparable between the HF-rTMS and sham rTMS groups. Finally, heterogeneity between the included RCTs was not statistically significant.

Conclusions

HF-rTMS seems to be associated with clinically relevant antidepressant effects and with a benign tolerability profile.

Keywords

Acceptabilityefficacymajor depressionmeta-analysisrepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
Type
Review Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 44 , Issue 2 , January 2014 , pp. 225 - 239
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allan, CL, Herrmann, LL, Ebmeier, KP (2011). Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the management of mood disorders. Neuropsychobiology 64, 163–169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, IM, Delvai, NA, Ashim, B, Ashim, S, Lewin, C, Singh, V, Sturman, D, Strickland, PL (2007). Adjunctive fast repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression. British Journal of Psychiatry 190, 533–534.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
APA (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). American Psychiatric Association: Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Arns, M, Drinkenburg, WH, Fitzgerald, PB, Kenemans, JL (2012). Neurophysiological predictors of non-response to rTMS in depression. Brain Stimulation 5, 569–576.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Avery, DH, Holtzheimer, PE 3rd, Fawaz, W, Russo, J, Neumaier, J, Dunner, DL, Haynor, DR, Claypoole, KH, Wajdik, C, Roy-Byrne, P (2006). A controlled study of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in medication-resistant major depression. Biological Psychiatry 59, 187–194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bakim, B, Uzun, U, Karamustafalioglu, K, Ozcelik, B, Alpak, G, Tankaya, O, Ceylan, Y (in press). Combination of fast repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation with antidepressant treatment in medication-resistant depression. Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology.Google Scholar
Berlim, MT, Broadbent, H, Van den Eynde, F (2013). Blinding integrity in randomized sham-controlled trials of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for major depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. Published online 11 02 2013 . doi:10.1017/S1461145712001691.Google ScholarPubMed
Berlim, MT, Fleck, MP (2003). ‘Quality of life’: a brand new concept for research and practice in psychiatry. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 25, 249–252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berlim, MT, Fleck, MP, Turecki, G (2008). Current trends in the assessment and somatic treatment of resistant/refractory major depression: an overview. Annals of Medicine 40, 149–159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berlim, MT, Turecki, G (2007). What is the meaning of treatment resistant/refractory major depression (TRD)? A systematic review of current randomized trials. European Neuropsychopharmacology 17, 696–707.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berman, RM, Narasimhan, M, Sanacora, G, Miano, AP, Hoffman, RE, Hu, XS, Charney, DS, Boutros, NN (2000). A randomized clinical trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of major depression. Biological Psychiatry 47, 332–337.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blumberger, DM, Mulsant, BH, Fitzgerald, PB, Rajji, TK, Ravindran, AV, Young, LT, Levinson, AJ, Daskalakis, ZJ (2012). A randomized double-blind sham-controlled comparison of unilateral and bilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant major depression. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 13, 423–435.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borckardt, JJ, Walker, J, Branham, RK, Rydin-Gray, S, Hunter, C, Beeson, H, Reeves, ST, Madan, A, Sackeim, H, George, MS (2008). Development and evaluation of a portable sham transcranial magnetic stimulation system. Brain Stimulation 1, 52–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borenstein, M, Hedges, LV, Higgins, JPT, Rothstein, HR (2009). Introduction to Meta-Analysis. Wiley & Sons Ltd: Chichester.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boutros, NN, Gueorguieva, R, Hoffman, RE, Oren, DA, Feingold, A, Berman, RM (2002). Lack of a therapeutic effect of a 2-week sub-threshold transcranial magnetic stimulation course for treatment-resistant depression. Psychiatry Research 113, 245–254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burt, T, Lisanby, SH, Sackeim, HA (2002). Neuropsychiatric applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation: a meta analysis. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 5, 73–103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chistyakov, AV, Rubicsek, O, Kaplan, B, Zaaroor, M, Klein, E (2010). Safety, tolerability and preliminary evidence for antidepressant efficacy of theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with major depression. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 13, 387–393.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Citrome, L (2011). Number needed to treat: what it is and what it isn't, and why every clinician should know how to calculate it. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 72, 412–413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, H, Hedges, LV, Valentine, JC (2009). The Handbook of Research Synthesis and Meta-Analysis. Russell Sage Foundation Publications: New York.Google Scholar
