Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-31T23:29:44.306Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Present status of the concept of drug dependence

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2009

Abraham Wikler
Abraham Wikler
Affiliation:
College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Synopsis

At least for heuristic purposes, certain operationally definable concepts of conditioning theory can serve as a framework for research on ‘drug dependence’ both in man and in animals: primary and secondary pharmacological reinforcement, either of which may be direct (‘psychic’) or indirect (‘physical’); and social reinforcement (‘cultural’).

Type
Research Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 1 , Issue 5 , November 1971 , pp. 377 - 380
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1971

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Cameron, D. C. (1970). Drug dependence: some research issues. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 43, 589–598.Google Scholar
Cameron, D. C. (1971). Abuse of alcohol and drugs: concepts and planning. WHO Chronicle, 25, 8–16.Google Scholar
Eddy, N. B., Halbach, H., Isbell, H., and Seevers, M. H. (1970). Drug dependence: its significance and characteristics, pp. 259–282. In Drug Abuse. Data and Debate. Edited by Blachly, P. H.. Appendix A. Thomas: Springfield.Google Scholar
Kumar, R., Steinberg, H., and Stolerman, I. P. (1969). How rats can become dependent on morphine in the course of relieving another need, pp. 209–220. In Scientific Basis of Drug Dependence (Biological Council Symposium). Edited by Steinberg, H.. Churchill: London.Google Scholar
Schuster, C. R., and Woods, J. H. (1968). The conditioned reinforcing effects of stimuli associated with morphine reinforcement. International Journal of Addictions, 3, 223–230.Google Scholar
Stolerman, I. P., and Kumar, R. (1970). Preferences for morphine in rats: Validation of an experimental model of dependence. Psychopharmacologia, 17, 137–150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WHO Expert Committee on Addiction-Producing Drugs. (1964). World Health Organization Technical Report Series, 273, 9.Google Scholar
WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence. (1969). World Health Organization Technical Report Series, 407, 6.Google Scholar
Wikler, A. (1961). On the nature of addiction and habituation. British Journal of Addiction, 57, 73–79.Google Scholar
Wikler, A. (1970). Some implications of conditioning theory for problems of drug abuse, pp. 104–113. In Drug Abuse. Data and Debate. Edited by Blachly, P. H.. Thomas: Springfield.Google Scholar
Wikler, A., Pescor, F. T., Miller, D., and Norrell, H. (1971). Persistent potency of a secondary (conditioned) reinforcer following withdrawal of morphine from physically dependent rats. Psychopharmacologia, 20, 103–117.Google Scholar