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A meta-analysis of the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and depression in adolescence and young adulthood

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 June 2021

Asnea Tariq Open the ORCID record for Asnea Tariq [Opens in a new window] ,
Corinne Reid  and
Stella W. Y. Chan Open the ORCID record for Stella W. Y. Chan [Opens in a new window]
Asnea Tariq*
Affiliation:
School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Corinne Reid
Affiliation:
Chancellery, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
Stella W. Y. Chan
Affiliation:
School of Psychology & Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
*
Author for correspondence: Asnea Tariq, E-mail: [email protected]
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Abstract

Early maladaptive schemas (EMS) are broad, pervasive themes and patterns of emotions, memories, cognition and physical sensations that impede the goal of individuals. Maladaptive behaviours can occur as a response to maladaptive or negative schemas, often culminating in depression or anxiety. The current meta-analysis integrates the existing literature to estimate the magnitude of effect of association between EMS and depression among adolescents and young adults. A systematic search of seven different databases including Embase, CINAHL, Medline, ASSIA, Psych INFO, Scopus and Web of Science was carried out identifying 24 relevant studies of adolescents (10–18 years) and young adults (19–29 years). The random-effect model estimate for association between overall EMS and depression was r = 0.56 (95% CI 0.49–0.63, Z = 12.88, p ≤ 0.0001), suggesting higher predominant EMS significantly linked to higher levels of depressive symptoms, with a large effect size. Separate meta-analytical results with schema domains indicated moderately stronger associations between schemas of disconnection/rejection, impaired autonomy/performance and other-directedness with depression. Age and gender were not found to have any significant moderating effect on the associations. The findings suggest that it is vital for clinicians to identify specific maladaptive schemas contributing towards depression, to have a better understanding of underlying cognitive processes and in turn promote psychological health, well-being and resilience in adolescents and young adults. Furthermore, findings will also assist clinicians to focus more on the content of three significant schema domains, which emerged as particularly salient factors underlying adolescent depression.

Keywords

Adolescentsdepressionearly maladaptive schemas (EMS)meta-analysisyoung adults
Type
Review Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 51 , Issue 8 , June 2021 , pp. 1233 - 1248
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Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

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