Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T12:45:44.461Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The predictors of persistent DSM-IV disorders in 3-year follow-ups of the British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Surveys 1999 and 2004

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 December 2016

T. Ford ,
F. Macdiarmid ,
A. E. Russell ,
D. Racey  and
R. Goodman
T. Ford*
Affiliation:
University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon, UK
F. Macdiarmid
Affiliation:
King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
A. E. Russell
Affiliation:
University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon, UK
D. Racey
Affiliation:
University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon, UK
R. Goodman
Affiliation:
King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
*
*Address for correspondence: T. Ford, M.B.B.S., F.R.C.Psych., M.Sc., Ph.D., University of Exeter Medical School, 2.05c South Cloisters, St Luke's Campus, Magdalen Road, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, UK. (Email: [email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

The identification of the factors that influence the persistence of psychiatric disorder may assist practitioners to focus on young people who are particularly prone to poor outcomes, but population-based samples of sufficient size are rare.

Method

This secondary analysis combined data from two large, population-based cross-sectional surveys in Great Britain (1999 and 2004) and their respective follow-ups (2002 and 2007), to study homotypic persistence among the 998 school-age children with psychiatric disorder at baseline. Psychiatric disorder was measured using the Development and Well-Being Assessment applying DSM-IV criteria. Factors relating to the child, family, and the severity and type of psychopathology at baseline were analysed using logistic regression.

Results

Approximately 50% of children with at least one psychiatric disorder were assigned the same diagnostic grouping at 3-year follow-up. Persistent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and anxiety were predicted by poor peer relationship scores. Persistent conduct disorder was predicted by intellectual disability, rented housing, large family size, poor family function and by severer baseline psychopathology scores.

Conclusions

Homotypic persistence was predicted by different factors for different groups of psychiatric disorders. Experimental research in clinical samples should explore whether these factors also influence response to interventions.