Couturier, JL (2005). Efficacy of rapid-rate repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience 30, 83–90.Google ScholarPubMed
Deeks, JJ (2002). Issues in the selection of a summary statistic for meta-analysis of clinical trials with binary outcomes. Statistics in Medicine 21, 1575–1600.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DerSimonian, R, Kacker, R (2007). Random-effects model for meta-analysis of clinical trials: an update. Contemporary Clinical Trials 28, 105–114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Downar, J, Daskalakis, ZJ (2012). New targets for rTMS in depression: a review of convergent evidence. Brain Stimulation. Published online 7 09 2012 . doi:10.1016/j.brs.2012.08.006.Google ScholarPubMed
Duval, S, Tweedie, R (2000). Trim and fill: a simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics 56, 455–463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ebmeier, KP, Donaghey, C, Steele, JD (2006). Recent developments and current controversies in depression. Lancet 367, 153–167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egger, M, Davey Smith, G, Schneider, M, Minder, C (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. British Medical Journal 315, 629–634.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egger, M, Smith, GD, Altman, D (eds.) (2001). Systematic Reviews on Health Care: Meta-Analysis in Context. BMJ Publishing Group: London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fergusson, D, Aaron, SD, Guyatt, G, Hebert, P (2002). Post-randomisation exclusions: the intention to treat principle and excluding patients from analysis. British Medical Journal 325, 652–654.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fitzgerald, PB (2010). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment for depression: lots of promise but still lots of questions. Brain Stimulation 2, 185–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitzgerald, PB, Brown, TL, Marston, NA, Daskalakis, ZJ, De Castella, A, Kulkarni, J (2003). Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Archives of General Psychiatry 60, 1002–1008.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fitzgerald, PB, Hoy, KE, Herring, SE, McQueen, S, Peachey, AV, Segrave, RA, Maller, J, Hall, P, Daskalakis, ZJ (2012). A double blind randomized trial of unilateral left and bilateral prefrontal cortex transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment resistant major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 139, 193–198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fitzgerald, PB, Hoy, KE, McQueen, S, Maller, JJ, Herring, S, Segrave, R, Bailey, M, Been, G, Kulkarni, J, Daskalakis, ZJ (2009). A randomized trial of rTMS targeted with MRI based neuro-navigation in treatment-resistant depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 34, 1255–1262.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fritz, CO, Morris, PE, Richler, JJ (2012). Effect size estimates: current use, calculations, and interpretation. Journal of Experimental Psychology General 141, 2–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garcia-Toro, M, Mayol, A, Arnillas, H, Capllonch, I, Ibarra, O, Crespi, M, Mico, J, Lafau, O, Lafuente, L (2001). Modest adjunctive benefit with transcranial magnetic stimulation in medication-resistant depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 64, 271–275.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
George, MS, Aston-Jones, G (2010). Noninvasive techniques for probing neurocircuitry and treating illness: vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Neuropsychopharmacology 35, 301–316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
George, MS, Lisanby, SH, Avery, D, McDonald, WM, Durkalski, V, Pavlicova, M, Anderson, B, Nahas, Z, Bulow, P, Zarkowski, P, Holtzheimer, PE 3rd, Schwartz, T, Sackeim, HA (2010). Daily left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy for major depressive disorder: a sham-controlled randomized trial. Archives of General Psychiatry 67, 507–516.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
George, MS, Nahas, Z, Molloy, M, Speer, AM, Oliver, NC, Li, XB, Arana, GW, Risch, SC, Ballenger, JC (2000). A controlled trial of daily left prefrontal cortex TMS for treating depression. Biological Psychiatry 48, 962–970.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
