Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T01:03:01.828Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Research and Alzheimer's disease: an epidemiological perspective

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2009

Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Editorial
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1993

References

Axelsson, O., Hane, M. & Jojstedt, C. (1976). A case-reference study on neuropsychiatric disorders among workers exposed to solvents. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 2, 1420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beardsall, L., Barkley, C. & O'Sullivan, A. (1992). The response of elderly community residents to requests for brain donation: an interim report. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 7, 119204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berg, S. (1980). Psychological functioning in 70 to 75 year old people; study in an industrialised city. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica suppl. 288.Google Scholar
Bickel, H. & Cooper, B. (1989). Incidence of dementing illness among persons aged over 65 years in an urban population. In Epidemiology and the Prevention of Mental Disorders (ed. Cooper, B. T. & Helgason, T.). pp. 5976. Routledge: London.Google Scholar
Bird, T. D., Schellenberg, G. D., Wijsman, E. M. & Martin, G. M. (1989). Evidence for etiologic heterogeneity Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiology of Aging 10, 432434.Google ScholarPubMed
Brayne, C. (1991). The EURODEM collaborative re-analysis of case–control studies of Alzheimer's disease: implications for public health. International Journal of Epidemiology 20, Suppl. 2, S6871.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brayne, C. & Calloway, P. (1988). Normal ageing, impaired cognitive function and senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type: a continuum? Lancet i, 12651267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brayne, C. & Calloway, P. (1989). An epidemiological study of dementia in a rural population of elderly women. British Journal of Psychiatry 155, 214219.Google Scholar
Brayne, C. & Calloway, P. (1990). The case identification of dementia in the community: a comparison of methods. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 5, 309316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brayne, C., Huppert, F., Paykel, E. & Gill, C. (1992). The Cambridge Project for Later Life: design and preliminary results. Neuroepidemiology 11, (Suppl. 1, pp. 7175).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, P., Goldfarb, L. G. & Gadjusek, D. C. (1991). The new biology of spongiform encephalopathy: infectious amyloidoses with a genetic twist. Lancet 337, 10191022.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Breteler, M. M. B., van Duijn, C. M., Chandra, V., Fratiglioni, L., Graves, A. B., Heyman, A., Jorm, A. F., Kokmen, E., Kondo, K., Mortimer, J. A., Rocca, W. A., Shalat, S. L., Soininen, H. & Hofman, A. (1991). Medical history and the risk of Alzheimer's disease: a collaborative re-analysis of case–control studies. International Journal of Epidemiology 20, Suppl. 2, S36S42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burns, A., Luthert, P., Levy, R., Jacoby, R. & Lantos, P. (1990). Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. British Medical Journal 301, 48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Byrne, E. J., Smith, C. W. & Arie, T. (1991). The diagnosis of dementia – I Clinical and pathological criteria: a review of the literature. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 6, 199208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, M., Clarke, S., Odeli, A. & Jagger, C. (1984). The elderly at home: health and social status. Health Trends 1, 37.Google Scholar
Clarke, M., Jagger, C., Anderson, J., Battcock, T., Kelly, F., Campbell Stern, M. (1991). The prevalence of dementia in a total population: a comparison of two screening instruments. Age and Ageing 20, 396403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clayton, D. (1991). The EURODEM collaborative re-analysis of case–control studies of Alzheimer's disease: some methodological considerations. International Journal of Epidemiology 20, Suppl. 2, S62S64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collinge, J., Owen, F., Poulter, M., Leach, M., Crow, T. J., Rosser, M. N., Hardy, J., Mullan, M. J., Janota, I. & Lantos, P. L. (1990). Prion dementia without characteristic pathology. Lancet ii, 79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, B. (1991). The Epidemiology of primary degenerative dementia and related neurological disorders. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 240, 223233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Copeland, J. R. M., Dewey, M. E. & Griffiths-Jones, H. M. (1986 a). Computerized psychiatric diagnostic system and case nomenclature for elderly subjects: GMS and AGECAT. Psychological Medicine 16, 8999.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Copeland, J. R. M., McWilliam, C., Dewey, M. E., Forshaw, D., Schiwach, R., Abed, R. T., Muthu, M. S. & Wood, N. (1986 b). The early recognition of dementia in the elderly: a preliminary communication about a longitudinal study using the GMS-AGECAT package (community version). International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 1, 6370.Google Scholar
Copeland, J. R. M., Dewey, M. E., Davidson, I. A., Saunders, P. A. & Scott, A. (1992). GMS-AGECAT: prevalence, incidence and long-term outcome of dementia and organic disorders in the Liverpool longitudinal study. In European Studies on the Incidence of Dementing Diseases (ed. Launer, L. J., Brayne, C. and Dartigues, J.-F. and Hofman, A.). Neuroepidemiology 11, (Suppl. 1, pp. 8487).Google Scholar
Crystal, H., Dickson, D., Fuld, P., Masur, D., Scott, R., Mehler, H., Masdeu, J., Kawas, C., Aronson, H. & Wolfson, L. (1988). Clinico-pathological studies in dementia: nondemented subjects with pathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 38, 16821687.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dartigues, J.-F., Gagnon, M., Barberger-Gateau, P., Letenneur, L., Commenges, D., Sauvel, C., Michel, P. & Salamon, R. (1992). The PAQUID epidemiological program on brain aging. In European Studies on the Incidence of Dementing Diseases (ed. Launer, L. J., Brahne, C., Dartigues, J.-F. and Hofman, A.). Neuroepidemiology 11, (Suppl. 1, pp. 1418).Google Scholar
Davey Smith, G. & Phillips, A. N. (1990). Declaring independence: why we should be cautious. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 44, 257258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eagles, J. M., Beattie, J. A. G., Restall, D. B. & Rawlinson, F. (1990). Relation between cognitive impairment and early death in the elderly. British Medical Journal 300, 239240.Google ScholarPubMed
Ehrlich, S. S. & Davis, R. L. (1980). Alzheimer's disease in the very aged. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 39, 352354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elwood, P. C., Burr, M. L., Bainton, D., Yarnell, J. W. G., Fehily, A. M., Baker, I. A. & Sweetnam, P. M. (1991). Epidemiological Studies of Cardiovascular Diseases. Progress Report VII. Medical Council: South Glamorgan.Google Scholar
Evans, D. A., Funkenstein, H. H., Albert, M. S., Scherr, P. A., Cook, N. R., Chown, M. J., Hebert, L. E., Hennekens, C. H. & Taylor, J. O. (1989). Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in a community population of older persons higher than previously reported. Journal of the American Medical Association 262, 25512556.Google Scholar
Evans, D. A., Smith, L. A., Scherr, P. A., Albert, M., Funkenstein, H. H. & Hebert, L. E. (1991). Risk of death from Alzheimer's disease in a community population of older persons. American Journal of Epidemiology 134, 403412.Google Scholar
Evans, P. H., Klinowski, J., Yano, E. & Urano, N. (1989). Alzheimer's disease: a pathogenic role for aluminosilicate-induced phagocytic free radicals. Free Radical Research Communications 6, 317321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fillenbaum, G. C., Hughes, D. E., Heyman, A., Cedagte, L. K. & Blazer, D. E. (1988). Relationship of health and demographic characteristics to Mini-Mental State Examination score among community residents. Psychological Medicine 18, 719726.Google ScholarPubMed
Fuld, P. A., Muramoto, O., Blau, A., Westbrook, L. & Katzman, R. (1988). Cross-cultural and multi-ethnic dementia evaluation by mental status and memory testing. Cortex 24, 511519.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goate, A., Chartier-Harlin, M.-C., Mullan, M., Brown, J., Crawford, F., Fidani, L., Giuffra, L., Haynes, A., Irving, N., James, L., Mant, R., Newton, P., Rooke, K., Rogues, P., Talbot, C., Pericak-Vance, M., Roses, A., Williamson, R., Rossor, M., Owen, M. & Hardy, J. (1991). Segregation of a missence mutation in the amyloid precursor protein gene with familial Alzheimer's disease. Nature 349, 704706.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graves, A. B., van Duijn, V. M., Chandra, V., Fratiglioni, L., Heyman, A., Jorm, A. F., Kokmen, E., Kondo, K., Mortimer, J. A., Rocca, W. A., Shalat, S. L., Soininen, H. & Hofman, A. (1991 a). Alcohol and tobacco consumption as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a collaborative re-analysis of case–control studies. International Journal of Epidemiology 20, Suppl. 2, S48S57.Google ScholarPubMed