Keywords

Anxietyattention-deficit/hyperactivity disorderconduct disorderdepressionpsychiatric disorders
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 47 , Issue 6 , April 2017 , pp. 1126 - 1137
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn. American Psychiatric Association: Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Angold, A, Costello, EJ (2009). Nosology and measurement in child and adolescent mental health. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 50, 9–15.Google Scholar
Angold, A, Costello, EJ, Burns, BJ, Erkanli, A, Farmer, EMZ (2000). Effectiveness of nonresidential specialty mental health services for children and adolescents in the real world. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 39, 154–160.Google Scholar
Angold, A, Erkanli, A, Copeland, W, Goodman, R, Fisher, PW, Costello, JE (2012). Psychiatric diagnostic interviews for children and adolescents: a comparative study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 51, 506–517.Google Scholar
Biederman, J, Carter, RP, Evans, M, Small, J, Faraone, SV (2010). How persistent is ADHD? A controlled 10-year follow up study of boys with ADHD. Psychiatry Research 177, 299–304.Google Scholar
Birmaher, B, Arbelaez, C, Brent, D (2002). Course and outcome of child and adolescent major depressive disorder. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 11, 619–637.Google Scholar
Byrd, AL, Loeber, R, Pardini, DA (2012). Understanding desisting and persisting forms of delinquency: the unique contributions of disruptive behavior disorders and interpersonal callousness. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 53, 371–380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Copeland, WE, Adair, CE, Smetanin, P, Stiff, D, Briante, C, Colman, I, Fergusson, D, Horwood, J, Poulton, R, Costello, EJ, Angold, A (2013). Diagnostic transitions from childhood to adolescence to early adulthood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 54, 791–799.Google Scholar
Costello, JE, Egger, H, Angold, A (2005). 10 Year research update review: the epidemiology of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders: I. Methods and public health burden. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 44, 972–986.Google Scholar
Costello, EJ, Maughan, B (2015). Annual research review: optimal outcomes of child and adolescent mental illness. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 56, 324–341.Google Scholar
Costello, JE, Mustillo, S, Erkanli, A, Keeler, G, Angold, A (2003). Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Archives of General Psychiatry 60, 837–844.Google Scholar
Creswell, C, Cartwright-Hatton, S (2007). Family treatment of child anxiety: outcomes, limitations and future directions. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 10, 232–252.Google Scholar
Datta, SS, Russell, PSS, Gopalakrishna, SC (2002). Burden among the caregivers of children with intellectual disability: associations and risk factors. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities 6, 337–350.Google Scholar
Essau, CA, Conradt, J, Petermann, F (2002). Course and outcome of anxiety disorders in adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 16, 67–81.Google Scholar
Fombonne, E, Simmons, H, Ford, T, Meltzer, H, Goodman, R (2001). Prevalence of pervasive developmental disorders in the British Nationwide Survey of Child Mental Health. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 40, 820–827.Google Scholar
Ford, T, Collishaw, S, Meltzer, H, Goodman, R (2007 a). A prospective study of childhood psychopathology: independent predictors of change over three years. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 42, 953–961.Google Scholar
Ford, T, Goodman, R, Meltzer, H (2003). The British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey 1999: the prevalence of DSM-IV disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 42, 1203–1211.Google Scholar
Ford, T, Hamilton, H, Meltzer, H, Goodman, R (2007 b). Child mental health is everybody's business; the prevalence of contacts with public sectors services by the types of disorder among British school children in a three-year period. Child and Adolescent Mental Health 12, 13–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ford, T, Hamilton, H, Meltzer, H, Goodman, R (2008). Predictors of service use among children British school children. Child and Adolescent Mental Health 13, 32–40.Google Scholar
Goldberg, DP, Gater, R, Sartorius, N, Ustun, TB, Piccinelli, M, Gureje, O, Rutter, C (1997). The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the WHO study of mental illness in general health care. Psychological Medicine 27, 191–197.Google Scholar
Goodman, R (1999). The extended version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire as a guide to child psychiatric caseness and consequent burden. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 40, 791–801.Google Scholar
Goodman, R (2001) Psychometric properties of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 40, 1337–1345.Google Scholar
Goodman, R, Ford, T, Meltzer, M (2002). Mental health problems of children in the community: 18 month follow up. British Medical Journal 324, 1496–1497.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodman, R, Ford, T, Richards, H, Meltzer, H, Gatward, R (2000). The Development and Well-being Assessment: description and initial validation of an integrated assessment of child and adolescent psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 41, 645–657.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodyer, I, Wright, C, Altham, P (1990). The friendships and recent life events of anxious and depressed school-age-children. British Journal of Psychiatry 156, 689–698.Google Scholar