George, MS, Wassermann, EM, Kimbrell, TA, Little, JT, Williams, WE, Danielson, AL, Greenberg, BD, Hallett, M, Post, RM (1997). Mood improvement following daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with depression: a placebo-controlled crossover trial. American Journal of Psychiatry 154, 1752–1756.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gross, M, Nakamura, L, Pascual-Leone, A, Fregni, F (2007). Has repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment for depression improved? A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the recent vs. the earlier rTMS studies. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 116, 165–173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, M (1960). A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 23, 56–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herbsman, T, Avery, D, Ramsey, D, Holtzheimer, P, Wadjik, C, Hardaway, F, Haynor, D, George, MS, Nahas, Z (2009). More lateral and anterior prefrontal coil location is associated with better repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation antidepressant response. Biological Psychiatry 66, 509–515.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hernández-Ribas, R, Deus, J, Pujol, J, Segalàs, C, Vallejo, J, Menchón, JM, Cardoner, N, Soriano-Mas, C (2013). Identifying brain imaging correlates of clinical response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in major depression. Brain Stimulation 6, 54–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrmann, LL, Ebmeier, KP (2006). Factors modifying the efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression: a review. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 67, 1870–1876.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Higgins, JPT, Green, S (eds) (2008). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. John Wiley & Sons Ltd: Chichester.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holtzheimer, PE 3rd, McDonald, WM, Mufti, M, Kelley, ME, Quinn, S, Corso, G, Epstein, CM (2010). Accelerated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Depression and Anxiety 27, 960–963.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holtzheimer, PE 3rd, Russo, J, Claypoole, KH, Roy-Byrne, P, Avery, DH (2004). Shorter duration of depressive episode may predict response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Depression and Anxiety 19, 24–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoppner, J, Schulz, M, Irmisch, G, Mau, R, Schlafke, D, Richter, J (2003). Antidepressant efficacy of two different rTMS procedures. High frequency over left versus low frequency over right prefrontal cortex compared with sham stimulation. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 253, 103–109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Janicak, PG, Nahas, Z, Lisanby, SH, Solvason, HB, Sampson, SM, McDonald, WM, Marangell, LB, Rosenquist, P, McCall, WV, Kimball, J, O'Reardon, JP, Loo, C, Husain, MH, Krystal, A, Gilmer, W, Dowd, SM, Demitrack, MA, Schatzberg, AF (2010). Durability of clinical benefit with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in the treatment of pharmacoresistant major depression: assessment of relapse during a 6-month, multisite, open-label study. Brain Stimulation 3, 187–199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keller, MB (2004). Remission versus response: the new gold standard of antidepressant care. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 65 (Suppl. 4), 53–59.Google ScholarPubMed
Koerselman, F, Laman, DM, van Duijn, H, van Duijn, MA, Willems, MA (2004). A 3-month, follow-up, randomized, placebo-controlled study of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 65, 1323–1328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kozel, FA, George, MS (2002). Meta-analysis of left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to treat depression. Journal of Psychiatric Practice 8, 270–275.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lam, RW, Chan, P, Wilkins-Ho, M, Yatham, LN (2008). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 53, 621–631.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lam, RW, Kennedy, SH, Grigoriadis, S, McIntyre, RS, Milev, R, Ramasubbu, R, Parikh, SV, Patten, SB, Ravindran, AV (2009). Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) clinical guidelines for the management of major depressive disorder in adults. III. Pharmacotherapy. Journal of Affective Disorders 117 (Suppl. 1), S26–S43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levkovitz, Y, Harel, EV, Roth, Y, Braw, Y, Most, D, Katz, LN, Sheer, A, Gersner, R, Zangen, A (2010). Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation over the prefrontal cortex: evaluation of antidepressant and cognitive effects in depressive patients. Brain Stimulation 4, 188–200.Google Scholar
Loo, CK, Mitchell, PB, McFarquhar, TF, Malhi, GS, Sachdev, PS (2007). A sham-controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of twice-daily rTMS in major depression. Psychological Medicine 37, 341–349.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, JL, Barbanoj, MJ, Schlaepfer, TE, Clos, S, Perez, V, Kulisevsky, J, Gironell, A (2002). Transcranial magnetic stimulation for treating depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Issue 4. Art. No.: CD003493. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003493.Google ScholarPubMed