Graves, A. B., van Duijn, V. M., Chandra, V., Fratiglioni, L., Heyman, A., Jorm, A. F., Kokmen, E., Kondo, K., Mortimer, J. A., Rocca, W. A., Shalat, S. L., Soininen, H. & Hofman, A. (1991 b). Occupational exposures to solvents and lead as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a collaborative re-analysis of case–control studies. International Journal of Epidemiology 20, Suppl. 2, S58S61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hardy, J. (1991). Developing a coherent strategy for locating the gene(s) predisposing to Alzheimer's disease. In Alzheimer's Disease: Basic Mechanisms, Diagnosis and Therapeutic Strategies (ed. Iqbal, K., McLachlan, D. R. C., Winblad, B. and Wisniewski, H. M.). J. Wiley & Sons: Chichester.Google Scholar
Harrington, C. R., Mukaetova-Ladinska, E. B., Hills, R., Edwards, P. C., Montejo de Garani, E., Novak, M. & Wischick, C. M. (1991). Measurement of distinct immunochemical presentations of tau protein in Alzheimer's disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 88, 58425846.Google Scholar
Harrison, P. J. (1991). Alzheimer's disease and the beta-amyloid gene. British Medical Journal 302, 14781489.Google ScholarPubMed
Harrison, P. J. & Roberts, G. W. (1991). ‘Life, Jim, But Not as We Know It’. British Journal of Psychiatry 158, 457470.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henderson, A. S. (1988). The risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a review and a hypothesis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 78, 257275.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hennekens, C. H. & Buring, J. E. (1987). Epidemiology in Medicine. Little, Brown and Company: Boston/Toronto.Google Scholar
Himmelman, A., Hansson, L., Svensson, A., Harmsen, P., Homgren, C. & Svanborg, A. (1988). Predictors of stroke in the elderly. Acta Medica Scandinavica 224, 439443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodges, J. (1992). Pick's Disease (1992). In Dementia (ed. Burns, A. and Levy, R.). Chapman and Hall: London. (In the press.)Google ScholarPubMed
Hofman, A., Rocca, W. A., Brayne, C., Breteler, M. M. B., Clarke, M., Cooper, B., Copeland, J. R. M., Dartigues, J. F., da Silva Droux, A., Hagnell, O., Heern, T. J., Engedal, K., Jonker, C., Lindesay, J., Lobo, A., Mann, A., Molsa, P. K., Morgan, K., O'Connor, D. W., Sulkava, R., Kay, D. W. K. & Amaducci, L. (1991). The prevalence of dementia in Europe: a collaborative study of 1980–1990 findings. International Journal of Epidemiology 20, 736748.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holland, C. A. & Rabbitt, P. (1991). The course and causes of cognitive change with advancing age. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology 1, 8196.Google Scholar
Houx, P. J., Vreeling, F. W. & Jolles, J. (1991). Rigorous health screening reduces age effect on memory scanning task. Brain and Cognition 15, 246260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jagger, C., Clarke, M. & Cook, A. J. (1989). Mental and physical health of elderly people: five year follow-up of a total population. Age and Ageing 18, 7782.Google ScholarPubMed
Janota, I., Mirsen, T. R., Hachinski, V. C., Lee, D. H. & Merskey, H. (1989). Neuropathologic correlates of leuko-araiosis. Archives of Neurology 46, 11241128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jarvik, L. V., Ruth, V. & Matsuyama, S. S. (1980). Organic brain syndrome and aging. A six year follow-up of surviving twins. Archives of General Psychiatry 37, 280286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jorm, A. F. & Henderson, A. S. (1985). Possible improvements to the Diagnostic Criteria for Dementia in DSM-III. British Journal of Psychiatry 147, 394399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jorm, A. F., Korten, A. E. & Henderson, A. S. (1987). The prevalence of dementia: a quantitative integration of the literature. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 76, 465479.