Green, H, McGinnity, A, Meltzer, H, Ford, T, Goodman, R (2005). Mental Health of Children and Young People in Great Britain, 2004. The Stationery Office: London.Google Scholar
Holbrook, JR, Cuffe, SP, Cai, B, Visser, SN, Forthofer, MS, Bottai, M, Ortaglia, A, MCKeown, R (2016). Persistence of ADHD symptoms from childhood through adolescence among a community sample. Journal of Attentional Disorders 20, 11–20.Google Scholar
Hurtig, T, Ebeling, H, Taanila, A, Miettunen, J, Smalley, SL, MgGough, JJM, Loo, SK, Järvelin, MR, Moilanen, IK (2007). ADHD symptoms and subtypes: relationship between childhood and adolescent symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 46, 1605–1613.Google Scholar
Kessler, RC, Adler, LA, Barklay, R, Biederman, J, Conners, CK, Faraone, SV, Greenhill, LL, Jaeger, S, Secnik, K, Spencer, T, Üstün, TB, Zaslavsky, AM (2005 a). Patterns and predictors of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder persistence into adulthood: results from the National Comorbidity Survey replication. Biological Psychiatry 57, 1442–1451.Google Scholar
Kessler, RC, Avenevoli, S, Costello, EJ, Georgiades, K, Greif Green, J, Gruber, M, He, JP, Koretz, D, McLaughlin, KA, Petukhova, M, Sampson, NA, Zaslavsky, AM, Merikangas, KR (2005 b). Prevalence, persistence, and sociodemographic correlates of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement. Archive of General Psychiatry 69, 372–380.Google Scholar
Kessler, RC, Petukhova, M, Sampson, NA, Zaslavsky, AM, Wittchen, HU (2012). Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 21, 169–184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Langley, K, Fowler, T, Ford, T, Thapar, A, van De Bree, M, Harold, G, Owen, MJ, O'Donovan, MC, Thapar, A (2010). Adolescent clinical outcomes for young people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry 196, 235–240.Google Scholar
Lara, C, Fayyad, J, De Graaf, R, Kessler, RC, Aguilar-Gaxiola, S, Angermeyer, M, Demytteneare, K, de Girolamo, G, Haro, JM, Jin, R, Karam, EG, Lépine, JP, Mora, ME, Ormel, J, Posada-Villa, J, Sampson, N (2009). Childhood predictors of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results from the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative. Biological Psychiatry 65, 46–54.Google Scholar
Loeber, R, Burke, JD, Lahey, BB, Winters, A, Zera, M (2000). Oppositional defiant and conduct disorder: a review of the past 10 years, part 1. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 39, 1468–1484.Google Scholar
Miller, IW, Epstein, NB, Bishop, DS, Keitner, GI (1985). The McMaster's Family Assessment Device: reliability and validity. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 11, 345–356.Google Scholar
Moffitt, TE, Arseneault, L, Jaffee, SR, Kim-Cohen, J, Koenen, KC, Odgers, CL, Slutske, WS, Vidling, E (2008). Research review: DSM-V conduct disorder: research needs for an evidence base. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 49, 3–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nagin, DS, Tremblay, RE (2001). Parental and early childhood predictors of persistent physical aggression in boys from kindergarten to high school. Archives of General Psychiatry 58, 389–394.Google Scholar
Orvaschel, H, Lewinsohn, PM, Seeley, JR (1995). Continuity of psychopathology among a community sample of adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 34, 1525–1535.Google Scholar
Porta, M, Greenland, S, Last, JM (2008). A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 5th edn. Oxford University Press: New York.Google Scholar
Rutter, M, Tizzard, J, Yule, W, Graham, P, Whitmore, K (1976). Research report: Isle of Wight studies 1964–1974. Psychological Medicine 6, 313–332.Google Scholar
Silberg, J, Moore, AA, Rutter, M (2015). Age of onset and the subclassification of conduct/dissocial disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 56, 826–833.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steinhausen, HC, Drechsler, R, Földényi, M, Imhof, K, Brandeis, D (2003). Clinical course of ADHD from childhood toward early adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 42, 1085–1092.Google Scholar
Stringaris, A, Goodman, R (2009). Three dimensions of oppositionality in youth. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 50, 216–223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Bokhoven, I, Matthys, W, Van Goozen, SHM, Van England, H (2005). Prediction of adolescent outcome in children with disruptive conduct disorder disorders. European Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 14, 153–163.Google Scholar
Watson, D (2005). Rethinking the mood and anxiety disorders: a quantitative hierarchical model for DSM-V. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 114, 522–536.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolke, D, Waylen, A, Samara, M, Steer, C, Goodman, R, Ford, T, Lamberts, K (2009). Does selective drop out lead to biased prediction of conduct disorder disorders? British Journal of Psychiatry 195, 249–256.Google Scholar
Zalsman, G, Brent, DA, Weersing, VR (2006). Depressive disorders in childhood and adolescence: an overview. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 15, 827–841.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Ford supplementary material

Tables S1-S8

Download Ford supplementary material(File)
File 222.7 KB