Martin, JL, Barbanoj, MJ, Schlaepfer, TE, Thompson, E, Perez, V, Kulisevsky, J (2003). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of depression. Systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry 182, 480–491.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mathers, CD, Loncar, D (2006). Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Medicine 3, e442.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McNamara, B, Ray, JL, Arthurs, OJ, Boniface, S (2001). Transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression and other psychiatric disorders. Psychological Medicine 31, 1141–1146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mogg, A, Pluck, G, Eranti, SV, Landau, S, Purvis, R, Brown, RG, Curtis, V, Howard, R, Philpot, M, McLoughlin, DM (2008). A randomized controlled trial with 4-month follow-up of adjunctive repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left prefrontal cortex for depression. Psychological Medicine 38, 323–333.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moher, D, Hopewell, S, Schulz, KF, Montori, V, Gøtzsche, PC, Devereaux, PJ, Elbourne, D, Egger, M, Altman, DG (2010). CONSORT 2010 Explanation and Elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 63, e1–e37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moher, D, Liberati, A, Tetzlaff, J, Altman, DG (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. BMJ 339, b2535.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Montgomery, SA, Asberg, M (1979). A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. British Journal of Psychiatry 134, 382–389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mosimann, UP, Schmitt, W, Greenberg, BD, Kosel, M, Muri, RM, Berkhoff, M, Hess, CW, Fisch, HU, Schlaepfer, TE (2004). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: a putative add-on treatment for major depression in elderly patients. Psychiatry Research 126, 123–133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nahas, Z, Kozel, FA, Li, X, Anderson, B, George, MS (2003). Left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) treatment of depression in bipolar affective disorder: a pilot study of acute safety and efficacy. Bipolar Disorders 5, 40–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, JC, Papakostas, GI (2009). Atypical antipsychotic augmentation in major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized trials. American Journal of Psychiatry 166, 980–991.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nierenberg, AA, DeCecco, LM (2001). Definitions of antidepressant treatment response, remission, nonresponse, partial response, and other relevant outcomes: a focus on treatment-resistant depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 62 (Suppl. 16), 5–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Nierenberg, AA, Fava, M, Trivedi, MH, Wisniewski, SR, Thase, ME, McGrath, PJ, Alpert, JE, Warden, D, Luther, JF, Niederehe, G, Lebowitz, B, Shores-Wilson, K, Rush, AJ (2006). A comparison of lithium and T(3) augmentation following two failed medication treatments for depression: a STAR*D report. American Journal of Psychiatry 163, 1519–1530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Reardon, JP, Solvason, HB, Janicak, PG, Sampson, S, Isenberg, KE, Nahas, Z, McDonald, WM, Avery, D, Fitzgerald, PB, Loo, C, Demitrack, MA, George, MS, Sackeim, HA (2007). Efficacy and safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: a multisite randomized controlled trial. Biological Psychiatry 62, 1208–1216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Padberg, F, Zwanzger, P, Keck, ME, Kathmann, N, Mikhaiel, P, Ella, R, Rupprecht, P, Thoma, H, Hampel, H, Toschi, N, Moller, HJ (2002). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in major depression: relation between efficacy and stimulation intensity. Neuropsychopharmacology 27, 638–645.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palliere-Martinot, ML, Galinowski, A, Ringuenet, D, Gallarda, T, Lefaucheur, JP, Bellivier, F, Picq, C, Bruguiere, P, Mangin, JF, Riviere, D, Willer, JC, Fallisard, B, Leboyer, M, Olie, JP, Artiges, E, Martinot, JL (2010). Influence of prefrontal target region on the efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with medication-resistant depression: a [(18)] F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET and MRI study. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 13, 45–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ridding, MC, Rothwell, JC (2007). Is there a future for therapeutic use of transcranial magnetic stimulation? Nature Reviews in Neuroscience 8, 559–567.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riley, RD, Higgins, JP, Deeks, JJ (2011). Interpretation of random effects meta-analyses. BMJ 342, d549.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosa, MA, Lisanby, SH (2012). Somatic treatments for mood disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 37, 102–116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenthal, R (1979). The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results. Psychological Bulletin 86, 638–641.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rossi, S, Hallett, M, Rossini, PM, Pascual-Leone, A (2009). Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research. Clinical Neurophysiology 120, 2008–2039.