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jorm, A. F., van Duijn, V. M., Chandra, V., Fratiglioni, L., Graves, A. B., Heyman, A., Kokmen, E., Kondo, K., Mortimer, J. A., Rocca, W. A., Shalat, S. L., Soininen, H. & Hofman, A. (1991). Psychiatric history and related exposures as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a collaborative re-analysis of case–control studies. International Journal of Epidemiology 20, Suppl. 2, S43S47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kay, D. W. K. (1991). The epidemiology of dementia: a review of recent work. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology 1, 5566.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kay, D. W. K., Beamish, P. & Roth, M. (1968). Old age mental disorders in Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Part I: a study of prevalence. British Journal of Psychiatry 110, 146158.Google Scholar
Kay, D. W., Britton, P. G., Bergmann, K. & Foster, E. M. (1977). Cognitive function and length of survival in elderly subjects living at home. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 11, 113117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kay, D. W. K., Black, W. E., Blessed, G., Jachuck, S. J. & Sahgal, A. (1990). The prevalence of dementia in general practice sample: upward revision of reported rate after follow-up and reassessment. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 5, 179186.Google Scholar
Kokmen, E., Beard, C. M., Offord, K. P. & Kurland, L. T. (1990). Twenty-year study of incidence of and survivorship from dementing illness in Rochester, Minnesota (1960–1980). Neurology 40, Suppl. 1, 419422.Google Scholar
Kupper, L. L. (1984). Effects of the use of unreliable surrogate variables on the validity of epidemiologic research studies. American Journal of Epidemiology 120, 643648.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Launer, L. J. (1992). Overview of incidence studies of dementia conducted in Europe. In European Studies on the Incidence of Dementing Diseases (ed. Launer, L. J., Brayne, C., Dartigues, J.-F. and Hofman, A.). Neuroepidemiology 11, (Suppl. 1, pp. 213).Google ScholarPubMed
Lennox, G., Lowe, J., Byrne, E. J., Landon, M., Mayer, R. J., Godwin-Austen, R. B. (1989). Diffuse Lewy body disease. Lancet i, 323324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, G., Shen, Y. C., Chen, C. H., Zhao, Y. W., Li, S. R. & Lu, M. (1989). An epidemiological survey of age related dementia in an urban area of Beijing. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 79, 557563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Livingston, G., Hawkins, A., Graham, N., Bliward, B. & Mann, A. (1990). The Gospel Oak Study: prevalence rates of dementia, depression and activity limitation among elderly residents in inner London. Psychological Medicine 20, 137146.Google ScholarPubMed
Marmot, M. G., Davey Smith, G., Stansfeld, S., Patel, C., North, F., Head, J., White, I., Brunner, E. & Feeney, A. (1991). Health inequalities among British civil servants: the Whitehall II study. Lancet ii, 13871393.Google Scholar
Martyn, C. N. & Candy, J. (1991). Aluminium in the causation of Alzheimer's disease: population based studies in England and Wales. In Alzheimer's Disease: Basic Mechanisms, Diagnosis and Therapeutic Strategies (ed. Iqbal, K., McLachlan, D. R. C., Winblad, B. and Wisniewski, H. M.), pp. 383386. J. Wiley and Sons: Chichester.Google Scholar
Martyn, C. N., Barker, D. J. P., Osmond, C., Harris, E. C., Edwardson, J. A. & Lacey, R. F. (1989). Geographical relation between Alzheimer's disease and aluminium in drinking water. Lancet i, 5965.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D. & Stadlan, E. M. (1985). Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 34, 939944.Google Scholar
Michel, P., Commenges, D., Dartigues, J. F., Gagnon, M., Barberger – Gateau, P. & Letenneur, L. (1991). Study of the relationship between aluminium concentration of drinking water and risk of Alzheimer's disease. In Alzheimer's Disease: Basic Mechanisms, Diagnosis and Therapeutic Strategies (ed. Iqbal, K., McLachlan, D. R. C., Winblad, B. and Wisniewski, H. M.), pp. 387392. John Wiley & Sons: Chichester.Google Scholar
Morgan, K., Dallosso, H. M., Arie, T., Byrne, E. J., Jones, R. & Waite, J. (1987). Mental health and psychological well-being among the old and the very old living at home. British Journal of Psychiatry 150, 801807.Google ScholarPubMed
Morgan, K., Lilley, J., Arie, T., Byrne, J., Jones, R. & Waite, J. (1992). Incidence of dementia: preliminary findings from the Nottingham longitudinal study of activity and ageing. In European Studies on the Incidence of Dementing Disease (ed. Luner, L. J., Brayne, C., Dartigues, J.-F., Hofman, A.. Neuroepidemiology 11, (Suppl. 1, pp. 8083).Google Scholar