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rossini, D, Lucca, A, Zanardi, R, Magri, L, Smeraldi, E (2005). Transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant depressed patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Psychiatry Research 137, 1–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruohonen, J, Karhu, J (2010). Navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurophysiologie Clinique 40, 7–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rush, AJ, Kraemer, HC, Sackeim, HA, Fava, M, Trivedi, MH, Frank, E, Ninan, PT, Thase, ME, Gelenberg, AJ, Kupfer, DJ, Regier, DA, Rosenbaum, JF, Ray, O, Schatzberg, AF (2006). Report by the ACNP Task Force on response and remission in major depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 31, 1841–1853.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rusjan, PM, Barr, MS, Farzan, F, Arenovich, T, Maller, JJ, Fitzgerald, PB, Daskalakis, ZJ (2010). Optimal transcranial magnetic stimulation coil placement for targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex using novel magnetic resonance image-guided neuronavigation. Human Brain Mapping 31, 1643–1652.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sandrini, M, Umilta, C, Rusconi, E (2011). The use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in cognitive neuroscience: a new synthesis of methodological issues. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 35, 516–536.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schonfeldt-Lecuona, C, Lefaucheur, JP, Cardenas-Morales, L, Wolf, RC, Kammer, T, Herwig, U (2010). The value of neuronavigated rTMS for the treatment of depression. Neurophysiologie Clinique 40, 37–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schutter, DJ (2009). Antidepressant efficacy of high-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in double-blind sham-controlled designs: a meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine 39, 65–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schutter, DJ (2010). Quantitative review of the efficacy of slow-frequency magnetic brain stimulation in major depressive disorder. Psychological Medicine 40, 1789–1795.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slotema, CW, Blom, JD, Hoek, HW, Sommer, IE (2010). Should we expand the toolbox of psychiatric treatment methods to include repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)? A meta-analysis of the efficacy of rTMS in psychiatric disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 71, 873–884.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stern, WM, Tormos, JM, Press, DZ, Pearlman, C, Pascual-Leone, A (2007). Antidepressant effects of high and low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 19, 179–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Su, T, Huang, C, Wei, I (2005). Add-on rTMS for medication-resistant depression: a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial in Chinese patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 66, 930–937.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Triggs, WJ, Ricciuti, N, Ward, HE, Cheng, J, Bowers, D, Goodman, WK, Kluger, BM, Nadeau, SE (2010). Right and left dorsolateral pre-frontal rTMS treatment of refractory depression: a randomized, sham-controlled trial. Psychiatry Research 15, 467–474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trivedi, MH, Rush, AJ, Wisniewski, SR, Nierenberg, AA, Warden, D, Ritz, L, Norquist, G, Howland, RH, Lebowitz, B, McGrath, PJ, Shores-Wilson, K, Biggs, MM, Balasubramani, GK, Fava, M (2006). Evaluation of outcomes with citalopram for depression using measurement-based care in STAR*D: implications for clinical practice. American Journal of Psychiatry 163, 28–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Undurraga, J, Baldessarini, RJ (2012). Randomized, placebo-controlled trials of antidepressants for acute major depression: thirty-year meta-analytic review. Neuropsychopharmacology 37, 851–864.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wassermann, EM, Zimmermann, T (2012). Transcranial magnetic brain stimulation: therapeutic promises and scientific gaps. Pharmacological Therapy 133, 98–107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization (1992). The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. World Health Organization: Geneva.Google Scholar
Zhang, XH, Wang, LW, Wang, JJ, Liu, Q, Fan, Y (2011). Adjunctive treatment with transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment resistant depression: a randomized, double-blind, sham controlled study. Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry 23, 17–24.Google Scholar
Zheng, H, Zhang, L, Li, L, Liu, P, Gao, J, Liu, X, Zou, J, Zhang, Y, Liu, J, Zhang, Z, Li, Z, Men, W (2010). High-frequency rTMS treatment increases left prefrontal myo-inositol in young patients with treatment-resistant depression. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 34, 1189–1195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Berlim et al. supplementary material

Supplementary tables

Download Berlim et al. supplementary material(File)
File 1.5 MB