Morris, J. C., McKeel, D. W., Fulling, K., Torack, R. M. & Berg, L. (1988 a). Validation of clinical diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease. Annals of Neurology 24, 1722.Google ScholarPubMed
Morris, J. C., Mohs, R. C., Rogers, H., Fillenbaum, G. & Heyman, A. (1988 b). Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD). Clinical and Neuropsychological Assessment for Alzheimer's Disease. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 24, 641652.Google ScholarPubMed
Mortimer, J. A., van Duijn, C. M., Clayton, D., Chandra, V., Fratiglioni, L., Graves, A. B., Heyman, A., Jorm, A. F., Kokmen, E., Kondo, K., Rocca, W. A., Shalat, S. L., Soininen, H. & Hofman, A. (1991). Head trauma as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: a collaborative re-analysis of case–control studies. International Journal of Epidemiology 20, Suppl. 2, S28S35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Naruse, S., Igarashi, S., Aoki, K., Kaneko, K., Ikhara, K., Miyatake, T., Kobayashi, H., Inuzuka, T., Shimizu, T., Kojima, T. & Tsuji, S. (1991). Mis-sense mutation Val-Ile in exon 17 of amyloid precursor protein gene in Japanese familial Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 337, 978979.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neri, L. C. & Hewitt, D., (1991). Aluminium, Alzheimer's disease and drinking water. Lancet 338, 390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Connor, D. W., Pollitt, P. A., Hyde, J. B., Fellows, J. L., Miller, N. D., Brook, C. P. B., Reiss, B. B. & Roth, M. (1989). The prevalence of dementia as measured by the Cambridge Mental Disorders of the Elderly Examination. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 79, 190198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Connor, D. W., Pollitt, P. A., Hyde, J. B., Fellows, J. L., Miller, N. D. & Roth, M. (1990). A follow-up study of dementia diagnosed in the community using the Cambridge Mental Disorders of the Elderly Examination. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 81, 7882.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osuntokun, B. O., Ogunniyi, L. I. G., Lekwaumwa, T. A., Junaid, A. O. G., Adeuja, O. & Bademosi, O. (1990). Epidemiology of dementia in Nigerian Africans. In Advances in Neurology (ed. Chopra, J. S., Jagannanthan, K. and Sawhney, I. M. S.), pp. 331342. Elsevier: Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Parsons, P. L. (1964). Mental health in Swansea's old folk. British Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine 19, 4347.Google Scholar
Pickering, G. W. (1968). High Blood Pressure. Churchill: London.Google Scholar
Plugge, L. A., Verhey, F. R. J. & Jolles, J. (1990). A desk-top expert system for the differential diagnosis of dementia. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 6, 147156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rezek, D. L., Morris, J. C., Fulling, K. H. & Gado, M. H. (1987). Periventricular white matter lucencies in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type and in normal aging. Neurology 37, 13651368.Google ScholarPubMed
Rifat, S. L., Eastwood, M. R., McLachlan, D. R. C. & Corey, P. N. (1991). Effect of exposure of miners to aluminium powder. Lancet 336, 11621165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rocca, W. & Amaducci, L. (1989). The etiology of Alzheimer's disease: an epidemiologic point of view. Neurobiology of Aging 10, 446448.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rocca, W. A., Bonaiuto, S., Lippi, A., Luciani, P., Turtu, F., Cavarzeran, F. & Amaducci, L. (1990). Prevalence of clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease and other dementing disorders: a door to door survey in Appignano, Macerata, Province, Italy. Neurology 40, 626631.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rocca, W. A., van Duijn, C. M., Clayton, D., Chandra, V., Fraiglioni, L., Graves, A. B., Heyman, A., Jorm, A. F., Kokmen, E., Kondo, K., Mortimer, J. A., Shalat, S. L., Soininen, H. & Hofman, A. (1991). Maternal age and Alzheimer's disease: a collaborative reanalysis of case–control studies. International Journal of Epidemiology 20, Suppl. 2, S21S27.Google ScholarPubMed
Rocca, W. A., Hofman, A., Brayne, C., Breteler, M. M. B., Clarke, M., Copeland, J. R. M., Dartigues, J.-F., Engeldal, K., Hagnell, O., Heeren, T. J., Jonker, C., Lindesay, J., Lobo, A., Mann, A., Molsa, P. K., Morgan, K., O'Connor, D. W. & da Silva Droux, A. (1991 b). The prevalence of Alzheimer's Disease in Europe, 1980–1990 studies. Annals of Neurology 30, 381390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rocca, W. A., Hofman, A., Brayne, C., Breteler, M. M. B., Clarke, M., Copeland, J. R. M., Dartigues, J.-F., Engedal, K., Hagnell, O., Heeren, T. J., Jonker, C., Lindesay, J., Lobo, A., Mann, A., Molsa, P. K., Morgan, K., O'Connor, D. W. & da Silva Droux, A. (1991 c). The prevalence of vascular dementia in Europe: facts and fragments from 1980–1990 studies. Annals of Neurology 30, 817824.Google ScholarPubMed
Rose, G. (1981). Strategies of prevention: lessons from cardiovascular disease. British Medical Journal 282, 18471851.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rose, G. (1989). The mental health of populations. In The Scope of Epidemiological Psychiatry (ed. Williams, P., Wilkinson, G. and Rawnsley, K.), pp. 7585. Routledge: London.Google Scholar
Rowe, J. W. & Kahn, R. L. (1987). Human aging: usual and successful. Science 237, 143149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Selkoe, D. J. (1989). The depression of amyloid proteins in the aging mammalian brain: implications for Alzheimer's disease. Annals of Medicine 21, 7376.Google Scholar
Shalat, S. L., Seltzer, B., Pidcock, C. & Baker, E. L. (1987). Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a case–control study. Neurology 37, 16301633.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shaper, A. G., Phillips, A. N., Pocock, S. J., Walker, M. & Macfarlane, P. W. (1991). Risk factors for stroke in middle aged British men. British Medical Journal 302, 11111115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sigfusson, N., Sigvaldason, H., Steingrimsdottir, L., Gudmundsdottir, I. I., Stafansdottir, I., Thorsteinsson, T. & Sigurdsson, G. (1991). Decline in ischaemic heart disease in Iceland and change in risk factor levels. British Medical Journal 302, 13711375.Google ScholarPubMed
Tatemichi, T. K., Foulkes, M. A., Mohr, J. P., Hewitt, J. R., Hier, D. B., Price, T. R. & Wolf, P. A. (1990). Dementia in stroke survivors in the Stroke Data Bank cohort. Prevalence, incidence, risk factors and computed tomographic findings. Stroke 21, 858866.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Terry, R. D., Hansen, L. A., de Teresa, R., Davies, P., Tobias, H. & Katzman, R. (1988). Senile dementia of the Alzheimer type without neocortical neurofibrillary tangles. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 46, 262268.Google Scholar
van Duijn, C. M., & Hofman, A. (1990). Relation between nicotine intake and Alzheimer's disease. British Medical Journal 302, 14911494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Duijn, C. M.Stijnen, T. & Hofman, A. (1991 a). Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: overview of the EURODEM collaborative re-analysis of case–control studies. International Journal of Epidemiology 20, Suppl. 2, S4S12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Duijn, C. M., Clayton, D., Chandra, V., Fratiglioni, L., Graves, A. B., Heyman, A., Jorm, A. F., Kokmen, E., Kondo, K., Mortimer, J. A., Rocca, W. A., Shalat, S. L., Soininen, H. & Hofman, A. (1991 b). Familial aggregation of Alzheimer's disease and related disorders: a collaborative re-analysis of case–control studies. International Journal of Epidemiology 20, Suppl. 2, S13S19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Duijn, C. M., Hendriks, L., Cruts, M., Hardy, J. A., Hofman, A. & van Brokehoven, C. (1991 c). Amyloid precursor protein gene mutation in early onset Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 337, 978.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Duijn, C. M. (1992). Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Disease. A Genetic-Epidemiologic Study. CIP-DATA Koninklijke Bibliotheek: Den Haag.Google Scholar
Volicer, L. & Crino, P. B. (1990). Involvement of free radicals in dementia of the Alzheimer type: a hypothesis. Neurobiology of Aging 11, 567571.Google ScholarPubMed
Whalley, L. J. (1987). See discussion, ‘Causal models of Alzheimer's disease’, in Current Approaches. Alzheimer's disease (ed. Malkin, J. C. and Rossor, M. N.), pp. 126. Duphar Laboratories, Southampton University Printing Service: Southampton.Google Scholar
Wisniewski, H. M., Rabe, A., Silverman, W. & Zigman, W. (1988). Neuropathological diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: a survey of current practices. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 2, 396414.Google Scholar